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morning all

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good morning

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Morning

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Hello

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67

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morning

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Happy Tuesday, have fun in Martin's amazing lesson of theory

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conduction, convection and radiation

convection is a lot of heat in to liquid

infaered radiation is a type of eletromagnetic radiation the involves waves

heat is lost from home because conduction through walls and floors and radiation through the walls and windows

timber and break down due to damp to condensation over time. This can can result in timber starting to break down and rot.

steel rust (corrosion) develops over time

The R-value is a measure of the thermal resistance of material. The higher the R value the greater the insulating power.

The U value is the total thermal resistance of a building , expressed as 1/R

u values are always measured in Wm2K.

watts per metre squared kelvin.

K value is 0.84 we divide its thickness by its thermal conductivty in this case 0.100/0.84

giving us 0.11

expansion joints

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i will have an amazing lesson. Nothing to worry about, Tom.

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heat transfer methods are conduction, convection and radiation.

conduction is spreading heat through something. convection is heat rising and spreading. radiation is heat spreading off of something containing heat.

air density becomes weaker the higher you rise.

moisture can erode electrical wiring that will need replacing.

R-value measures thermal resistance of a material, (R-val= thickness of material in metres divided by K-value). U- value is the total thermal resistance of a building measured expressed as 1/R. U-values are always measured in W/m2K (watts per metre squared kelvin.

resistance is measured as R = T/K

t is the thickness, k relates to thermal conductivity.

heat recovery takes latent heat from exhaust air and recovers it to use on fresh air.

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Conduction refers to heat moving through a material or from one material.

Heat energy is transferred rom hot places to cooler places by convection.

Unlike conduction and convection which require particles in a solid liquid or gas infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation that involves waves.

Heat is lost from homes by conduction through the walls. Convection when cold air enters through the doors and window gaps. Radiation through the wall roof and windows.

Timber- when timber becomes damp due to condensation over time this can result in the timber starting to break down and rot. The wood then loses its structural integrity.

Plaster- Wet plaster becomes mouldy and deteriorates.

Steel- Rust (corrosion)

The R-value is measure of the thermal resistance of a material.

The U-value is the total thermal resistance of a building expressed as 1/R. U- values are always measured in w/m2k (watts per metre squared kelvin)

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Approved Document Part L1B: Conservation of fuel and power in existing dwellings (2018)

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Approved Document Part L1B: Conservation of fuel and power in existing dwellings (2018)

Approved Document Part L1A: Conservation of fuel and power in existing dwellings (2016)

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Insulation: recommended 270mm mineral wool in lofts

Spray foam insulation (less common in UK now)

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Cavity walls - filled with mineral wool, beads, or foam injection.

Solid wall - External insulation (rigid boards + render/cladding)

Solid walls - Internal insulation (insulated plasterboard/lining)

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Suspended timber floors - mineral wool between joists.

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Double glazing (argon-filled cavity, low-e glass)

Triple glazing for high performance

Insulated doors (foam core, draught-proof seals)

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Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recovery (MVHR) in airtight buildings

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Multifoil insulation (reflects radiant heat)

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Sheep wool

Hemp

Recycled cellulose (paper)

Wood fibre boards

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FSC = Forest Stewardship Council

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heat transfers refers to conduction convention and radiation

FSC timber comes from forests managed by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) to meet strict environmental, social, and economic standards.

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Insulation reduces heat loss in winter and heat gain in summer.

Cavity walls : insulation placed between two layers of brick or block.

Locally sourced FSC timber frames support sustainability. FSC stands for Forest Stewardship Council

Local sourcing reduces transport emissions and supports the local economy

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approved document part L1B 2018 conservation of fuel and power in existing dwellings, approved document Part L1A conservation of fuel and power in new dwellings 2016

types of insulation - mineral wool, rigid foam, spray foam (less common).

sustainable insulation: sheep wool, hemp, recycled cellulose wood fibre boards

most important method of insulation in the UK housing is loft insulation and wall cavity insulation.

FSC products made from sustainable forests by replanting what is taken. (forest stewardship council).

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Pro's and Con's of Recycled and Managed timber:

Pros-Recycled timber reduces deforestation, landfill waste, and manufacturing carbon emissions

Cons-Recycled timber include timber defects, such as nails, rot or insect damage

Pros-Managed timber is renewable, low-carbon material that supports biodiversity.

Cons-Managed timber include potential negative environmental impacts such as biodiversity loss, soil erosion and altered water cycles.

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Recycled timber offers benefits like reduced waste, lower carbon emissions, and potential for unique aesthetics how ever it can face limitations in availability and structural consistency. Managed timber provides environmental benefits like carbon removal and enhanced forest health, along with it being reliable, consistent, and often aesthetically pleasing materials. how ever it doe require the use of a forest. The choice depends on the project's specific needs regarding environmental goals, cost, material consistency, and the desired aesthetic.

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Recycled pros are some of it could be high quality wood. Also using recycled timber reduces the demand for virgin wood, thereby slowing deforestation and preserving forests. The Cons are it will cost more money to buy recycled timber than new timber.

Managed pros are it is funding for management. The cons are the impact it had on wildlife

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part L1B 2018 Fuel and power in existing dwellings

part L1A fuel and power in new dwellings

insulations matter because reduces energy bills

main areas loss roof up to 25%

spray foam cause dry rot dampness

floor insulations mineral wool between joints

air tightness seal gaps around windows and doors

sustainable insulation materials sheep wool

hemp

recycled cellulose

wood fibre boards

recycled timber reduces the demand for new timber and is stronger then new timber

a con is that takes time as de-nailing and cleaning it

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Pros:

waste reduction: it utilizes materials like paper and plastic taking them from landfills.

lowered carbon: manufacturing from recycled materials will emit less greenhouse gases compared to making new products.

circular economy support: it encourages a looped system by reusing materials conserving natural resources.

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Recycled vs Managed Timber/Builders choice

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Recycled vs Managed Timber/Builders choice

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I would consider using recycled insulation because it is cost lightweight easy to handle and good thermal performance for roofs walls floor. Also timber should be treated with fire retardant so it does not burn as quick.

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Heat transference

Three types of heat transference

Conduction

Radiation

Convection

watts per meter squared Kelvin -

The U value measures the total thermal resistance of a building

R value is a measure of the thermal RESISTANCE of a material.

You can use apps like www.uvalue-calculator.co.uk to work out the U value - (how heat efficient a material is)

Part L of the building regulations deals with heat efficiency.

Part L 1B is for conservation of fuel and power in existing buildings - 2018

Part L 1A is for new dwellings. 2016

The use of sustainable materials, integral to modern day construction: using sheeps wool, hemp, recycled paper products....

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Differences between Estimates/Quotes

Estimates is giving someone a rough price.

Quotes is giving someone a total price of the labour that needs doing.

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Quoting/Estimating:

What is a quote? - It is a promise to do work at an agreed price. If you give a quote you should not be asked to pay extra, unless you ask the trader to do extra work.

If you accept a quote you will probably have to pay what was quoted.

What is an estimate? - It is not an offer to do the job for that amount but just the trader's best guess as to how much the work will cost. If you don't think the extra amount charged is reasonable, you can dispute it. You should use the estimate as a starting point for negotation with the trader.

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An estimate is an approximate calculation of what a job or service might cost. It’s usually not a fixed price and can change as the project progresses or more details emerge. The estimate isn't the set price its flexible.

A quote is a fixed price. Usually based on a clear understanding of the work required. Once accepted it’s typically a binding agreement. You cant pay less and shouldn't have to pay more.

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The difference

The difference between a quote and an estimate is whether or not you can dispute the cost of a service.

A quote is a fixed price (unless stated) and cannot be disputed while an estimate is an approximate price that may increase or decrease within a reasonably agreed amount.

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Your estimate should include the:

Overall price

Breakdown, listing the components of the price

Schedule, detailing when work will be done or products delivered

Terms and conditions

Time period the estimate is valid for

Payment terms or schedule

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Information required in a quote

The work you're quoting for has clear requirements - in terms of time, labour, materials, etc.

Your costs are stable

You're confident that the work won't turn out to be more complicated than expected.

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quotes: set prices that have everything accountant including labour. this is the final price and wont be changed unless there is more that needs doing to make the job satisfactory or the customer wants more doing.

estimates: these are ballpark prices that are just the builders best guess by looking at what needs doing. these can be misinterpreted as the final price.

difference: the difference between a quote and estimate is whether or not you can dispute the cost of a service.

info required:

estimates require overall price, breakdown, listing price of components, schedule, detailing, detailing when work will be done or products delivered, terms and condition, time period the estimate is valid for. they also include business contact details. the price can vary depending if the job is more complicated.

quotes require that the work quoted has clear requirements for such as time, labour and material. the costs are stable and your confident the work wont be more complicated than expected.

quotes need the overall price breakdown of what will and wont be done period the quote is valid for, schedule for when the work will be done, full contact details, payment terms or schedule, company details.

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AIM

Introduce learns to quote

Every business has to give its customers prices for its products or services. There are several ways you can do this

Many business use a standardised prices

Builders have to products or services the customer wants.

A Quote is a promise to do work at an agreed price

Work will be done for the agreed price

The trader has to do extra work to do satisfactory job which can add extra money.

ESTIMATE

If you were given an estimate you might think you agreed a price before hand

Unlike a quote an estimate is not a offer to do the job for the amount but just the traders best guess as to how much the work will cost

THE DIFFERENCE

Difference between a quote and an estimate is whether or not you can dispute the cost of a service.

A quote is a fixed price and cannot be disputed.

While estimate is an approximate price that may increases or decrease within a reasonably agreed amount.

Your estimate should include  the overall price, listing the components of the price, schedule detailing when work will be done or products delivered and terms and conditions.

Time period the estimate is valid for.

Payment terms or schedule.

Estimate information required

Full business contact details

Signed acceptance of your estimate

Information required in a quote

Your cost are stable

The work You’re  quoting for clear requirements in terms of time and labour.

Information required in a quote

Overall price

Breakdown of the components of the price, including what is covered and what is not

Schedule for when the work will be done or products delivered

Company details

Payments terms or schedule

Estimate and quote

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Why accurate quoting & estimating matters

Ensures Profitability

Builds Client Trust

Prevents Overruns

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SMM - Standard Method Measurements change in 2013

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Estimate labour time

Break down tasks

Apply standard rates

Include all activities

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SMM Standard measure method.

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project scope

review all drawings and plans

project scope assessment prevents misunderstandings and costly revionson

material take off

document all materials needed timber species and grabs fixing

waste and markup

waste allowance

always add 5%-10% to account for

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conduct a site visit: verify measurements, identify challenges, confirm logistics

material take off: create comprehensive list

measure quantities precisely, obtain current pricing.

include waste and markup: waste allowance always add 5-10%

estimate labour time: break down tasks, apply standard rates, include all activities

present and review quote.

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1: difference between a quote and an estimate is that the estimate is the guessed price and the quote is the set price.

2: covers overhead expenses and ensure a profit margin.

3: break down tasks, apply standard rates, include activities present,

4: the amount to cover the unseen costs and potential complications

5: site visits are important as they give you a guide to the pricing and what you are doing

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1. A quote is the real price an estimate is like a guess of what the price will be.

2. To cover time and to ensure profitably.

3. apply standard rates to how well they worked

4. an amount of money added to cover unforeseen costs and potential complications during a project, acting as a financial safety net.

5. very important for gaining first hand knowledge and help you understand pricing and how to deal with everything.

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Why add a mark up on material costs?

To cover time and to ensure profitability.

What is contingency in a quote?

It is a budgeted amount to cover unexpected costs that may arise during a project due to risks and uncertainties.

How important is a site visit?

It is crucial to gather information and building relationships that are often impossible to gain from documents alone.

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1.      Quote is a accurate way of pricing a job and estimate Is a educated guess

2.      To make sure you have enough money for the material

3.      With time standard measuring method

4.      Contingency to a quote is for the chance you might have to do extra unexpected work

5.      Very important as if u don’t visit the sight, you won’t know the proper pricing

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1. estimate is the non specific overall price.

a quote is the detailed and non negotiable price.

2. the mark up is added to account for any extra material required.

3. to calculate labour costs is to know your hourly rate and others if you employed any one else and calculate the total.

4. its the amount of money that is accounted for any extra materials required

5. its important to gain knowledge and to help you understand pricing and what is required to do

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1. estimate is a guess of the price that can have extra cost extened on

the quote is a set prices

2. ensure profitabillity

3. apply standerd rates 4.acting as a financial safety net

5.pricing and how to deal with everything

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1.What is a different between a quote and estimate?

A quote is a legally binding offer for a specific price, while an estimate is a non-binding, educated guess of the total cost

2.why added a markup on materials?

To cover time and probability

3.how do u calculate labour cost?

by how long it will take to do

4. what is a qudutesy in a quote?

Is a fix non changeable Price

5.how important is a site visit?

very important so u could make an estimate on how much the project will cost

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1. estimate mean approximate and quota mean fixed price.

2. markup is use make sure adding cost of materials and delivery.

3. first finding total than workout total hour work then divide total hour work.

4. contingency is adding money in case of future problem.

5. very important because can look at site which will show different thing from drawing and plan.

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Q1: A direct benefit of planning a construction site, with materials being ordered correctly for when they are needed the site will be organised, improving health and safety, cost (by not having additional, not required materials on site.

Q2: Arranging the materials, and the tradespeople to install - for the time they are required - will eliminate wastage within the budget.

Q3, Amending the project document to facilitate the rework, carpenters on site with required material - this to be booked when plumbing work is complete and signed off.

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Communication

non-verbal

signs

toolbox talks

emails

texting

radio(walkie)

verbal

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Communication:

Non-verbal

Verbal

Toolbox talks

Clarity

Method (social media- texting/emails)

Walkie talkie

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a structured outline of topics for a project meeting, ensuring that key issues are covered

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communication

non verbal

signs

emails

texting

verbal

hand signs

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types of communication:

toolbox talk

verbal

noticeboard

texting

emails

an agenda is the knowledge gained in a meeting of whats been done since the last meeting

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Types of roof:

Flat roof

Lean-to roof

Monopitch

Gable-end roof

Hipped-end roof

Mansard roof

Gambrel roof

Jerkin-head roof

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Traditional cut roof: a structure made from scratch, where the rafters are measured, cut and crafted from timber. The alternative would be pre-ordered, pre-assembled whole rafters from retail.

Types of roof: Flat roof, Lean-to, Gable end, Hipped end, Mansard roof, Jerkin Head.

Gambrel and Mono pitch also

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different roof

flat roof, lean to roof, monopitch, gable end roof , hipped end roof, hipped end roof, mansard roof, gambrel roof, jerkin head roof

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Roofs:

Flat roof: It's not actually flat as it has pitch of up to 10.

Lean-to and mono-pitch roofs: Single sloping surface. The lean-to roof abuts a wall or building mainly used for extensions, whereas mono-pitched roofs are free-standing.

Gable-end roof: Double-pitched

Mansard roof: The top pitch is 30. or less, the ends of the building may be finished with either gable or hipped ends.

Gambrel roofs: A small gable or gablet at the ridge and a half-hip below.

Couple roofs: Pairs of rafters fixed at one end to the wall plate and at the other to the ridge board. Without a ceiling joist to the feet of the rafter, the span is restricted up to 3.5m.

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DOUBLE ROOF:

Rafters of a double roof of such a length that they require an intermediate support by purlins in their mid-span.

Binders may also be fixed to the ceiling joist to bind together and prevent any sagging in the ceiling joists.

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Plumb cut

Seat cut

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Ridge:

Backbone of the roof that provides a fixing point for the tops of the rafters, keeping them in line.

Wall plate:

Transfers the loads imposed on the roof uniformly across the brickwork. It also provides a bearing and fixing point for the jack rafters and transfers their loads to the wall.

Hip rafter:

Used where two sloping roof surfaces meet at an external angle. It provides a fixing point for the jack rafters and transfers their loads to the wall.

Jack rafters:

Span from the wall plate up to the hip rafter and run in line with common rafter.

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Crown rafter:

A common rafter is used in the centre of a hip end.

Cripple rafters:

Span from the ridge to the valley and run in line with the common rafter.

Valley rafter:

Like a hip rafter, but used at an internal angle. It provides a fixing point for the cripple rafters and transfers their loads to the wall.

Purlin:

A beam used in double roofs that provides support for the rafters in their mid-span.

Gable ladder:

Fixed to the last common rafter to form the overhanging verge on a gable roof. It consists of two rafters with noggins nailed between them.

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If a roof has a span of 3m and rise of 1m, then the pitch would be calculated as follows:

Pitch = Rise (1m) / Span (3m)

Therefore, the pitch = 1/3

The angle of the roof would be 30degrees.

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rise and pitch

if roof has span of 3m and riseof 1m the pitch woyld be calculated as below

pitch = rise 1m/sppan 3m

therefore pitch = 1/3

33%

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rise 4m and rafter 5.5m

to accommodate the use of roofing square so usually scaled down or reduced ny 10

therefore

rise 4m divide 10 = 400

5.5m divide 10 = 550

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A rise of 4m/10 = 400mm

A run of 5.5m/10 = 550mm

Types of rafters:

Common rafter

Obtaining hip run

Hip rafter

Hip backing bevel

Hip edge cut

Jack rafter edge cut

Purlin edge cut

Purlin side cut

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types of roofing:

-flat roof: a roof with an angle upto 10*

-lean to roof: a single sloping roof

-mono pitch roof

-gable-end roof

-hipped end roof

-mansard roof: double pitched, each slope has its own pitch

-gambrel roof: double pitched with a small gable incorperated in the sides

-jerkin-head roof

purlins span across the mid rafter to help stabalize it throughout harsher weather like snow and wind.

crown rafters are used in the centre of a hip end.

cripple rafters: span from the ridge to the valley and run in line with the common rafters.

pitch = rise (1m) / span (3m)

the pitch = 1/3 angle of roof = 33*

1/3 up the rafter is the pitch line

sizes are scaled down by 10 so

4m / 10 = 400

5.5m / 10 = 550

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crown rafter a common rafter that is used in the centre of a hip end

valley is like a hip rafter

it a roof has a span of 3m and a rise of 1 m

then the pitch would be calculated

pitch=rise (1m)

common rafter

obtaining hip run

hip rafter

hip backing bevel

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Verges & eaves

Prepare the roof make sure the tiles are in good condition remove any old components, Roof battens need to extend past the gable wall by 20-40mm fix batten end clips to the ends of each batten for secure fixing

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First he showed us two different ways to fit noggins on a roof.Then he put on his gable ladder after that using a level he marked his plumb line for 150mm seat cut he then made sure it was all correct by using a string line afterwards he used a chalk line to mark the cut for the correct height of the fascia board then he fixed the fascia board to the roof and put on his soffit.

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after you've properly set up the ladder at the end of the roof, you would then measure out 150mm from the outer wall and mark a plumb line going down using a sliding bevel (doing the same on the other side ) then using a stringline you would cut the other trusses the same length, then using a chalk like you would have to mark where the fasher and fossit would sit on the plumb cut, then you would nail in both the fossit and fasher, making sure there's some of it peaking to the top about 40mm.

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You start off by building your ladder frame there are normal noggins and notched it into the rafters. Then marked 150mm on two rafters set up a string line to ensure all the rafters are marked in a straight line and then marked with a sliding bevel to ensure all the cuts are plum. Then marked all the level cuts for the soffit using a chalk line to ensure its straight again. Then fixed the facia and soffit to the timbers.

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Using a chalk line you would have to mark where the fascia and soffit would on the plumb cut. Then you nail in the soffit and fascia making sure there's some of it peaking from the top 20-40mm.

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start off by stripping out the tiles, felt and old rafters. you would then trim out the existing rafters either side double or triple. You would then build up your studwork that forms the opening for the window. you would then work out the pitch for the roof and then cut two rafters work out where your ridge was going then cut out and fix the ridge in position. then continue with the installation of the roof until completion then you would felt & batten and tile it.

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the string line is added into a notch to set a straight line along the bottom of the rafters then using a sliding bevel to set a plumb line 150mm out from the wall plate. where will be cut off. then using a chalk line add a notch to set a level like across for what will be cut off for the one for the soffit. the fascia board gets added on with a bit of tolerance above for the tiles to have a kick, this prevents a buildup of rainfall letting it flow straight into the gutter. underneath the fascia the soffit gets wedged

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the blue chalk line is there so they know where to put facial board and and the soffit board is wedged it the in the groove and on the roofs and the soffit board is there to stop the water from building up and there is a scarf joint with a hole in the middle and you put wedges in so it expands and becomes tighter.

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A barge board is fitted by using noggins which are secured to the wall which are overlapping and it covers the wall for weather protection.

A facia board is fitted by measuring using a tape measure and a string line so you know where the facia board would sit and be fixed to the rafters also make sure there is enough overlap for the water to go down the drain pipe

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The ladder is attached using a notched noggin (leaving a sizable section of the rafter remaining to maintain structure) and checked for plum in line with the existing rafters.

Measuring 150mm away from the wall plate we then use various jigs and a plumb line to ensure the same 150 is varied across the entire rafter profile. This helps other tradespeople and will enable the baseboard, fascia and soffit to be installed level and plumb.

Customers demand perfection on a construction project, and that's what tradespeople are paid for - the above methods enable the roof to appear uniform and not 'wonky'.. will also ensure rainfall and environmental factors are factored and long-term viability of the roof is maintained.

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Frist video show how setup ladder with barge boards at end of rafter with noggin. Then mark 150mm at plumb line to the string line using an adjustable bevel, then add jig, use chalk line at end rafters to line it along plum line to fix facial at the depth using two facial jigs. Purpose of grove on facia board is to stop water from pudding and going in to building

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Square is used, put two rafters together trimmer to strengthen it and put in wall plate.

Measuring height to make window and check if square and level.

Always measuring twice make sure you did correctly.

The span is between two rafters and the run is half way along then up from there is the rise and that'll give the pitch.

The jack rafters fit on the hip and valley rafters.

Then cover with felt materials and tiles.

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First, you want to strip out a patch of old roof to the width of the window you'll be fitting. Then you want to have some trimmer to support existing timber for extra strength. Then you want to fit in a new wall plate. Measure the width of the window for the dormer. Make sure to check if the window is square and level. Then you want to put in some roof rafters to match the existing roof. Add some purlins and valley rafters as well as some common rafters and then put some waterproofing membrane onto the roof rafters you have put up. Put some felt on there and then the roofers come in to put the roofing tiles on.

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1. Take the tiles off the roof.

2. Measure out how big it the dormer is going to be.

3. Next cute out the area the dormer is going so you can start measuring your rafters.

4. Cut out the rafters and make the sides into trimmers, and make the frame work that forms the opening window. Keep making sure that you are measuring to make sure it is the right size and is square.

5. Once that is done you can start adding your waterproofing onto it and then some felt with roofing tiles

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Key Stages in Dormer Construction

1. Planning and Design: Determine the dormer style (flat or pitched) and check if the project falls under "permitted development" or requires planning permission (especially on front roofs or in conservation areas).

2. Structural Assessment: Consult a structural engineer to calculate the loads, as removing old ceiling joists and cutting rafters requires new, stronger, engineered support.

3. Site Preparation: Install scaffolding for safe access and ensure materials are on-site.

4. Opening the Roof:

Remove roofing: Strip tiles, slate, and battens from the designated area.

Cut Rafters: Use a reciprocating saw to cut through the existing rafters to the required size.

Install Trimmers: Install "doubled" or "tripled" timber beams (trimmers) across the top (head) and bottom (sill) of the opening to transfer loads to the remaining, uncut rafters.

Strengthen Surrounding Rafters: Bolt extra timber (e.g., 5x2 or 7x2) to the existing, now-cut rafters on both sides of the opening for additional strength.

5. Framing the Dormer:

Install Floor Joists: If constructing a full dormer, install new floor joists, often supported by steel beams (RSJs) placed below.

Build the Structure: Construct the timber stud walls (cheeks) and front wall, typically using 4x2 timber, ensuring the structure is square and level.

Create the Roof: Frame the roof for the dormer (usually flat with a slight pitch for drainage) using joists.

6. Weatherproofing and Finishing:

Sheathing: Cover the framing in OSB or plywood.

Waterproofing: Install a vapour barrier and cover the new roof with waterproofing (e.g., EPDM, GRP, or felt).

Cladding: Add exterior cladding to the cheeks to match the house.

Windows and Insulation: Install the window, add high-performance insulation, and plasterboard the interior.

Important Considerations

Building Regulations: Approval is always required to ensure the structure is safe and energy-efficient.

Party Wall Agreement: If the dormer is close to a neighbor’s boundary, a party wall agreement is likely required.

Safety: The opening must be kept watertight with tarps during construction, especially if rain is expected.

Minimum Headroom: Ensure the project meets minimum ceiling height requirements, usually around 2.2-2.3 meters.

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firs strip out all the old stuff where the work will be done. measure where the window will actually be going and cut out your rafters. add the trimmer in and the surrounding square frame ensuring it is squared. connect top corners to the roof for stability. add the ridge in but create an open pocket for it to rest making sure its level and connected to the rafters then add the hips rafters that are compound cuts and then the jack rafters. finish by adding the waterproof membrane.

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Dormer roof window construction involves creating a framed extension on an existing roof, to add headroom and floor space in a loft, involving opening the roof, building structural supports like doubled rafters and ridge beams by measuring the hight off the roof and the hight above wall plate, constructing dormer walls, adding joists, after that there must be the lining for the actual window making sure its plumb and square, then add the insulating, and then waterproofing and tiling the new roof section to blend with the original.

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First cut out trimmers which support the existing rafters to give them stability then put in a new wall plate ones the wall plate is installed measure the height of your dorma then braced the dorma to make sure it is square and level by using the 3,4,5 method then fit the purling to support the rest of the rafters cut a hip rafter at a compound cut a 45 degree for the outside and 36 degrees for the inside then place your hip rafter and nail it then lay your felt then batons and then tiles on top

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Types of joists:

Bridging - a joist that spans from load-bearing wall to load-bearing wall.

-          Trimming – a joist that spans the same as a bridging joist, and supports the trimmer joist.

-          Trimmer – a joist that is placed at right angles to the trimming joist, and supports the cut end of the trimmed joists.

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Cantilevered- supported on two sides only. It’s a type of staircase that is designed to appear as if it’s floating. Each tread is securely fixed into a wall or hidden structural frame.

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Camber is a slight curve or arch designed into the structural supports e.g. beams.