# data[].attributes.body
Ancient Régime

No uniformity in the system

positions of Power were bought → used for personal gain (venality)

slow communication between "pays d'état" (six ancient provinces of France)

King of France couldn't keep an eye over all the administration he was in charge of: "Intendants" (royal officials that some of the Kings tasks were transfered to for a certain provinces

→ all of these points slowed down administration processes

No Central Treasury → chaotic → no efficient accounting/overview over finances → severe debt

Social inequalities

Noble privileges: tax exemptions (taille, gebelle), exemption from corvées, allowed to wear swords in public, trial in special trials possible

Feudal rights of landowners (seigneurial courts, fines, harvest dues)

Feudal dues of peasants (money paid to landlord/nobles)

abuse of the tax system

Tithes (produced crop paid to clergy)

# data[].attributes.body
Source of Power → Religion based

Authority/legitimacy of King in question (divine right to rule) → reason instead of religious beliefs

Power in hands of an absolute monarch alone led to many problems (See Ancient Régime)

Luxurious Lifestyle of the French Kings

→ less trust of people, undairness/Bad living conditions felt even more

# data[].attributes.body
Sovereignty of the people (Rousseau)

- Political authority lies with the people and their will (not divine right)

Separation of powers (Montesquieu)

- Judiciary, Legislative, Executive power to be divided (not be concentrated on the king)

Natural rights (Locke)

- Life, liberty and property

Freedom of speech and press (Voltaire)

- Questions authority and censorship of monarchy

Economic competition (Adam Smith)

- reduce monopolies and restricting feudal structures (free markets)

General Enlightenment ideas

- Equality, Liberty, reason,

# data[].attributes.body
- Huge population growth from 1700 to 1789 (27%)

- Expensive support of American Independent War

- Until 1776 economy boomed, afterwards shortfall felt accordingly heavier

- Factory production was underdeveloped compared to European rivals

- No state banking system

- Overall corrupt and self-interested system with many tax exemptions as constitutional right

# data[].attributes.body
King of France

Inherited a financially ruined country from his father

Absolutist measures could not solve the problem

Summoned the Estates-General after more than 175 years again

Agreed to individual freedom, freedom of the press and to vote per person and not estate

Had to accept constitutional monarchy in 1792

20th June 1791: Tried to leave France, was captured in Varannes and brought back to Versailles

13th August 1792: royal family is arrested

21st January 1793: publicly guillotined

# data[].attributes.body
Leaders of Jacobins (1790-94)

Radical democrat sind 1789

Advocat of the constitutional monarchy until flight to Varannes in 1794

27th July 1793: National Convent appoints him member of Wohlfahrtsausschuss (Comitee for Public Safety)

10th October 1793: Reign of Terror begins, Robbespierre declares gouvernment „revolutionary“ —> legalisation of his own personal reign

30th March 1794: Arrests opponents of Reign of Terror

10th June 1794: Law of 22 Prairial—> death penalty without trial

28th July: Robbespierre is arrested and guillotined without trial

# data[].attributes.body
Catholic Clergy

Leader of bourgeiosie in Estates-General against noble privileges

Later powerful under the Directory, them retired until

Napoleon‘s coup which he organised

# data[].attributes.body
Wrote the „declaration of the rights of the woman and citizeness“

Summer 1793 executed for being a royalist

# data[].attributes.body
Lawyer in appeal courts

Supported the overthrow of the monarchy

Organized the storming of the Tuileries Palace which led to fall of Louis XVI.

Radical opinion in the beginning became more moderate opinion: voted for Kings execution, but later preferred reconciliation

Founded Committee of Public Safety but disagreed with its radical measures later

Argued for ending Terror and making peace with enemies, was subsequently executed

# data[].attributes.body
Aristocrat who supported revolutionary ideas and Enlightenment but was opposed to radical violence

Therefore killed leader of Jacobins Marat and was executed

# data[].attributes.body
Born into minor noble family from Corsica

Revolution enabled him to join army and climb career ladder

He was a believer in meritocracy and opponent of political chaos

Military success in Italy against Austria gained him fame and popularity

Staged a coup d’état, overthrowing the infunctional Directory

Became First Consul/Dictator

# data[].attributes.body
1788

May Edicts, Revolt of the nobles

# data[].attributes.body
Bread Crisis

Abbé Sieyès: Que-ce que le tiers Étát?

Cahiers de Doléances

May 4th

Estates General

June 17th

Third Estate = NA (National Assembly)

June 20th

Tennis Court Oath

July 14th

Storming of the Bastille

August 4th

August Decrees

NA abolishes feudal rights, tax exemptions, tithes, financial privileges, seigneurial courts, venality (= corruption), guild restrictions, personal subjection to a lord, corporate and provincial privileges

August 26th

Declaration of the Rights of Men and of the Citizen

October 5th-6th

Women‘s march on Versailles

# data[].attributes.body
Civil Constitution of the Clergy

half clergy takes oath to constitution

Clergy are elected in the future

Pope no longer has a say in accepting or rejecting bishops

# data[].attributes.body
June 20th-21st

Flight to Verennes of Louis XVI

July 16th

Suspension of Louis XVI -> public trust lost

July 17th

Champ de Mars Attack

September 3rd

Constitution

France = Constitutional Monarchy

October 1st

First meeting of Legislative Assembly

# data[].attributes.headline
1792 — War, The Fall of the Monarchy, The beginning of the Radicalisation of the Revolution

# data[].attributes.subject
1792 — War, The Fall of the Monarchy, The beginning of the Radicalisation of the Revolution

# data[].attributes.body
April 20th

Declaration of war on Austria

May

Prussia + Great Britain join Austria in the war

August 1st

Brunswick Manifesto

August 10th

Storming of the Tuileries

monarchy overthrown

Louis XVI taken into custody

September 2nd-6th

September Massacres

violence against suspected royalists

September 20th-21st

Newly elected NC (National Convention) declares France a Republic

# data[].attributes.body
January 21st

Execution of Louis XVI

February

War deaclared on Britain & Holland

Vendée Revolts (royalists in the Vendée region)

March

War declared on Spain

March-May

Measures taken to enforce control of the state

June 2nd

Jacobins seize power (Jacobin Coup), Girondins purged

Summer

Revolts in Normandy, Bordeaux, Lyon, Marseilles, Toulon

Increasing pressure

July 13th

Assassination of Marat by Charlotte Corday

August

Levée en masse

September 4th/5th

Journée: Terror the order of the day

September

Law of suspects

new revolutionary comittees, watch comittees

mass arrests

armées révolutionaires

representatives-on-mission

August-December

federal revolt silenced

December

Law of 14th Frimaire

Armées revolutionaires disbanded in provinces

Comittee for Public Safety: Power over Ministers, Generals, Local Government,...

Comittee for Public Safety: power over Police, Revolutionary Tribunal

# data[].attributes.body
January-May

Vendée Revolt silenced

March

Hébert guillotined

April

Danton guillotined

June

Law of Prairial

floorgates opened

Summer

Great Terror

Over 1000 per month guillotined

July 28th

Robespierre executed (10th Thermidor)

Thermidorian reaction

# data[].attributes.body
Abolished the absolute monarchy and the feudal system

—> inspired other european nations

# data[].attributes.body
April

The Germinal Rising

May 20th/21st

The Rising of Prairial

March in Convention

→ shortly after: sans-culottes disarmed, finished

June

Regular Army under General Hoche

In the course of a year: suppressing guerillas, restoring order

October 5th

Rising of Vendémiaire

Convention besieged

The Constitution of the Year III

The Directory

Peace with Prussia (because of the Partition of Poland)

Peace with Spain

# data[].attributes.headline
Modern Democracy and Citizenship in Europe

# data[].attributes.subject
Modern Democracy and Citizenship in Europe

# data[].attributes.body
Ideas like liberty, equality, fraternity, and popular sovereignty determined political thinking across Europe for the next century

Concept of the divine right was replaced by the concept of power from the people

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen became a foundation for human rights charts to come

# data[].attributes.body
Power and influence of Clergy Men and the Church was drastically reduced.

Separation of religion and state was a role model for the future

# data[].attributes.body
Revolutionary armies brought ideas of liberalism and nationalism to other European states

Inspired revolutions e.g. in Italy and Germany

# data[].attributes.body
Talent based careers over born rights and privileges

Napoleonic Code introduced property rights, contracts, and civil law to the wide public

# data[].attributes.body
September

Coup of Fructidor

October

Treaty of Campo Formio

British naval victories

# data[].attributes.body
May

Law of Floréal

Jacobins: one third of seats in Vote

Directors overturn their election

People not content

Warfare under Directory

Bank of Rhine handed over to France

# data[].attributes.body
War against second coalition (Austria, Russia, Great Britain)

→ That revolution wouldn't spread to their monarchies

July

Law of Hostages

government able to arrest and seize property of nobles + émigré relatives

Directory guilty of suspending Constitution twice

Order and Local government disintegrating

November 10th/ Brumaire 19th

Coup of Brumaire: Napoleon: First Consul

End of the Directory

# data[].attributes.body
With the rise of modern polical ideas and the abolishment of absolute monarchy, a republic was established