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1933: Carter G. Woodson's "The Mis-Education of The Negro"

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1933: Carter G. Woodson's "The Mis-Education of The Negro"

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Carter G. Woodson published "The Mis-Education of the Negro," critiquing how traditional education fails students of color and advocating for a curriculum that reflects diverse cultural experiences. This is the first major work to draw attention to these issues. It laid the groundwork for future scholars to develop what we now know as culturally responsive pedagogy.

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Amidst the Civil Rights Movement, Oliver Brown filed a case in Topeka, Kansas, against the Board of Education on behalf of his daughter Linda, who was denied admission to an all-white school. The case went all the way to the Supreme Court, which unanimously decided that the prior policy of "separate but equal" was in direct violation of the Equal Protection Clause, on the basis that segregation was psychologically harmful to Black students.

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Although Brown v. Board of Education made segregation by law illegal, many schools still experienced de facto segregation. This case found that "freedom of choice plans," which allowed students to choose which public school they attended, did not adequately address the issue of desegregation. This case forced school districts to adopt realistic plans for active integration.

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1977: James Banks and Multicultural Education

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1977: James Banks and Multicultural Education

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James Banks developed the influential framework of multicultural education, which consists of four main approaches, increasing in their effectiveness: contributions (focus on cultural holidays, traditions, food, and heroes), additive (adding diverse materials to the curriculum but maintaining the lesson objectives themselves), transformation (empowers students to view issues through multiple perspectives, curricular objectives are shifted to address voices that have been systemically excluded), and social action (students engage in authentic problem-solving in their communities and beyond). Banks' work laid the foundation for future scholars to develop what is now known as Culturally Responsive Pedagogy (CRP).

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1993: Gloria Ladson-Billings' "The Dream Keepers: Successful Teachers of African American Children"

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1993: Gloria Ladson-Billings' "The Dream Keepers: Successful Teachers of African American Children"

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Gloria Ladson-Billings published "The Dreamkeepers: Successful Teachers of African American Children", a book that tracks the work of 8 public school teachers who have been noted by parents and administration as being exceptionally successful in teaching African American students. The work of these teachers aligns very closely with what Gladson-Billings will come to coin as "Culturally Relevant Pedagogy."

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1995: Gloria Ladson-Billings and Culturally Relevant Pedagogy

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1995: Gloria Ladson-Billings and Culturally Relevant Pedagogy

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Gloria Ladson-Billings published "Toward a Theory of Culturally Relevant Pedagogy" in the American Educational Research Journal and introduced the term "culturally relevant pedagogy," defining three criteria: academic success, cultural competence, and critical consciousness. This work was pivotal in taking steps toward closing the achievement gap and educational equity.

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2012: Django Paris and Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy

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2012: Django Paris and Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy

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Django Paris published "Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy: A Needed Change in Stance, Terminology, and Practice" in The Educational Researcher, expanding Ladson-Billings' CRP framework to explicitly support multilingualism and multiculturalism in dynamic, evolving ways. In 2014, Gloria Ladson-Billings published "Culturally Relevant Pedagogy 2.0: a.k.a. the Remix", praising and expanding on Paris' work in this article.

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2015: Zaretta Hammond's "Culturally Responsive Teaching & The Brain"

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2015: Zaretta Hammond's "Culturally Responsive Teaching & The Brain"

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Zaretta Hammond published "Culturally Responsive Teaching & The Brain," which began integrating neuroscience research with culturally responsive pedagogy, showing how cultural connections enhance cognitive development in diverse students.

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2018: Geneva Gay's "Culturally Responsive Teaching: Theory, Research, and Practice" 

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2018: Geneva Gay's "Culturally Responsive Teaching: Theory, Research, and Practice" 

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Geneva Gay published "Culturally Responsive Teaching: Theory, Research, and Practice," which provides a comprehensive theoretical framework, and practical strategies. Her work has become essential reading for educators implementing CRP.

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Culturally relevant, responsive, and sustaining education is just as critical today as it was in 1933 when Carter G. Woodson published "The Mis-Education of the Negro." Students of color still experience over-identification in special ed. and significant gaps in achievement when compared to their white counterparts. As educators of tomorrow, it is important for us to familiarize ourselves with the work of scholars who came before us and to continue implementing and expanding upon their ideas to ensure our students receive the best education we are capable of giving.