# data[].attributes.body
In 1964, peaceful demonstrations were still being organized by Civil Rights leaders. However, the continuous violence that they still met with renewed the idea of the voting rights issue. In Selma, Alabama, the attack on voting-rights activists by white state troopers gained national attention. This event persuaded President Lyndon B. Johnson and Congress to initiate a meaningful and effective national voting rights legislation.

# data[].attributes.body
Due to the 15th Amendment, states couldn't prevent black citizens from voting. Southern states however, came up with measures such as poll taxes, literacy tests, all-white primaries, felony disenfranchisement laws, grandfather clauses, fraud and intimidation to keep African Americans from voting. Poll taxes "goal" was to raise state revenue, it was actually made to suppress the African American vote. The literacy tests were the most effective measures because most Black men could not read. The grandfather clause was another effective way to suppress African Americans from voting, if your grandfather did not vote, then you could not vote.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Martin Luther King Jr. being Congratulated

# data[].attributes.headline
The Purpose/Goals of the Voting Rights Act

# data[].attributes.subject
The Purpose/Goals of the Voting Rights Act

# data[].attributes.body
The purpose of the Voting Rights Act was to enable African Americans to register and vote, also to ban tactics designed to keep them from the polls. The main goal for the act was to prevent voter discrimination and racial discriminatory practices. This Act was made to ensure equal access to the right to vote for all Americans, especially African Americans who have faced widespread voter suppression in the southern states. This law became the most important voting rights law, from all the way back to the Civil War times.

# data[].attributes.body
Some key provisions were; Prohibition of Racial Discrimination, Federal Oversight, Preclearance Requirement, Language Assistance, and Enforcement Mechanisms. Prohibition of Racial Discrimination meant the elimination of racial discrimination in all its forms would take place, and to guarantee the right of everyone. Federal Oversight refers to the power or authority used by the federal government over states, local governments, agencies, etc. According to a specific website, Preclearance Requirement refers to "Customs and Border Protection (CBP) Preclearance is the strategic stationing of CBP personnel at designated foreign airports to inspect travelers prior to boarding U.S.-bound flights." Language Assistance are usually mechanisms that makes communication with other individuals who don't speak English, struggle with English, or deaf, easier. Lastly, Enforcement Mechanisms provided legal tools & solutions to address voting rights violations.

# data[].attributes.headline
The role of civil rights activists in                  advocating for the Act                      

# data[].attributes.subject
The role of civil rights activists in                  advocating for the Act                      

# data[].attributes.body
Civil rights activists were people stood up against, struggled, committed, and worked for the end of discrimination and white supremacy. Martin Luther King Jr. was the most well-known activists around the world, he stood up against and protested in the most civil manner so that black people couldn't be blamed for starting the violence. Rosa Parks in another well-known activist, while being black, she was also a woman, so she had to deal with her own hardships. She went into the bus one day and sat in the white area, she refused to move, she didn't fight, she didn't shout nor scream, she just sat there until the police came to take her out. Diane Nash was a civil rights activist also, just not heard of as much. She was the driving force behind two important Civil Rights Movements; sit-ins and Freedom Rides. Lastly, Dion Diamond started his civil rights actions at the ripe age of 15 years old. He started joining the sit-ins at the segregated lunch counters in Virginia, he was arrested many times for these actions but spent the most time in jail after he participated in the 1961 Freedom Rides in Mississippi.

# data[].attributes.body
The court case that struck down part of the voting rights act was the Shelby County v. Holder case. "The Voting Rights Act was passed in 1965 to ensure state and local governments do not pass laws or policies that deny American citizens the equal right to vote based on race." Apparently, the Supreme Court swept away a key provision of this landmark civil rights law. What started all this was in April 2010, Shelby County, Alabama, filed suit asking a federal court in Washington, DC to declare Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act unconstitutional. In September 2011, "The U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia upheld the constitutionality of Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act, and in May 2012, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit agreed with the district court that Section 5 was constitutional." This means that the District Court of Columbia & the District of Columbia Circuit both disagree with Shelby County and say that Section 5 should remain constitutional.

# data[].attributes.headline
Efforts to dismantle or weaken the Act in recent years 

# data[].attributes.subject
Efforts to dismantle or weaken the Act in recent years 

# data[].attributes.body
Back when the Voting Rights Act just got signed, it wasn't supported by the entire country of America. Recently, however, a writer, Ari Berman states that, "Both the Supreme Court and the lower courts are working to dismantle the '65 law that's considered one of the most effective pieces of civil rights legislation ever enacted in the U.S.". Apparently, the Act was under legal assault with court decisions taking out key provisions of the Act. The provisions challenged were Section 5 and Section 4(b), Section 5 ensured that voting changes in covered jurisdictions could not be implemented used until a favorable determination has been obtained. Section 4(b) established a formula to determine which states and localities demonstrated a history of voting rights violations. Both of these provisions raised questions about the continued necessity and effectiveness.

# data[].attributes.headline
Voter Suppression Tactics and The Ongoing Fight for Voting Rights

# data[].attributes.subject
Voter Suppression Tactics and The Ongoing Fight for Voting Rights

# data[].attributes.body
Some efforts to suppress votes were obtaining specific forms of ID, reducing early voting days, and closing polling stations in key areas. These tactics heavily affect disenfranchised and minority communities. Advocacy groups and the Brennan Center are fighting back by filing lawsuits and pushing for federal legislation to protect voting rights. Social media campaigns and community outreach are raising awareness about voter suppression. Automatic voter registration and restoring the Voting Rights Act are among the proposed solutions.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Need for Continued Vigilance and Advocacy to Safeguard Voting Rights for All

# data[].attributes.subject
The Need for Continued Vigilance and Advocacy to Safeguard Voting Rights for All

# data[].attributes.body
The fight to safeguard voting rights for all is an ongoing battle that requires continued vigilance and advocacy. While significant progress has been made, there are still challenges and threats to voting rights that need to be addressed. Strong congressional action is critical to protect the freedom to vote and safeguard elections. It is important for individuals to stay informed, engage in the political process, and support organizations working to protect voting rights. By standing together and advocating for fair and equitable voting practices, we can ensure that every voice is heard and that our democracy remains strong.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Role of the Federal Government in Enforcing The Act

# data[].attributes.subject
The Role of the Federal Government in Enforcing The Act

# data[].attributes.body
The federal government's role was to oversee and ensure fair election processes under the Voting Rights Act. It has the authority to pre-approve changes to voting laws in places with a history of discrimination. The Department of Justice can take legal action against jurisdictions that enact discriminatory voting measures. They also enforce these type of Acts through a combination of public and private efforts. Federal grants are provided to states to improve election administration and accessibility. The government also works to educate the public about their voting rights. Ensuring compliance with the Act is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the electoral system.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Statistics on The Voting Rights Act after Increasing Black Employment

# data[].attributes.headline
The Impact of the Act on Minority Representation Elected Offices

# data[].attributes.subject
The Impact of the Act on Minority Representation Elected Offices

# data[].attributes.body
Since the Voting Rights Act's movement, there has been a substantial increase in minority elected officials. The Act dismantled many of the legal barriers that previously prevented minorities from winning elected office. Section 5 of the Act, before its invalidation, required jurisdictions with histories of discrimination to get approval for electoral changes. This helped prevent fakery that could weaken minority voting power. Minority representation in Congress and local governments has improved, but there is still work to be done. The Act has been crucial with creating a more inclusive and representative democracy. However, they wanted to examine how the difference between the preexisting share of Blacks and Black office holding changed over time within counties subjected to coverage. They also analyzed if covered counties with larger preexisting Black populations experienced a larger increase in Black office holding after the passage of the Voting Rights Act, compared with noncovered counties.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Impact the Act had on Future Civil Rights Laws

# data[].attributes.subject
The Impact the Act had on Future Civil Rights Laws

# data[].attributes.body
The act set a example that encouraged more comprehensive laws to protect civil rights. It opened the door for further discussions and legislation aimed at equality. Its movement showed that change was possible, encouraging activists to push for more reforms. The act served as a foundation, influencing the scope and strength of later civil rights protections. It also highlighted areas needing improvement, guiding future legislative efforts. Lastly, it shifted public perception, making civil rights a permanent part of the national dialogue. The federal civil rights laws have helped bring about intense changes in American education and improved the educational opportunities of millions of students.

# data[].attributes.headline
 The Act's significance in advancing racial equality and social justice

# data[].attributes.subject
 The Act's significance in advancing racial equality and social justice

# data[].attributes.body
The Voting Rights Act has played a crucial role in advancing racial equality and social justice. By dismantling discriminatory voting practices, it has helped to create a more inclusive and fair society. It has given marginalized communities a stronger voice in shaping policies and electing representatives who reflect their interests and values. The Act's impact goes beyond the voting booth, as it has been an encouragement for change and progress in the fight for equal rights. The Civil Rights Act hastened the end of legal Jim Crow. It also secured African Americans equal access to restaurants, transportation, and other public facilities.

# data[].attributes.headline
Voting rights challenges faced by different communities

# data[].attributes.subject
Voting rights challenges faced by different communities

# data[].attributes.body
Native Americans often face barriers such as ID requirements that don't accept tribal IDs and polling places located far from reservations. Non-English speakers may struggle with a lack of language assistance at the polls, despite federal requirements for it. Rural communities are affected by polling place closures and limited public transportation. People with disabilities continue to encounter inaccessible voting facilities and equipment. Students and young voters grapple with voter ID laws and confusion over registration requirements. Addressing these challenges is essential for an inclusive democracy where every voice is heard. These obstacles are compounded for communities of color, the elderly, and those in rural areas, where systemic issues and historical disenfranchisement can significantly inhibit the right to vote.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Impact the Act had on Future Civil Rights Laws

# data[].attributes.subject
The Impact the Act had on Future Civil Rights Laws

# data[].attributes.body
The act set a example that encouraged more comprehensive laws to protect civil rights. It opened the door for further discussions and legislation aimed at equality. Its passage showed that change was possible, encouraging activists to push for more reforms. The act served as a foundation, influencing the scope and strength of later civil rights protections. It also highlighted areas needing improvement, guiding future legislative efforts. Lastly, it shifted public perception, making civil rights a permanent part of the national dialogue.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Act's impact on the political landscape and electoral outcomes 

# data[].attributes.subject
The Act's impact on the political landscape and electoral outcomes 

# data[].attributes.body
The Voting Rights Act has had a significant impact on the political landscape and electoral outcomes. By ensuring equal access to the ballot box, it has increased voter participation, especially among marginalized communities.

This has led to a more diverse representation in government and a broader range of perspectives being heard. The Act has helped to shape the political landscape by empowering previously disenfranchised groups and giving them a platform to advocate for their needs and concerns. Moreover, the Act's influence has prompted the creation of policies that directly address the interests of these communities, leading to a more inclusive policy-making process. It's also inspired a new generation of activists and politicians who continue to fight for voting rights and representation, ensuring the Act's legacy endures.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How Social Media is Shaping Our Political Future | Victoria Bonney | TEDxDirigo

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
A Protest in America About Voting Rights

# data[].attributes.headline
Voting Rights Activism and Organizations Working to Protect Voting Rights Today 

# data[].attributes.subject
Voting Rights Activism and Organizations Working to Protect Voting Rights Today 

# data[].attributes.body
Voting rights activism and organizations play a crucial role in protecting voting rights today. These organizations work tirelessly to combat voter suppression, advocate for fair electoral practices, and promote voter education and engagement. Some notable organizations include the ACLU Voting Rights Project, the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, and the Brennan Center for Justice. Their efforts are vital in ensuring that everyone has equal access to the democratic process and that voting rights are protected for all. Voting rights groups today fight hard to secure equal ballot access, tackling laws and policies that limit participation, especially in marginalized communities. They use legal action, community outreach, and education to challenge unfair practices like manipulating and voter roll purges. These organizations are key to maintaining democracy, ensuring every vote matters and every voice is heard.

# data[].attributes.headline
The importance of the Act in protecting the voting rights of marginalized groups 

# data[].attributes.subject
The importance of the Act in protecting the voting rights of marginalized groups 

# data[].attributes.body
The Voting Rights Act is incredibly important in protecting the voting rights of marginalized groups. It ensures that everyone, regardless of their race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status, has equal access to the ballot box. By prohibiting discriminatory practices, such as voter suppression tactics and gerrymandering, the Act helps to level the playing field and empowers marginalized communities to have their voices heard in the democratic process. It plays a crucial role in ensuring fairness, equality, and inclusivity in our elections. The Act's provisions also require jurisdictions with a history of discrimination to receive federal clearance before changing voting laws, providing a safeguard against subtle forms of disenfranchisement. Its ongoing enforcement is essential to address modern-day challenges and to adapt to new tactics that may emerge to hinder equal voting rights.

# data[].attributes.headline
Amendments and extensions to the Act over the years 

# data[].attributes.subject
Amendments and extensions to the Act over the years 

# data[].attributes.body
Since its establishment in 1965, the Voting Rights Act has been amended and extended several times to adapt to the evolving political landscape. The 1970 amendments lowered the voting age to 18, responding to the call for youth representation. Extensions in 1975 added protections for language minorities, ensuring that voters who are not proficient in English could still participate in elections. The 1982 extension was particularly significant, as it made it easier for plaintiffs to prove cases of discrimination. In 2006, the Act was reauthorized to continue its oversight of electoral changes in areas with histories of voting discrimination. However, the Supreme Court's 2013 decision in Shelby County v. Holder effectively struck down a key provision, leading to debates and calls for new legislation to restore and update the Act's protections.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Civil Rights Plank Outside GOP Convention Hall in Chicago July 1960

# data[].attributes.headline
Opposition and controversy surrounding the Act

# data[].attributes.subject
Opposition and controversy surrounding the Act

# data[].attributes.body
Opposition and controversy surrounding the Voting Rights Act have emerged over the years. Some argue that the Act infringes on states' rights and that it is no longer necessary in today's society. Critics claim that the Act is outdated and that it unfairly singles out certain jurisdictions without considering current voting practices. However, proponents of the Act argue that it remains crucial in combating ongoing voter suppression and ensuring equal access to the ballot box. The Act continues to be a topic of debate and discussion as efforts to protect voting rights evolve.

# data[].attributes.body
1. https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/voting-rights-act#:~:text=The%20murder%20of%20voting%2Drights,effective%20national%20voting%20rights%20legislation.

2. https://www.history.com/news/jim-crow-laws-black-vote

3. https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Senate_Passes_Voting_Rights_Act.htm#:~:text=Following%20Bloody%20Sunday%2C%20President%20Lyndon,keep%20them%20from%20the%20polls.

4. https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/legislative-milestones/voting-rights-act-1965

5. https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/eliminating-racial-discrimination-challenges-prevention-and-enforcement-prohibition

6. https://library.fiveable.me/key-terms/apush/federal-oversight#:~:text=Federal%20oversight%20refers%20to%20the,with%20federal%20laws%20and%20regulations.

7. https://thinkculturalhealth.hhs.gov/resources/presentations/7/a-primer-on-communication-and-language-assistance#:~:text=Language%20Assistance%20Services%20are%20Mechanisms,deaf%20or%20hard%20of%20hearing.

8. https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/civil-rights-leaders

9. https://wgno.com/black-history-month/14-heroes-of-the-civil-rights-movement-whose-names-you-may-not-recognize/

10. https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/court-cases/shelby-county-v-holder

11. https://www.npr.org/2023/11/30/1216054095/the-voting-rights-act-is-being-attacked-from-every-possible-angle-journalist-say

12. https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/faculty_scholarship/2516/#:~:text=Federal%20law%20is%20enforced%20through,sue%20to%20enforce%20federal%20law.

13. https://phys.org/news/2023-05-voting-rights-impact-black-representation.html

14. https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/impact.html

15. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Kd99IIWJUw

16. https://www.civilrightsteaching.org/resource/voting-rights-act-beyond-headlines

17. https://www.archivesfoundation.org/amendments-u-s-constitution/

18. https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/treasures_of_congress/text/page5_text.html

19. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/do-you-remember-when-the-voting-rights-act-passed-tell-us-your-story-1