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Part 2

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For over two million years, humans hunted wild animals and gathered wild plants without altering their breeding. Around 10,000 years ago, they began the Agricultural Revolution, independently in the Middle East, Central America, and China, by cultivating plants like wheat and rice and domesticating animals such as goats and pigs. Today, modern humans still rely on a few species domesticated during that period.

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The transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture around 10,000 years ago marked a significant turning point in human history, as humans began to manipulate their environments through the domestication of plants and animals, a change that still underpins modern human sustenance.

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In my opinion, the Agricultural Revolution was a critical turning point that enabled human civilization to develop and flourish, but it also brought challenges like social inequalities and environmental issues that persist today.

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Some scholars argue that the Agricultural Revolution enabled human prosperity, while others believe it disconnected us from nature and made us unhappy. Harari thinks there's no going back due to rapid population growth, making foraging unsustainable. Around 12,000 years ago, there were 5-8 million foragers, but by 2,000 years ago, there were 250 million farmers. Permanent settlements changed humanity: we started claiming and altering portions of nature for ourselves, building structures, and fencing off our habitats from the wild and others.

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Harari explores imagined orders, highlighting their role in fostering cooperation but emphasizing their inherent biases and injustices. Examples like Hammurabi's Code, the Hindu caste system, white supremacy, and capitalism illustrate how these orders perpetuate hierarchies based on unfounded beliefs of superiority. Harari underscores the crucial point that these hierarchies are constructs of human imagination, devoid of biological evidence supporting innate superiority or inferiority among different groups.

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The text contrasts the social cooperation of humans with that of animals like ants and bees, where cooperation is genetically encoded. Unlike these species, human social structures, such as Hammurabi's hierarchy, are not genetically predetermined. Harari argues that while it's feasible to manage rules in small communities, it becomes difficult in larger societies. He suggests that the evolution of large societies demands a new skill—retaining extensive data—which our brains aren't naturally wired for.

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The thesis is that regardless of whether the Agricultural Revolution was beneficial or detrimental, it permanently changed humanity by making foraging unsustainable due to rapid population growth and altering our relationship with nature through the establishment of permanent settlements.

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Reflecting on this thesis, it's fascinating how the Agricultural Revolution shaped our environment, society, and identities. While it spurred population growth and advancement, it also brought new challenges. This prompts reflection on how current technological changes might similarly redefine our relationship with the world.

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The thesis is that human social structures are not genetically predetermined like those of animals such as ants and bees, leading to challenges in managing rules and cooperation, particularly as societies grow larger. Harari proposes that the evolution of large societies requires humans to acquire new skills, such as retaining vast amounts of data, which our brains are not naturally equipped for.

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This text provokes contemplation on the intricate dynamics of human societies and how they differ from the innate social structures found in certain animal species. It's fascinating to consider the cognitive challenges we face as our societies expand and become more complex, requiring us to adapt and develop new skills to navigate these changes effectively. It underscores the remarkable flexibility of the human mind and the ongoing evolution of our social systems.

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The thesis is that imagined orders, which facilitate human cooperation on a large scale, are inherently biased and unfair. Harari illustrates this through various historical and contemporary examples, emphasizing that hierarchies based on perceived superiority or inferiority are constructs of human imagination rather than grounded in biological reality.

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The thesis highlights the influential role of human imagination in shaping societal hierarchies and underscores the imperative to challenge unjust constructs. It prompts reflection on the narratives we uphold and the importance of fostering empathy and critical thinking to create a more equitable world.