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What is the suffrage movement? Arianna D.

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What is the suffrage movement? Arianna D.

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The suffrage movement was an act of civil disobedience to achieve a significant change in the Constitution Beginning in the 18th century, multiple generations of women's suffrage supporters marched, wrote, and demanded a woman's right to vote. These individuals were called suffragist and their primary goal was advocating for the right to vote to expand among women peacefully through the constitution. Tactics often used were picketing, silent vigils, and hunger strikes.

The first women's rights convention, held in Seneca Falls, NY was organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott in July of 1848. The convention presented a list called the Declaration of Sentiments that demanded educational and professional opportunities for women and the allowance of married women to control their wages and property. When the 15th amendment was ratified and granted black men the right to vote, it created a split in the party that produced two separate organizations that strategized women's right to vote differently.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony formed the National Woman Suffrage Association in 1869.

Opposing the 15th amendment, NWSA sent petitions to the Senate and House representatives requesting that suffrage rights be applied to women.

Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe, and Thomas Wentworth Higginson founded the American Women Suffrage Association in 1869.

This organization favored the 15th amendment and believed women's rights would be won gradually at the state and federal levels.

Eventually, the two organizations combined, becoming the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). "In 1919, one year before women gained the right to vote with the adoption of the 19th amendment, the NAWSA reorganized into the League of Women Voters." (National Archives, 2021)

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Elizabeth Cady Stanton was born in 1815 in Johnstown, NY to wealthy parents. Her father was a lawyer and gave Stanton an insight into the legal process and her expensive education gave her more expansive knowledge than others at the time. Stanton got involved in the Abolitionist Movement with her husband and that is when she met another abolitionist Lucretia Mott. They both shared a common opinion about the exclusion of women's rights and began working together. Several years later in 1848 Stanton and Moss held the "first Woman’s Rights convention... Stanton authored, “The Declaration of Sentiments,” expanding on the Declaration of Independence by adding the word "women" or "woman". This called for social and legal changes to elevate women’s place in society. That same year, New York Congress passed the New York Married Women’s Property Act." (Michals,2017, para. 4). Stanton met Susan B. Anthony in 1851, who she began collaborating with on speeches, articles, and books. The partnership of these two women gained the movement a lot of support and dominated for over 50 years. By 1880, Stanton stopped traveling due to old age but still kept to her cause and wrote feminist books urging women to continue their fight for equal rights. Stanton died in 1902.

-Natasha Voran

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Anthony was born in 1820 in Adams, Massachusetts to a family of Quakers. She became a teacher and noticed the fraction of pay she was getting compared to her male colleagues. In 1848, Stanton and Anthony presented the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments which kicked off the women’s rights movement. During the Civil War Anthony helped fugitive slaves escape and held rallies protesting anti-slavery. Anthony and Stanton gathered many signatures which aided the passing of the 13th Amendment. Along with other activists, Anthony developed the National Woman Suffrage Association and began making speeches, writing books, and traveling the world to preach her message. Anthony saw many improvements in women's lives before her passing in 1906. Paraphrased from: (GovInfo, 2019)

-Natasha Voran

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Paul was born in 1885 in New Jersey. Her parents supported gender equality, education for women, and working to improve society. Paul’s mother, a suffragist, brought Paul to join her in the women’s suffrage meetings. Paul attended college earning her degrees in Biology, Sociology, and Social Work. Paul joined the Women’s Suffrage Movement and learned many protest tactics. In 1912, Paul joined the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Paul "organized parades and pickets in support of suffrage. Her first—and the largest—was in Washington, DC... Approximately eight thousand women marched with banners and floats down Pennsylvania Avenue from the Capitol to the White House, while a half million spectators watched, supported, and harassed the marchers. On April 7, Paul organized a demonstration and founded the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage to focus specifically on lobbying Congress. In January 1917, Paul and over 1,000 “Silent Sentinels” stood at the White House, with such signs as, “Mr. President, how long must women wait for liberty?”" (Michals, 2015, para. 5-6). Paul was sentenced to jail for seven months due to her protests. Many doctors threatened to send Paul to an insane asylum, she continued to lead groups for Women Suffrage and died in 1977. -Natasha Voran

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What is the 19th Amendment? What impact did it have on the U.S. politically, economically, and socially? -Heidi T.

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What is the 19th Amendment? What impact did it have on the U.S. politically, economically, and socially? -Heidi T.

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“The 19th amendment legally guarantees American women the right to vote. Achieving this milestone required a lengthy and difficult struggle—victory took decades of agitation and protest” (19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, 2022). In the mid-19th century, several generations of women suffrage supporters lectured, wrote, marched, lobbied, and practiced civil disobedience to achieve what many Americans considered a radical change in the Constitution. This ongoing process was protested from as early as the 1800s. The amendment was introduced to Congress in 1878 but took 42 years to ratify. Some women had strategies of passing suffrage acts in each state and nine western states adopted woman suffrage legislation by 1912. In 1918 President Wilson finally changed his position to support the amendment which led to the political balance beginning to shift. On May 21, 1919, the House of Representatives passed the amendment, and 2 weeks later, the Senate followed. Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby certified the ratification on August 26, 1920, forever changing the face of the American electorate. After the ratification, the campaign for women's suffrage was still long, difficult, and dramatic in some cases, but the ratification did not leave a full resolution. Decades following the ratification still included struggles among African Americans and other minority women. Many women were unable to vote until late in the 20th century due to discriminatory state voting laws.

The Women’s Suffrage affected society in many different ways including politically, economically, and socially. “During the late 1800s and early 1900s, women and women’s organizations not only worked to gain the right to vote, but they also worked for broad-based economic and political equality and social reforms” (Women Suffrage in the Progressive Era, n.d.). Between 1880 and 1910, the number of employed women increased from 2.6 million to 7.8 million. Even though women were starting to become employed, the majority of the better-paying positions continued to go towards men, and years later, society still struggled with this. From the political perspective, women gained the right to control their earnings, property, and in the case of a divorce, women could take custody of their children. However, not all women believed in equality for the sexes due to the norm that was created under men and women. On a social aspect, studies show that the child mortality rate decreased by almost 15 percent after women gained the right to vote. Plus other studies show that a link between women’s suffrage in America caused an increase in spending on schools following with increased school enrollment. It took a while but eventually, politicians supported social issues that appealed to female voters, including measures to improve public health and education. Women's suffrage was difficult but led to many positive effects. “Women increasingly have won elections in the United States. Key electoral firsts for American women included Nellie Tayloe Riss of Wyoming becoming the country's first woman governor in 1925 and Hattie Ophelia Caraway of Arkansas becoming the first woman elected to the U.S. Senate in 1932” (Women's Suffrage in the United States, n.d.).

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Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, sent this petition in 1871 to Congress requesting that suffrage rights be extended to women and that women be heard on the floor of Congress - Arianna D.

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Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, sent this petition in 1871 to Congress requesting that suffrage rights be extended to women and that women be heard on the floor of Congress - Arianna D.

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Woman Suffrage & The 19th Amendment -Heidi T.

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Woman Suffrage & The 19th Amendment -Heidi T.

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Ida was born in Holly Springs, in 1862 and died in 1931. She was a significant face of African American suffragists, journalists, activists, and researchers. Ida was born into slavery, however, after the Civil War ended her parents became active in the Reconstruction Era and prioritized her education. After both of her parents were taken by the yellow fever pandemic, Ida was left to take care of her younger siblings and work as an educator. She moved her family to Memphis, Tennessee, where she filed a lawsuit against a train car company for throwing her out of first class despite having a ticket. Ida won the case on a local level but it was overturned in federal court. Not long following the case she focused her work on the lynching of black men in 1892. "Wells-Barnett traveled internationally, shedding light on lynching to foreign audiences. Abroad, she openly confronted white women in the suffrage movement who ignored lynching. Because of her stance, she was often ridiculed and ostracized by women’s suffrage organizations in the United States."(Norwood, 2017). She received a significant amount of hate from locals that drove her and her family to Chicago, Illinois where she focused on the National Association of Colored Women's Club and urban reform.

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Anti Suffragists believed a woman's right to vote confirmed the political equality in society and threatened the republic. The article said, "For anti-suffragists, the franchise meant more than just the right to enter a voting booth and cast a ballot: the vote was an affirmation of the fundamental political equality of all persons holding it, in both the private and public spheres—a radical interpretation of the founding ideals that anti-suffragists were eager to extinguish wherever it threatened the republic."(Rix, n.d)

Some women agreed that their political opinions weren't useful and their role was tending to their families.

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https://youtu.be/91ZWRf3GA6k