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https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2890937/

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Japan has experienced a significant surge in STSS cases in 2024. As of June 2024, 977 cases were reported, with a concerning mortality rate of up to 30%. The exact cause of this sudden increase remains unclear, but experts speculate that factors such as reduced exposure to bacteria during the COVID-19 pandemic and potential emergence of a more virulent strain of GAS may be contributing to the rise in cases.

https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2024/06/17/asia/japan-record-spike-stss-bacterial-infection-intl-hnk

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Microbially Induced Corrosion (MIC) / G8 (Adam, Shamil, Hilfie, Hanif, Aqeel)

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Microbially Induced Corrosion (MIC) / G8 (Adam, Shamil, Hilfie, Hanif, Aqeel)

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involves sulfur-reducing bacteria (SRB), a severe problem in industries that rely on metal infrastructure, including marine, oil, and gas industries.

researchers observed that SRB accelerated corrosion in carbon steel pipelines within gas transmission systems.

bacteria adhered to the metal, creating biofilms that shielded them from traditional biocides.

through electron transfer processes, SRB transformed sulfate into corrosive hydrogen sulfide, which attacked the steel, undermining pipeline integrity and increasing the risk of leaks and failures.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/14/9/1105

• to counter SRB-induced corrosion, recent research has explored using nanotechnology-based solutions.

•silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have shown efficacy in reducing SRB biofilm formation and protecting metals by creating anti-corrosive coatings.

•prevents SRB from accessing and adhering to metal surfaces in seawater, AgNPs reduced the corrosion rate by actively hindering SRB growth and disrupting their metabolic functions.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2023.1021335/full

•other approaches, like using high-entropy alloy nanoparticles (HEA-NPs), offer promising results in minimizing biofilm formation and corrosion rates, especially in environments with fluctuating temperatures and salinity.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2023.012345/full

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Effect of Borrelia burgdorferi on the Expression of miRNAs in Breast Cancer and Normal Mammary Epithelial Cells (G7 - Tracy, HuiChee, Damia, Aishah, Aqilah)

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Effect of Borrelia burgdorferi on the Expression of miRNAs in Breast Cancer and Normal Mammary Epithelial Cells (G7 - Tracy, HuiChee, Damia, Aishah, Aqilah)

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B. burgdorferi infection can cause the dysregulation of several miRNAs as observed in normal and tumorigenic breast cancer cell lines.

B. burgdorferi manipulates the mammalian host cells after its entry by modifying its glycoproteins, which help it to invade and propagate in different body tissues.

B. burgdorferi can invade the triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells at a significantly higher rate in comparison to normal mammary epithelial cells.

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Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)  GP 6 ( Sarah, Adibah, Husna, Shahrizat, Tharshini)

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Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)  GP 6 ( Sarah, Adibah, Husna, Shahrizat, Tharshini)

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The article outlines the impact of excessive bacterial growth, particularly focusing on urinary tract infections (UTIs), which can lead to symptoms like abdominal pain, urinary frequency, and fever. When untreated, these infections can escalate to more severe conditions such as pyelonephritis (kidney infection) and even septicemia (blood infection). Excessive bacterial growth, especially in cases of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, complicates treatment and increases healthcare costs.

1. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC): The leading cause, responsible for most community and hospital-acquired UTIs.

2. Klebsiella pneumoniae: Another major cause, especially in healthcare settings.

3. Proteus mirabilis: Common in complicated UTIs, especially in catheterized patients.

4. Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Often linked to hospital-acquired and community UTIs, respectively.

To manage and control excessive bacterial growth, treatment strategies include:

1. Antibiotics: Appropriate antibiotic therapy is essential, with drugs selected based on susceptibility testing to avoid resistance.

2. Non-Antibiotic Approaches: This includes cranberry extract, probiotics, and other supportive supplements, especially for recurrent infections.

3. Phage Therapy and Vaccines: Emerging therapies such as bacteriophage treatments and potential vaccines may offer future alternatives to combat resistant infections .

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/4/623

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https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2024-DON509#:~:text=Situation%20at%20a%20glance,by%20this%20event%20as%20low

Situation at a glance

Psittacosis is a respiratory infection caused by Chlamydophila psittaci (C. psittaci), a bacteria that often infects birds. Human infections occur mainly through contact with secretions from infected birds and are mostly associated with those who work with pet birds, poultry workers, veterinarians, pet bird owners, and gardeners in areas where C. psittaci is epizootic in the native bird population. The concerned countries have implemented epidemiological investigations to identify potential exposures and clusters of cases.

Symptoms

Fever, chills, and respiratory issues, treatable with antibiotics.

WHO Recommendation and Initiatives

Testing and Awareness: Clinicians should test suspected cases of C. psittaci using RT-PCR, and bird owners should be aware that pet birds, especially psittacines, may carry the pathogen without showing symptoms.

Quarantine and Veterinary Care: Newly acquired birds should be quarantined, and sick birds should be examined by veterinarians.

Surveillance: Monitoring C. psittaci in wild birds and testing samples from other avian disease investigations can help track the pathogen’s prevalence.

Hygiene: Bird owners should clean cages regularly, prevent droppings from spreading, avoid overcrowding, and maintains good hygiene, including frequent handwashing when handling birds and their environments.

Hospital Precautions: For hospitalized cases, standard infection control and droplet transmission precautions are recommended.

COMPLICATIONS

In short, complications of infection with C. psittaci include acute respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory failure, as well as endocarditis, myocarditis, sepsis, DIC, meningoencephalitis, hepatitis, and pancreatitis; rarely, the patient may present with a fulminant disease course characterized by multi-organ failure

TREATMENT

Treatment for this bacterial infection is based on intracellular activity, pharmacokinetics, and evidence from clinical trials that recommend tetracycline antibiotics, particularly doxycycline, as the preferred treatment.

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https://theconversation.com/the-bacteria-in-your-mouth-play-an-important-role-in-your-health-here-are-four-diseases-linked-to-your-oral-microbiome-230041

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Small Intestine Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) on Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (EED) and Childhood Health (Alya, Nis, Adriana, Ummi, Amna, Bat)

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Small Intestine Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) on Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (EED) and Childhood Health (Alya, Nis, Adriana, Ummi, Amna, Bat)

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https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0012023

Introduction to SIBO and EED

• Small Intestine Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) affects gut health.

• Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (EED) impacts childhood growth, particularly in low-income areas.

• EED causes small bowel dysfunction, leading to poor nutrient absorption and stunted growth.

• SIBO often worsens EED, complicating children’s health outcomes.

Impact of SIBO on Growth

• SIBO interferes with nutrient absorption, leading to growth issues.

• Studies show early SIBO can predict future stunting and developmental delays.

• Bacterial overgrowth in the gut affects physical and cognitive development.

Examples of Bacteria and Mechanism of Overgrowth

• Common SIBO bacteria: E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter.

• Bacterial overgrowth happens due to factors like poor gut motility and contaminated food/water.

• In low-sanitation areas, bacterial imbalance grows, causing inflammation and poor nutrient uptake.

Impact on Gut Integrity

• SIBO damages gut structure:

• Causes villous atrophy and crypt elongation.

• Weakens gut lining, increasing infection risk and reducing nutrient absorption.

Link to Poor Sanitation

• SIBO and EED are common in areas with poor water and sanitation (WASH).

• Lack of hygiene leads to repeated exposure to pathogens and bacterial overgrowth

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How gut microbiota may impact ocular surface homeostasis and related disorders

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How gut microbiota may impact ocular surface homeostasis and related disorders

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The gut microbiota significantly influences ocular surface homeostasis and related disorders through several mechanisms, establishing a connection known as the gut-eye axis.

1. Dysbiosis and Ocular Diseases: Alterations in gut microbiota, referred to as dysbiosis, have been implicated in various ocular conditions, including uveitis, dry eye disease, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and glaucoma. Dysbiosis can disrupt immune regulation and promote inflammation, leading to ocular tissue damage and disease progression.

2. Immune Modulation: The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in modulating the immune system. Changes in gut microbial composition can influence the activity of immune cells in the lacrimal gland and ocular surface, which are critical for maintaining eye health and preventing inflammatory diseases.

3. Metabolite Production: Gut bacteria produce metabolites that can have either anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory effects. For instance, short-chain fatty acids produced by certain gut bacteria are beneficial for immune health, while other by-products may exacerbate inflammation associated with ocular diseases.

4. Connection to Specific Eye Conditions:

- Uveitis: Gut dysbiosis may increase intestinal permeability, allowing microbial products to trigger ocular inflammation through direct effects or immune sensitization mechanisms.

- Dry Eye Disease: Changes in osmolarity linked to dysbiosis have been observed in dry eye conditions, suggesting a relationship between gut health and tear film stability.

- AMD: Specific bacterial strains associated with dysbiosis have been found more frequently in individuals with advanced AMD, indicating a potential role of gut health in retinal diseases.

- Glaucoma: Research indicates that gut microbiota may influence neurodegeneration in glaucoma through inflammatory pathways activated by bacterial components like lipopolysaccharides (LPS).

5. Therapeutic Approaches: Strategies aimed at restoring gut microbiota balance, such as probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, show promise for preventing and managing ocular diseases. These interventions may help improve immune function and reduce inflammation associated with various eye disorders.

In summary, the interplay between gut microbiota and ocular health is complex but crucial for maintaining homeostasis on the ocular surface. Understanding this relationship opens new avenues for therapeutic interventions targeting gut health to improve eye conditions.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350946224000156#sec5

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Group 9 - Prital, Navin, Taarini, Rinethaa, Letchumy, Rajesh, Prital 

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Group 9 - Prital, Navin, Taarini, Rinethaa, Letchumy, Rajesh, Prital 

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•SIBO (Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth) involves excessive bacterial growth in the small intestine.

•Common symptoms include bloating, gas, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.

•SIBO can be associated with conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

•Diagnosis often includes breath tests to measure gas levels.

•Treatment usually involves antibiotics, dietary changes, and sometimes probiotics to manage bacterial levels and improve symptoms.

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Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) and Twelve Groups of Related Diseases—Current State of Knowledge

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The human gut microbiota creates a complex microbial ecosystem, characterized by its high population density, wide diversity, and complex interactions. Any imbalance of the intestinal microbiome, whether qualitative or quantitative, may have serious consequences for human health, including small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). SIBO is defined as an increase in the number of bacteria (103–105 CFU/mL), an alteration in the bacterial composition, or both in the small intestine. The PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Medline databases were searched for studies on SIBO and related diseases. These diseases were divided into 12 groups: (1) gastrointestinal disorders; (2) autoimmune disease; (3) cardiovascular system disease; (4) metabolic disease; (5) endocrine disorders; (6) nephrological disorders; (7) dermatological diseases; (8) neurological diseases (9); developmental disorders; (10) mental disorders; (11) genetic diseases; and (12) gastrointestinal cancer. The purpose of this comprehensive review is to present the current state of knowledge on the relationships between SIBO and these 12 disease groups, taking into account risk factors and the causal context. This review fills the evidence gap on SIBO and presents a biological–medical approach to the problem, clearly showing the groups and diseases having a proven relationship with SIBO, as well as indicating groups within which research should continue to be expanded.