# data[].attributes.custom_properties.g8Li4MNg
-RNA polymerase ll unwinds the double helix as it moves along the DNA -It breaks the hydrogen bond and separate the two DNA strands	-Only one DNA strand act as template -RNA polymerase II add a free RNA nucleotide which are complementary to the bases on DNA template strand -A DNA-RNA hybrid is temporarily formed - it continues to add free RNA nucleotide to the 3' end of the growing mRNA molecules as it moves along DNA  -Synthesis of mRNA occurs from 5' to 3' end -As transcription proceeds,the newly synthesized mRNA molecule behind the RNA polymerase ll detaches from DNA template,and the DNA double helix re-forms.

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H29 STEP 6 (FORMATION OF LAGGING AND LEADING STRAND ( iffah, afifah, zulaikha, shahira)

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H29 STEP 6 (FORMATION OF LAGGING AND LEADING STRAND ( iffah, afifah, zulaikha, shahira)

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LEADING STRAND: Only 1 RNA primer is required for DNA Polymerase III to synthesize the entire leading strand continuously, towards replication fork from 5’ to 3’ direction.   LAGGING STRAND : More than 1 RNA primer is needed for DNA Polymerase III to synthesize the lagging strands discontinuously, away from the replication fork from 5’ to 3’ direction.Forming a series of short segments called Okazaki fragments

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H30 TRANSCRIPTION - TERMINATION (Pavitraa Ling Bernice Kariemah Aleeya)

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H30 TRANSCRIPTION - TERMINATION (Pavitraa Ling Bernice Kariemah Aleeya)

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RNA polymerase II transcribe polyadenylation signal sequence on DNA.Transcribed pre-mRNA contains polyadenylation signal (AAUAAA).RNA polymerase II stop adding RNA nucleotides.Pre-mRNA is released from DNA template RNA polymerase II detaches from DNA.Pre-mRNA undergoes splicing process.

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Small ribosomal subunit binds with mRNA.

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TRANSCRIPTION (INITIATION) munirah & aleya & huda & aqila & syuhada & eleeya (H30)

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TRANSCRIPTION (INITIATION) munirah & aleya & huda & aqila & syuhada & eleeya (H30)

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Evolution and Natural Selection Education Presentation in 0 Hand Drawn Lightly Textured Style

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Mechanism  of lac operon ( lactose present ) ( atin ,  nasuha ,  masturina , amirah )       

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Mechanism  of lac operon ( lactose present ) ( atin ,  nasuha ,  masturina , amirah )       

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Small amount of lactose is converted to allolactose - allolactose bind to repressor protein - repressor protein change its conformation to become inactive form - repressor protein cannot bind to operator - promoter is unblocked - RNA polymerase binds to promoter - lac operon switched on - transcription of structural genes occur ( lacZ,lacY,lacA ) -  β-Galactosidase, permease and transacetylase are  produced - lactose hydrolysed into glucose and galactose

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 The small ribosomal subunit binds with an initiator Met-tRNA. Then scans along to locate the start codon. Next, binding of the initiator Met-tRNA anticodon to the start codon triggers the release of transcription initiation factors

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LAC OPERON- MECHANISM WHEN LACTOSE IS ABSENT (H32 Maryam Yuetong Eexuen Aaliya Nabiha)

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LAC OPERON- MECHANISM WHEN LACTOSE IS ABSENT (H32 Maryam Yuetong Eexuen Aaliya Nabiha)

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-Repressor protein is synthesized by lacI gene and in active form -Repressor protein binds to operator and block parts of promoter -RNA polymerase cannot bind to promoter -lac operon in inactive form -No transcription occur -Enzymes does not produces 

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H29: Step 3: Assembling Complementary Strands (Group 3: FARISHA, ANIS, MANISSHA, JING LIN)

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H29: Step 3: Assembling Complementary Strands (Group 3: FARISHA, ANIS, MANISSHA, JING LIN)

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•DNA Polymerase III.                                                   •RNA Primer

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•DNA Polymerase III synthesis new DNA strand by adding DNA nucleotides to the 3′ end of RNA primer or growing DNA strand.                           •Nucleotides are added complementary to the DNA template.                                                              •DNA replication occurs from 5’ to 3’ since new DNA nucleotides are added only to the 3’ end of the growing DNA strand.

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H32 : LAC OPERON WHEN  LACTOSE ABSENT ( stephanie, shan hui, hamizah, syafiqah )

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H32 : LAC OPERON WHEN  LACTOSE ABSENT ( stephanie, shan hui, hamizah, syafiqah )

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Mechanisme of lac operon : lactose present) H32  https://youtu.be/sc9pAk0blgo?t=182&feature=shared

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Mechanisme of lac operon : lactose present) H32  https://youtu.be/sc9pAk0blgo?t=182&feature=shared

# data[].attributes.custom_properties.Td-yzhb4
● Some / small amount oflactose is converted toallolactose (inducer)● Allolactose binds torepressor protein● Repressor protein changeits conformation to becomeinactive form● Repressor protein cannotbinds to the operator● Promoter is unblocked● RNA polymerase binds tothe promoter● lac operon switched on● Transcription of structuralgenes (lacZ, lacY and lacA)occur● Translation occurs● β-galactosidase, permeaseand transacetylase areproduced● Lactose hydrolyzed intoglucose and galactos

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The Lac operon | Regulation of gene expression

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RNA processing  (H30) 1.afrazz  2.thiru. 3. ang. 4. thiban. 5. syahmi. 6. wazien

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RNA processing  (H30) 1.afrazz  2.thiru. 3. ang. 4. thiban. 5. syahmi. 6. wazien

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RNA processing transforms pre-mRNA into a stable, mature mRNA ready for translation, ensuring only the correct coding information is sent for protein synthesis. This process is vital for gene expression regulation, allowing cells to produce various proteins and respond to environmental changes efficiently.

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H29 STEP 2: SYNTHESIS OF RNA PRIMER (G2)

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H29 STEP 2: SYNTHESIS OF RNA PRIMER (G2)

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Primase synthesizes RNA primer by adding RNA nucleotides that is complementary to the DNA templates from 5’ to 3’

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H29 STEP 1 : UNWINDING THE DOUBLE HELIX STRAND OF DNA (GROUP 1)

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H29 STEP 1 : UNWINDING THE DOUBLE HELIX STRAND OF DNA (GROUP 1)

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Helicase unwinds parental double helix DNA - breaks the hydrogen bond, seperating the 2 parental strands. Each strand act as template. Singl-strand binding protein binds to the unpaired DNA strands to prevent from re-pairing. When DNA is unwound, it becomes supercoiling. Topoisomerase helps release strain ahead of the replication fork by breaking swiveling and rejoining DNA strands by cutting certain place on one of the DNA strand.

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replace RNA nucleotides/ RNA primer with DNA nucleotides. Removal of RNA primer starts from 5' end and DNA nucleotides is added to 3' end of adjacent fragment

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H29 STEP 6 JOINING THE OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS danish khaavvya balqis

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H29 STEP 6 JOINING THE OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS danish khaavvya balqis

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DNA ligase join the Okazaki fragments into a continuous DNA strand by forming phosphodiester bond.Produce 2 identical copies of DNA 

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C6 - EXPRESSION OF BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION KMJ (1)

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Welcome to our activity Padlet!

Please follow the instructions below to complete the activity. If you have any questions, please ask your teacher for help.

• Form a group consisting of 3-4 person.

Create a post that includes your DNA process model (an animated model) with correct explanation

• Your model should demonstrate one of these processes:

i. DNA replication (H29) - 4 group,

ii. Transcription (H30) - initiation [1], elongation[1], termination[1], RNA processing [1]

iii. Translation (H31) - initiation [1], elongation[1], termination[1],

iv. Lac Operon (H32) - mechanism when lactose is present [2], mechanism when lactose is absent[2]

• Fill in all required fields explaining the key steps and enzymes involved in your chosen process

• View your classmates' models and leave at least two constructive comments on different posts

• Like models that you find particularly effective or creative