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Traditional medicine has long been used in Sudan and is connected to their cultural beliefs and practices.

Hisbiscus Sabdariffa is a popular medicinal plant grown predominantly in Southern Sudan and is known to have been used before 4000BC for its nutritional and medicinal benefits. (Yagi et al., 2023). The roots and leaves of the plant are dried and then brewed into a herbal tea, which is drunk hot or cold. (Karar & Kuhnert, 2017). This particular plant's properties have become known to help lower high blood pressure, fevers, and colds.

References:

Karar, M. G. E., & Kuhnert, N. (2017). Herbal Drugs from Sudan: Traditional Uses and Phytoconstituents. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 11(22), 83–103. https://doi.org/10.4103/phrev.phrev_15_15

Streit, L. (2023, July 25). All you need to know about Hibiscus [Photograph]. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/food-nutrition/saffron-tea-benefits

Yagi, S., Uba, A. I., Sinan, K. I., Piatti, D., Sagratini, G., Caprioli, G., Eltigani, S. M., Lazarova, I., & Zengin, G. (2023). Comparative study on the chemical profile, antioxidant activity, and enzyme inhibition capacity of red and white Hibiscus sabdariffa variety calyces. ACS Omega, 8(45), 42511-42521. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c05217

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Due to ongoing warfare, large numbers of Sudan's population have resettled in overseas countries. (WHO, 2024).

Vitamin D deficiency is a widespread everyday health issue presented by Sudanese immigrants. (Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide, 2024). This health issue is due to the limited sun exposure in Sudan and cultural traditions such as wearing long garments. (Husain et al, 2019).

This deficiency increases the risk of weakened bones and fractures. Screening is encouraged if more than one risk factor is involved.

Effective treatment is preferably by Vitamin D3. Three-month follow-up blood tests should also be considered.

Treatment should also include education on sun exposure/protection and dietary sources of Vitamin D to help reduce long-term complications. (Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide, 2024).

References:

Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide. (2024). Primary care for people from refugee backgrounds. https;//refugeehealthguide.org.au

Husain, N. E., Suliman, B., Abdel, A., Abdelrahman, I., Bedri, S. A., Musa, R. M., Osman, H. E., Mustafa, A. H., Gafer, N., Farah, E., Satir, A. A., Ahmed, M. H., Osman, M., Khalil, A. A., & Agaimy, A. (2019). Vitamin D level and its determinants among sudanese women: Does it matter in a sunshine African country? Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 8(7), pp. 2389-2394. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_247_19

Peralta, E. (2017, April 5). (Photograph). As thousands flee South Sudan, ugandan refugee camp becomes world's largest. Houston Public Media. https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/npr/2017/04/05/521639724/as-thousands-flee-south-sudan-ugandan-refugee-camp-becomes-worlds-largest/

World Health Organisation. (2024, June 18). Sudan conflict and refugee crisis. https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/documents/emergencies/situation-reports/20240611_sudan-emergency-sitrep-1.pdf?sfvrsn=314b523_2&download=true

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Sudanese cuisine is full of rich, vibrant colours and flavours, reflecting the country's diverse culture. African, Mediterranean and Arabian traditions also inspire its flavours. (Radar Africa, 2023).

This beautiful bright dish, Ful Medames, is a typical breakfast delicacy in Sudan, anyone can enjoy at any time of the day. It is believed to have originated in Egypt but is known today as Sudan's national dish. (RJ Travel Agency, n.d.).

It consists predominantly of fava beans mixed with olive oil, lemon juice, garlic, and spices such as cumin. You can serve this with traditional Sudanese flatbread.

References:

Boachie, N. (n.d.). [Photograph]. Travelandmunchies. https://travelandmunchies.com/simple-and-hearty-sudanese-ful-medames-and-homemade-pita/

Ranford,S. (2023, August 2012). Sudanese cuisine: Exploring the flavours and traditions. Radar Africa. https://radarafrica.com/discover/sudanese-cuisine-exploring-the-flavors-and-traditions/

RJ Travel Agency. (n.d.). Food from Sudan. RJ Travel Agency. https://www.rjtravelagency.com/food-from-sudan/

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References:

Dowling, A., Kunin, M., & Russell, G. (2022). The impact of migration upon the perceived health of adult refugees resettling in Australia: A phenomenological study. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 48(7), 1536-1553. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2020.1771173

Fornili, K. S. (2022). Expanded conceptual framework for ethical action by nurses on the “Further upstream and farther downstream” determinants of health equity. Journal of Addictions Nursing, 33(3), 203-214. https://doi.org/10.1097/jan.0000000000000484

WHO. (2023). Social determinants of Health.

https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1

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Dress within the Sudanese culture is rich in colour and gives the country a unique identity.

One particular garment worn is the Tobe. This is a beautiful, long, flowing, thin cloth which drapes around their bodies. This design signifies modesty and heritage.

Men like clothes which welcome the hot climate of Sudan, such as the Jalabiya. This is often paired with a turban. (Brown, M.G. 2015).

Gold and beaded accessories are worn daily and on special occasions to complement their dress.

Sudanese cultures love to mix modern fashion trends with contemporary influences, which are important in keeping with cultural identity and embracing change. (Brown, M.G. 2015).

References:

Brown, M. G. (2015). Fashioning their place: Dress and global imagination in imperial Sudan. Gender and History, 26(3), 502-518. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0424.12086

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For me, an important aspect of the framework was standard 1.1. (Migrant and Refugee Women's Health Partnership, 2019).

I developed the significance of responding to diverse patients with sensitivity during past midwifery studies. Having experienced assumptions made by a midwife in regard to birthing preferences, I now realise the importance of understanding individual cultural expectations. This knowledge will be essential to me in the workplace as it will make me conscious to ask open-ended questions and actively listen to understand patient's needs and wants. Because I am not yet confident with all cultural beliefs, I will need to continue lifelong learning to improve culturally responsive care, respecting patient's backgrounds and experiences. (Migrant and Refugee Women's Health Partnership, 2019).

References:

Migrant and Refugee Women's Health Partnership. (2019). Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds. Competency Standards Framework for Clinicians. https://cbrhl.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Culturally-responsive-clinica.pdf

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References:

Almasri, O. (2011, December 21). World football: The state of football in Sudan. Bleacher Report. https://bleacherreport.com/articles/992747-world-football-the-state-of-football-in-sudan

World Trade Press. (2010). Sudan Society & Culture. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/murdoch/reader.action?docID=536287