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Period Characteristics:

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Period Characteristics:

1. Oral literature: epic narratives, creation myths, stories, poems, songs.
2. Use stories to teach moral lessons and convey practical information about the natural world.
3. Deep respect for nature and animals.
4. Cyclical worldview.
5. Figurative language/parallelism.

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The Iroquois Confederacy was a democratic union of six Indian nations which was influential in the framing of the U.S. Constitution. Though the Confederacy united the nations and handled defense and foreign affairs, each tribe had the authority to govern itself. The tribes understood that they were stronger when they were united, something the 13 colonies of America needed to realize, as Benjamin Franklin pointed out in a letter he wrote in 1751.

Source: https://www.history.com/news/iroquois-confederacy-influence-us-constitution

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The Cherokee Phoenix was the first Native American newspaper, beginning in 1828. It was printed in the Cherokee language, the script for which had just been completed 7 years before by a Native American named Sequoyah. The Cherokee Phoenix was also printed in English, making it the first bilingual newspaper in the U.S.

Source: https://www.history.com/news/native-american-tribes-facts

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2200 B.C. (Genesis 11:1-9)

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1607

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800

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Period Characteristics:

1. Wrote mostly diaries and histories, which expressed the connections between God and their everyday lives.
2. Sought to "purify" the Church of England by reforming to the simpler forms of worship and church organization described in the New Testament.
3. Saw religion as a personal, inner experience.
4. Believed in original sin and "elect" who would be saved.
5. Used a plain style of writing.

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 
1600-1800: Authors and Works

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 
1600-1800: Authors and Works

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William Bradford
-"Of Plymouth Plantation"
Anne Bradstreet (poetry)
John Edwards
-"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"
Edward Taylor
-"Huswifery"

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 
1600-1800: Fact #1

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 
1600-1800: Fact #1

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The Puritans did not actually refer to themselves as "Puritans" but preferred to call themselves "saints." The title "Puritan" was given to them by the Anglicans as an insult for their efforts to 'purify' the Anglican Church of its Catholic influences.

Source: https://www.worldhistory.org/Puritans/

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800:: Fact #2

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800:: Fact #2

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Puritans were heavily influenced by the reformer John Calvin. They even used the Geneva Bible, which he had made significant contribution to. Puritans believed in doctrines such as predestination and were devoted to meditating on God's Word and obeying it practically.

Source: https://www.worldhistory.org/Puritans/ ; https://www.ligonier.org/podcasts/5-minutes-in-church-history-with-stephen-nichols/the-puritans-101

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Early Settlement of the first American colonies - Jamestown

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Early Settlement of the first American colonies - Jamestown

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1607

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1692

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Jonathan Edwards "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

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Jonathan Edwards "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

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1741

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Period Characteristics:

1. Mostly comprised of philosophers, scientists, writing speeches and pamphlets
2. Human beings can arrive at truth (God's rules) by using deductive reasoning, rather than relying on the authority of the past, on religious faith, or intuition

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Benjamin Franklin
—Autobiography

Patrick Henry
—"Speech to the Virginia Convention"

Thomas Paine
—"The Crisis"

Phyllis Wheatley
—poetry

The Constitution

The Bill of Rights

The Declaration of Independence

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The thinkers of the Enlightenment placed great importance on the individual. This can be seen in the political theories of men like John Locke and Montesquieu who advocated for political systems in which individual rights were protected and government was limited. The call for religious toleration was also common among the Enlightenment thinkers, further reflecting the importance of the individual.

Source: https://www.worldhistory.org/The_Enlightenment

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The Enlightenment had drastic, lasting effects. It's rationalism and new ideas about humanity and politics inspired the French and American revolutions. In France, the Enlightenment spurred the Revolution which resulted in the overthrow of the French monarchy and led to bloody period of tyranny and conflict. On the other hand, the Revolutionary War in America saw the birth of country that, in many ways, embodied the Enlightenment values of individual liberty, religious toleration, and limited government. The influence of Enlightenment thinkers like Locke and Voltaire is clearly seen in political works like the French Bill of Rights and the Declaration of Independence.

Source: https://www.worldhistory.org/The_Enlightenment/ ; https://www.history.com/topics/european-history/enlightenment

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Rationalism emphasizes reason as the ultimate source of knowledge. It stands in contrast to other views such as empiricism and mysticism. Whereas rationalism focuses on reason, empiricism considers the human senses to be the primary mode of acquiring knowledge. At the same time, mysticism is spiritual and esoteric, elevating emotion and the unconscious over both reason and physical senses.

That rationalism was a dominant view during the Enlightenment can be seen in the period's alternate title, "The Age of Reason." Some important rationalists of and around this time period include Descartes and Immanuel Kant.

Source: https://www.britannica.com/topic/rationalism/Religious-rationalism

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The name of this period, "The Enlightenment", comes from the term "light." The thinkers of the Enlightenment saw the Middle Ages as a period of darkness, characterized by superstition and blind faith. They considered their scientific, philosophical, and political discoveries, ultimately human reason, to be the light to breakthrough the long-established darkness.

Source: https://www.worldhistory.org/The_Enlightenment/

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Early Settlement of the first American colonies - Jamestown

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Early Settlement of the first American colonies - Jamestown

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1607

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1775-1783

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Period Characteristics:

1. Everything in the world, including human beings, is a reflection of the Divine Soul.

2. People can use their intuition to behold God's spirit revealed in nature or in their own souls.

3. Self-reliance and individualism must outweigh external authority and link conformity to tradition.

4. Important social and political movements include the Abolitionist, Utopian, and Women's Suffrage Movements

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Ralph Waldo Emerson
—Nature
—"Self-Reliance"

Henry David Thoreau
—Walden
—Life in the Woods

Louisa May Alcott
—Little Women

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Transcendentalism was an American movement which began in New England. Transcendentalists were influenced by various, diverse sources, such as Eastern religious writings. Unlike rationalism, which esteems reason, and empiricism, which emphasizes knowledge gained through the physical senses, transcendentalists valued insight over both reason and experience.

Source: https://www.britannica.com/event/Transcendentalism-American-movement

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Transcendentalism emerged out of Unitarianism, a belief system which denies the Trinity and the deity of Christ. Unitarianism was controversial within and without, and thinkers who were more romantic and emotional departed due to the rationality of the system. These were the transcendentalists who sought more spiritual experiences and emotional connections to God.

Source: https://www.history.com/topics/19th-century/transcendentalism

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With the growing popularity of generative AI, artists are becoming aware of the ethical concerns of AI art and its devastating effects on their careers. This issue has worsened after Meta, which includes Facebook and Instagram, major art platforms, released a notice to its users that their information and posts would be used in AI training. In response to the demand for an anti-AI art platform that would preserve the intellectual rights of artists, photographer and art director Jingha Zhang launched Cara, a social media platform specifically for artists. Although it is still very small and artwork does not reach many non-artist consumers as on Facebook or Instagram, Cara is one way that artists are taking a stand against the rise of AI and the threat of losing their artistic style, identity, and career.

Source: https://www.creativebloq.com/creative-inspiration/artists-stand-up-for-their-rights-against-ai-threats

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Several NHL players have taken a stand against one of the NHL's efforts to be inclusive towards the LGBTQ+ community. For a few years now, the NHL has held "Hockey is For Everyone" Nights, which are specifically targeted towards homosexuals as seen in pride jerseys and rainbow tape. However, one night, Ivan Provorov, a Philadelphia Flyers player, stood up for his religious beliefs and refused to wear a pride jersey. In the following nights, other players, such as James Reimer and Ilya Lyubushkin, took a stand as well. As a result of this resistance, the NHL finally barred its players from wearing special jerseys during the warmups.

Source: https://www.forbes.com/sites/conormurray/2023/06/23/nhl-sparks-criticism-for-barring-players-from-wearing-pride-jerseys-on-ice-during-warmups/

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Period Characteristics:

1. Valued feeling, intuition, idealism, and inductive reasoning.

2. Placed faith in inner experience and the power of the imagination.

3. Shunned the artificiality of civilization and sought unspoiled nature as a path to spirituality.

4. Championed individual freedom and the worth of the individual

5. Saw poetry as the highest expression of the imagination

6. Dark Romantics: used dark and supernatural themes/settings (Gothic style)

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Washington Irving
—"Rip van Winkle"

Emily Dickinson
—poetry

Walt Whitman
—Leaves of Grass

Edgar Allan Poe
—"The Raven"

Nathaniel Hawthorne
—The Scarlet Letter

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The emergence of romanticism as a literary movement in the United States came about partly as a result of westward expansion. As colonists moved further west, they were struck by the majesty of the landscape and the excitement of entering an unknown region. As a result, nature and the individual were distinct elements of the literature of this movement.

Source: https://adhc.lib.ua.edu/site/literarylandscapes/american-romanticism-overview/

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The American Industrial Revolution is believed to have begun after Samuel Slater, a textile immigrant from Britain, opened a textile mill in 1793 using a British inventor's design for the mill. Slater is now known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution."

Another noteworthy figure of the Industrial Revolution was Eli Whitney. He was an American inventor who invented the cotton gin in the same year that Slater opened his textile mill.

The textile industry greatly benefited from such inventions and its growth began the Industrial Revolution in the U.S.

Source: https://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution/industrial-revolution

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1800-1860

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1812-1815

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1848-1852

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The Scarlet Letter was initially popular not for the story itself but for the introduction that Hawthorne wrote for it, in which he attacked his political opponents.

Hawthorne had been appointed to the position of Custom House surveyor of Salem, MA, but was denied it after being accused of corruption. This event led to his writing 'The Custom House' introduction of The Scarlet Letter, which interested the public and accounted for the book's immediate popularity.

Source: https://www.history.com/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-nathaniel-hawthorne

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Nathaniel Hawthorne became friends with future U.S. president Franklin Pierce during his time as a student at Bowdoin College in Maine. The two had a close relationship and Hawthorne later wrote Pierce's campaign biography when the latter ran for president. Pierce was with Hawthorne at the time of his death.

Source: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nathaniel-Hawthorne/The-writing-of-The-Scarlet-Letter

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In 1947, the House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) questioned 41 movie directors, writers, and producers on whether they were or had ever been involved with the Communist Party. Ten of them completely refused to answer in court, taking refuge in their First Amendment rights, specifically freedom of speech and association. These ten men were called the "Hollywood 10" and were imprisoned between 6 to 12 months. Most lost their fame and success and were forced to write under pseudonyms. One of them, Edward Dmytryk, confessed to being a communist and shortened his prison sentence.

Source: https://www.history.com/news/hollywood-10-biographies

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In October 1947, the House Un-American Activities Committee subpoenaed 41 screenwriters, directors and producers in an effort to investigate "subversive" elements in the entertainment industry. The House Un-American Activities Committee, or HUAC, asked these people: "Are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party?" And if the answer was "yes," HUAC wanted to know who else was a member, too.

However, 10 of the people subpoenaed refused to testify on the grounds that the First Amendment granted them freedom of speech and freedom of association. All 10 received prison sentences for their refusal to cooperate, with most serving between six and 12 months beginning in 1950.

In the media, the 10 entertainment workers who refused to testify before HUAC became known as the "Hollywood 10" (originally there was going to be one more, but the 11th person, writer Bertolt Brecht, fled the country). The entertainment industry blacklisted most of these workers after they left prison, and those who found work usually did so by going uncredited or receiving credit under a pseudonym.

Alvah Bessie (1904-1985)

During the 1930s, writer Alvah Bessie became concerned with the rise of fascism in Europe. In 1938, he volunteered to fight in the Spanish Civil War against General Francisco Franco, a fascist ruler who characterized his opponents as communists. After the civil war, Bessie wrote screenplays for several movies, including the World War II drama Hotel Berlin (1945).

In Bessie's refusal to testify before HUAC, he said: "I will never aid or abet such a committee in its patent attempt to foster the sort of intimidation and terror that is the inevitable precursor of a fascist regime."

Herbert J. Biberman (1900-1971)

Herbert J. Biberman wrote the screenplays for several movies in the 1930s and '40s, including the anti-Nazi film The Master Race (1944), which he also directed. Biberman refused to testify before HUAC in 1947; and in 1951, his wife, actress Gale Sondergaard, also refused to cooperate with HUAC, pleading the Fifth Amendment.

Both Biberman and Sondergaard were blacklisted in Hollywood after their appearances before HUAC. Biberman tried to make a comeback by directing the 1954 film Salt of the Earth, inspired by a real strike against the Empire Zinc Company in New Mexico. However, because Biberman and others involved in the film were blacklisted, the film wasn't widely screened in the United States for over a decade.

Ring Lardner Jr. (1915-2000)

Ring Lardner Jr. was a screenwriter who served on the board of the Screen Writers Guild. He co-wrote the 1942 movie Woman of the Year, the first film in which Katharine Hepburn and Spencer Tracy starred alongside each other.

After serving his prison sentence, Lardner found work writing for TV shows and movies under pseudonyms. However, in 1965 Lardner received credit for co-writing the movie The Cincinnati Kid under his own name. In 1971, he won an Academy Award for best adapted screenplay for the 1970 film based on the novel by a U.S. Army surgeon, which inspired the TV series of the same name.

Lester Cole (1904-1985)

Lester Cole was a prolific screenwriter who co founded the Screen Writers Guild in 1933 with John Howard Lawson and Samuel Ornitz, two other writers who would later join him in the Hollywood 10. Cole worked on the screenplays for films such as The House of the Seven Gables (1940) starring Vincent Price and Objective, Burma! (1945), for which fellow Hollywood 10 member Alvah Bessie wrote the original story.

After being blacklisted, Cole struggled to find screenwriting work, and later taught screenwriting classes.

Edward Dmytryk (1908-1999)

Edward Dmytryk stands out among the Hollywood 10 for winning an Academy Award in 1948, after he was blacklisted. He won the Oscar for best director for his 1947 film Crossfire, which came out before he refused to testify before HUAC. In addition, Dmytryk stands out among the Hollywood 10 for being the only one to flip.

After being blacklisted, Dmytryk fled to Britain for two years. When he returned to the United States, he was arrested and served four and a half months in prison. He cut his sentence short in April 1951 when he decided to admit that he had been a member of the Communist Party and named other alleged members. This ended his blacklisting, and allowed him to continue directing films in the United States.

John Howard Lawson (1894-1977)

John Howard Lawson cofounded the Screen Writers Guild in 1933 with Lester Cole and Samuel Ornitz, and served as its first president. He was nominated for an Academy Award for best story for Blockade (1938), a movie about a farmer fighting in the Spanish Civil War against the Nationalists, who were allied with fascist General Francisco Franco.

After his prison sentence, Lawson adapted Alan Paton's novel Cry, the Beloved Country for the screen, though he did not receive credit. The 1951 movie of the same name was the first major film to depict Apartheid in South Africa.

Albert Maltz (1908-1985)

Albert Maltz is known for screenwriting films such as Pride of the Marines (1945), for which he was nominated for an Academy Award for best adapted screenplay.

After serving his prison sentence, he continued to write some scripts under pseudonyms. In 1970, he received writing credit under his own name for the film Two Mules for Sister Sara, a western starring Shirley MacLaine and Clint Eastwood.

Samuel Ornitz (1890-1957)

Samuel Ornitz cofounded the Screen Writers Guild in 1933 with Lester Cole and John Howard Lawson. He wrote screenplays for several films, including Little Orphan Annie (1938), based on the popular comic strip.

Ornitz published a novel, Bride of the Sabbath, while serving his prison sentence in 1951, but he never worked in Hollywood again. He died in 1957, while the blacklistings of the other members of the Hollywood 10 (except Edward Dmytryk's) were still in effect.

Adrian Scott (1911-1972)

Adrian Scott produced films such as Crossfire (1947), which was directed by fellow Hollywood 10 member Edward Dmytryk.

After his blacklisting, Scott sued RKO Pictures for wrongful dismissal. The case reached the U.S. Supreme Court, which dismissed it in 1957. He found uncredited writing work during the 1950s, and also did some TV writing under the name of his wife, Joanne Court.

Dalton Trumbo (1905-1976)

Before his blacklisting, screenwriter Dalton Trumbo was most famous for Kitty Foyle (1940), which earned him an Academy Award nomination, and Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo (1944). But he did some of his most prominent work after his blacklisting.

Trumbo was one of the screenwriters behind the 1953 Audrey Hepburn hit Roman Holiday, which won the Academy Award for best screenplay. At the time, he did not receive credit for the movie. Trumbo's blacklisting came to an end in 1960, when he received credit for writing the screenplays to Spartacus and Exodus.

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Hollywood blacklisted these screenwriters, producers and directors for refusing to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee.

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The accusations and hearings organized by Senator Joseph McCarthy, the most prominent figure of the 1950s' Red Scare, were halted by three main factors. First, and perhaps most famously, was the disgrace of McCarthy by Joseph Welch during the Army-McCarthy hearings. Secondly, the critical television show See It Now by Edward R. Murrow exposed McCarthy's ruthless and unfounded manner of hunting communists, turning public opinion against the senator. Finally, the Senate voted to censure McCarthy for his behavior. McCarthy died soon after.

Source: https://www.britannica.com/event/McCarthyism

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Langston Hughes was a Black poet and author, a prominent figure of the Harlem Renaissance. He is known for his unique portrayal of Black people during his time. He portrayed the working-class African-Americans honestly, making them look neither better nor worse than they truly were. His work was criticized severely by Black intellectuals but received much appreciation from the common people, making him the first African-American author to earn a living from his literary career.

Source: https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/langston-hughes

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Langston Hughes lived a very diverse life, living in and visiting many places along with working various jobs before becoming a writer. By the time he was twelve, he had lived in six American cities and, as an adult, would travel to several countries such as Holland, Mexico, Italy, and the region of West Africa. Prior to becoming a writer, he worked as a farmer, cook, sailor, and waiter, among other jobs.

Source: https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/langston-hughes

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Although Hughes' work resonated with the working-class African-Americans, it faced some criticism during the latter years of his life, when racial tensions in America increased. Some were troubled that Hughes did not hold a clear political opinion and saw it as a weakness on his part.

Source: https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/langston-hughes

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Emily Dickinson was very studious as a child and continued to be a lifelong learner in adulthood. She particularly enjoyed science, especially botany, and her school fed her interest by providing students access to collegiate lectures on the sciences. Though Dickinson was interested in the created world, she did not generally see it through an academic lens, but recognized its beauty and found pleasure in it.

Source: https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/emily-dickinson

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During her time in Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, Dickinson was religiously categorized as one who was "without hope." Once, when all the students who desired to be Christians were asked to rise, she surprisingly remained seated. Soon after, she confirmed to her friend that she genuinely did not want to be a Christian.

When the other members of her family made professions of faith and joined the Church during a revival, Dickinson resisted the invitation of salvation and described her position as "rebellion."

Source: https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/emily-dickinson

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Emily Dickinson was a rather reclusive person, remaining at home and in her bedroom most of her life. She disliked visiting others and being visited. However, she was a prolific writer, a fact which was revealed not only in her famous poems but also in her extensive correspondence with friends. She wrote almost 1,800 poems and sent many passionate letters to several close correspondents.

Source: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Emily-Dickinson

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Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss): Fact #1

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Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss): Fact #1

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Theodor Seuss Geisel worked as a cartoonist before becoming a Children's book author. He was hired by Standard Oil in 1928 to produce humorous cartoons for their magazine advertisements.

Source: https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/theodor-geisel

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Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss): Fact #2

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Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss): Fact #2

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Dr. Seuss' first children's book, And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street, was published in 1937. He wrote the poem while he was travelling by ship and was inspired by the sound of the ship's engine. The story is about a boy with a vivid imagination.

Source: https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/theodor-geisel

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Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss): Fact #3

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Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss): Fact #3

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Theodor Geisel took a clear political stance during World War II. He felt compelled to draw political cartoons that ridiculed isolationists, such as Charles Lindbergh, and encouraged support of the war effort. Geisel drew cartoons for the leftist newspaper PM. He later helped produce propaganda animations and films for the military.

Source: https://www.history.com/news/when-dr-seuss-went-to-war

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Period Characteristics:

1. Feelings of disillusionment.

2. Common subjects: slums of rapidly growing cities, factories replacing farmlands, poor factory workers, corrupt politicians.

3. Represented the manner and environment of everyday life and ordinary people as realistically as possible (Regionalism).

4. Sought to explain behavior (psychologically/socially).

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Mark Twain
-Huckleberry Finn

Jack London
-Call of the Wild
-"To Build a Fire"

Stephen Crane
-"The Open Boat"

Ambrose Bierce
-"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge"

Kate Chopin
-"Story of an Hour"
-The Awakening

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As Americans explored the western wilderness, they came across majestic landscapes and natural resources, such as the Yosemite Valley and Yellowstone. Artists like Ayers, Watkins, and Moran introduced these wonders to those in the East, gaining the attention of not only the public but also the government. Writers were also influential in raising awareness about the importance of natural resource conservation. In 1864, President Lincoln signed the Yosemite Bill to protect this region, and, in 1872, Yellowstone became the first national park of America.

Source: https://wilderness.net/learn-about-wilderness/history/1850-1900.php

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Mark Twain, one of the most famous American authors of all time, was by no means an entrepreneur. He made several bad business decisions in his life, which eventually resulted in his bankruptcy. For example, he once lost around $200,000 investing in an automatic typesetting machine. Ironically, Twain later refused the opportunity to invest in Alexander Graham Bell's newly invented telephone. Although he was forced to declare bankruptcy when his publishing company failed, Twain was ultimately able to pay off his debts.

Source: https://www.history.com/news/8-things-you-may-not-know-about-mark-twain

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1861-1865

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1865-1877

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Ambrose Bierce received two notable nicknames during his lifetime. He was called "the wickedest man in San Francisco" because as a journalist, he boldly brought to light facts that harmed the reputations of important people of his day. He was also nicknamed "Bitter Bierce" when he wrote for the Fun and Figaro magazines.

Source: https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/ambrose-bierce

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In 1913, Ambrose Bierce disappeared and was never heard from again. Before his disappearance, his expressed intention was to accompany Pancho Villa's army during the Mexican civil war.

Source: https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/ambrose-bierce

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Ambrose Bierce's writing style is often compared to that of Edgar Allan Poe. Both authors are known for their eerie, morbid fictional stories. However, Bierce writes using plainer language than Poe.

Source: https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/ambrose-bierce

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Alice Walker was accidentally blinded in one eye as a child. Significantly, this resulted in her parents (both of whom were storytellers) giving her a typewriter and allowing her to write rather than do chores.

Source: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alice-Walker

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Alice Walker proposed to and married a white Jewish lawyer. They became the first legally married interracial couple in Mississippi. However, the couple divorced less than ten years later.

Source: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alice-Walker

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Alice Walker coined the term "womanist." According to her definition, the term primarily describes Black feminists as Black mothers used the expression to describe their daughters' bold or intentional behavior.

Source: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alice-Walker

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Period Characteristics:

1. Sense of disillusionment and loss of faith in the "American Dream": the independent, self-reliant, individual will triumph.

2. Emphasis on bold experimentation in style and form over the traditional.

3. Interest in the inner workings of the human mind (ex. Stream of consciousness).

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Lorraine Hansberry
-A Raisin in the Sun

F. Scott Fitzgerald
-The Great Gatsby

William Faulkner
-"A Rose for Emily"

Eudora Welty
-"A Worn Path"

Robert Frost
-poetry

T. S. Eliot
-The Waste Land
-"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"

John Steinbeck
-Of Mice and Men
-The Grapes of Wrath

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The Poetry magazine was founded in 1912 by Harriet Monroe. It was extremely instrumental in spreading poetry throughout the world, to advantage of famous Modernist poets such as Langston Hughes and E.E. Cummings.

Source: https://www.britannica.com/art/Modernism-art

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Modernism was a period that encompassed not only literature but other forms of expression as well, such as art and music. Arts forms such as Impressionism and Cubism are considered Modernist.

Source: https://www.britannica.com/art/Modernism-art

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1914-1918

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1929-1939

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1939-1945

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In 1920, for the first time in U.S. history, the majority of the population lived in urban rather than rural areas. This reflected the growing economy of the time.

Source: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roaring-Twenties

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The 1920s saw a dramatic increase in the number of U.S. households having electricity. 12% of houses had electricity in 1916 and this percentage rose to 63% by 1927. Electrification was a significant contributor to the growth of consumerism in the United States. Many electrical appliances, such as the refrigerator and the washing machine, were made available to the public during this decade.

Source: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roaring-Twenties

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AMERICAN DREAM IN THE 1930s AND 1940s: Fact #1

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AMERICAN DREAM IN THE 1930s AND 1940s: Fact #1

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The Wall Street Crash in 1929 resulted in the Great Depression that characterized the United States in the 1930s. Millions of Americans were unemployed. To add to this, severe dust storms destroyed the homes and farmland of the West and Midwest from 1934 to 1943.

Source: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/worlds-timeline-worlds/

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AMERICAN DREAM IN THE 1930s AND 1940s: Fact #2

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AMERICAN DREAM IN THE 1930s AND 1940s: Fact #2

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The United States entered WWII after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor in December of 1941. The war, rather than President Roosevelt's relief actions, lifted the nation out of the Great Depression. Significantly, as the majority of men left to serve in the military, women entered the workforce. Women would grow in their independence and power as a result.

Source: https://www.cacd.uscourts.gov/newsworthy/historical-decades/1940s

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The 1950s was the decade after WWII. It was a decade that saw extreme growth in all areas, especially in the U.S. population. The "baby boom" occurred from 1946 to 1964 with members of the generation being called "baby boomers." The family was a valued part of 1950s society and there was a hope for the future after the war.

Source: https://www.history.com/articles/1950s

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The Civil Rights Movement began to take shape during the 1950s. The 1954 Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education declared racial segregation in school unequal. In the South, many whites resisted the government's desegregation attempts. In 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for not giving up her bus seat to a white person. This act prompted further resistance from the African American community.

Source: https://www.history.com/articles/1950s

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HARLEM RENAISSANCE, "THE JAZZ AGE", "THE ROARING 20s": 1920-1940

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HARLEM RENAISSANCE, "THE JAZZ AGE", "THE ROARING 20s": 1920-1940

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Period Characteristics:

1.Black cultural movement in Harlem, New York
2.Some poetry rhythms based on spirituals and jazz, lyrics on the blues, and diction from the street talk of the ghettos
3. Other poetry used conventional lyrical forms

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James Weldon Johnson

Claude McKay

Countee Cullen

Langston Hughes (poetry)

Zora Neale Hurston

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The Harlem neighborhood of New York City was initially a white neighborhood that developed too rapidly for its population to keep up. Soon, Black families were moving in despite resistance from white residents. The Great Migration from 1910 to 1920 was a major factor for the growth of the Black population in Harlem as many African Americans travelled North. The large community, held together by racial pride, was the perfect location for the cultural movement, The Harlem Renaissance, to flourish.

Source: https://www.history.com/articles/harlem-renaissance

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The Cotton Club was one of the most popular nightclubs of the Harlem Renaissance. It was a speakeasy, that is, a place where alcohol was served illegally during Prohibition, but it was also a center of vibrant musical creativity in the genres of Jazz and Blues. The Cotton Club was segregated to attract the white population. It had a white audience with black performers. Still, it boosted the careers of many Black artists, such as Louis Armstrong and Billie Holiday, and promoted the Harlem Renaissance.

Source: https://www.thecollector.com/what-was-the-cotton-club-jazz-blues-nightclub/

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1919-1925

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1920-1933

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AMERICAN DREAM IN THE 1960s and 1970s: Fact #1

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AMERICAN DREAM IN THE 1960s and 1970s: Fact #1

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John F. Kennedy was elected President of the United States in 1961. He was a charismatic leader with big intentions for America, especially reflected in his "New Frontier" plan, which sought to reform the inequality in the nation. However, his aspirations came to a screeching halt when he was assassinated in 1964, an event that sent shockwaves throughout the nation.

Source: https://www.history.com/articles/1960s-history

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AMERICAN DREAM IN THE 1960s and 1970s: Fact #2

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AMERICAN DREAM IN THE 1960s and 1970s: Fact #2

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The 1970s saw the rise of a number of movements, including environmental, women's rights, and gay rights. A significant event for the women's rights movement was the "Battle of the Sexes", a 1973 tennis match in which Billie Jean King defeated her opponent, Bobby Riggs.

Source: https://www.history.com/articles/1970s

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President Ronald Reagan's economic policies had many consequences for the nation. He cut taxes and reduced government spending in some areas while drastically increasing military spending. In 1982, the nation experienced an extreme recession and in 1987, the stock market crashed. Under his presidency, the federal debt rose higher than it had ever been before.

Source: https://www.history.com/articles/1980s

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The cable network MTV, Music Television, was first aired in 1981. It introduced music videos and was a key contributor to the success of artists such as Michael Jackson and Madonna.

Source: https://www.history.com/articles/1980s

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AMERICAN DREAM IN THE 1990s and 2000s: Fact #1

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AMERICAN DREAM IN THE 1990s and 2000s: Fact #1

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In 1992, Los Angeles police officers were filmed beating African American Rodney King with batons. Rodney sustained serious injuries and the video was aired on national news networks. The African American community was enraged and their anger reached a boiling point when the four officers were acquitted. This resulted in the 1992 Los Angeles Riots, a violent uprising that resulted in over 60 deaths and $1 billion in damages.

Source: https://www.history.com/articles/1980s

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AMERICAN DREAM IN THE 1990s and 2000s: Fact #2

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AMERICAN DREAM IN THE 1990s and 2000s: Fact #2

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A turning point in American history, the September 11, 2001 attacks shocked and outraged the United States. Two planes, allegedly Islamic terrorists, intentionally crashed into the World Trade Center, the two towers collapsing hours later. The Pentagon was also attacked by a third plane. The attacks resulted in nearly 3,000 deaths, the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, and a war with Afghanistan.

Source: https://www.history.com/articles/9-11-attacks#Twin-Towers-Collapse

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Period Characteristics:
1. Influenced by studies of media, language, and information technology.
2. Sense that little is unique; culture endlessly duplicates itself.
3. New literary forms and techniques: works composed of only dialogue, or combining fiction and nonfiction, experimenting with physical appearance of their work.

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CONTEMPORARY "POSTMODERNISM": Authors and Works

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CONTEMPORARY "POSTMODERNISM": Authors and Works

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Alice Walker

Wallace Stevens

e.e. cummings

Maya Angelou

Anne Sexton

James Baldwin

Richard Wright

Sandra Cisneros

Amy Tan

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Postmodernists reject the idea of objective reality or truth. In fact, they conclude that "truth" does not exist. They do not believe that reason and logic are universal but only subjective.

Source: https://www.britannica.com/topic/postmodernism-philosophy

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Postmodernism philosophy was reflected not only literature but also in art. Rejecting objective reality, this art movement created the concept of "pluralism." Postmodernist art was built on the belief that "reality" is relative, that everyone perceives things differently, thereby, giving equal importance to the viewer's perception of an artwork as to the artist's intended meaning.

Source: https://www.theartstory.org/definition/postmodernism/

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1950-1953

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1954-1975

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The Hunger Games is set in a dystopian future where North America is divided into districts, each district required by the "Capitol" to send teenagers for the Hunger Games, an annual, televised battle to the death. The main character is Katniss Everdeen, a brave, independent, and strong sixteen-year-old who becomes a major player in the Games. Through the difficult challenges and choices she faces, the Hunger Games emphasizes the themes of independence and human relationships.

Source: https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/2767052-the-hunger-games?ref=rae_8

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My journey of connecting literature to history through the Timeline Tuesday system has been an enjoyable, informative, and helpful learning experience. The Timeline Tuesday activities allowed me to explore time periods largely at my own discretion so that I learned a lot, even beyond what I have recorded. Learning about the historical context of a work of literature or of the author gave me a fuller understanding of the literature assigned in ENGL300, especially in allowing me to see what historical events or elements may have influenced the authors. Additionally, for works such as The Scarlet Letter, learning about the time period in which the literature is set helped me to better see the events and characters in light of the existing culture. Connecting literature to history has shown me the importance of background knowledge in appreciating literature. It has also broadened my understanding of U.S. history. Overall, I have grown as a learner, reader, and American citizen through the Timeline Tuesday activities.