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Martin Isidor Cohen was born in 1865 in either Aarhus or Aalborg, Denmark, as the second of three children. In the mid-1920s, he lived in Græsted with his niece, Astrid Ibsen (daughter of his sister Frederikke Philipson), and her family. A bust of Martin, created by Astrid's husband, artist Immanuel Ibsen, is now in the possession of their grandson, Nils Bjervig.

By 1930, Martin was residing in the Jewish retirement home Meyers Minde, located behind the synagogue in Krystalgade, Copenhagen. He remained unmarried, as recorded in the 1930 and 1940 censuses. In 1943, Martin was deported to Theresienstadt, where he died shortly after his arrival on 14 October 1943 at the age of 78.

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Nørregade 27, 1165 Copenhagen, Kongeriget Danmark

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Nørregade 27, 1165 Copenhagen, Kongeriget Danmark

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Nørregade 27, 1165 Copenhagen, Kongeriget Danmark

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Julius Barasch was born into a Jewish family originally from Rendsburg, Denmark, in the late 19th century. His parents, Simon Barasch (1865–1926) and Clara Barasch (née Simon, 1870–1962), moved the family to Berlin around 1905. Julius studied law and economics but did not complete his degrees. He served in the German Army during World War I and married Irma Marcuse in 1923.

After the war, Julius worked as a journalist for the Berliner Tageblatt and later ran his own correspondence and advisory bureau. In 1924, he was involved in a high-profile court case for reviewing an antisemitic book, accusing the author of falsifying Jewish quotes. By 1933, he fled Nazi Germany with his wife to France and later to Denmark, where they lived in refugee housing.

In Denmark, Julius wrote articles critical of Nazi economic policies and organised an exhibition on the Spanish Civil War, leading to increased scrutiny from authorities. On 29 August 1942, Julius and Irma were arrested and deported to Germany. Irma was sent to Auschwitz and killed in 1943. Julius was also deported to Auschwitz and murdered on 23 October 1943.

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Slutterigade 1, 1461 Copenhagen, Kongeriget Danmark

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Slutterigade 1, 1461 Copenhagen, Kongeriget Danmark

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Slutterigade 1, 1461 Copenhagen, Kongeriget Danmark

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Hans Erik Andersen was born in Amager in 1909 and later moved with his family to Valby, to a house built by his grandfather. As a young man, he moved to Funen, worked in a photography shop, and married his first wife, Agnete. They later returned to his childhood home in Valby.

During World War II, Hans Erik served as a reserve police officer and was arrested by the Germans in 1944. He was deported to Neuengamme and later Buchenwald, where he contracted pneumonia. Rescued by De hvide Busser, he was sent to Frøslev camp and released in April 1945.

After the war, Hans Erik and Agnete separated. He worked as a controller at Herlev station, married Alice in 1949, and had two daughters. Struggles with alcohol marked his later life, and he died of cirrhosis in 1975.

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Thorshavnsgade 28, 2300 Copenhagen Municipality

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Thorshavnsgade 28, 2300 Copenhagen Municipality

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Thorshavnsgade 28, 2300 Copenhagen Municipality

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Salomon Moses Becker and Blume Blenda Becker were born in modern-day Latskeve, Lithuania in 1880 and 1883, respectively. They moved to Sweden in 1900 and, despite being first cousins, married in 1904 and had a total of four children. The family moved frequently before settling in Copenhagen. Salomon became a produce merchant and lived at Thorshavnsgade 28 on Islands Brygge from 1935 to 1943.  On October 1, 1943, Salomon and Blume were taken by the Germans by a Danish porter who was supposed to help the family fled to Sweden. While Blume came home on the White Buses in the spring of 1945, Salomon unfortunately passed in 1944 in the Theresienstadt Ghetto. This stumbling block offers a unique perspective- contributing to the untold stories of Jewish families during Nazi occupation.

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Rose Kielberg (1877–1944) was a Danish Jewish woman and the mother of two daughters, both of whom became teachers. Despite lacking formal education herself, Rose was intellectually curious, involved in the Women's Discussion Club, and politically aware. In September 1943, as Nazi persecution of Jews in Denmark intensified, she fled her home in Amager seeking refuge, but was arrested and sent to Theresienstadt, where she died on March 28, 1944.

Her story is worth remembering not only as part of the broader tragedy of the Holocaust, but also because it captures the humanity of an ordinary woman who led a silent and independent life, determined to give her daughters opportunities she never had.

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Thorshavnsgade 28, 2300 Copenhagen Municipality

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Thorshavnsgade 28, 2300 Copenhagen Municipality

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Thorshavnsgade 28, 2300 Copenhagen Municipality

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This location houses the stumbling stones of Salomon Moses Becker and his wife, Blume Blenda Becker. The Beckers were Jewish and Lithuanian, born in the 1880s. They moved between Sweden and Denmark in their adult lives. In 1909, they moved to Denmark and had two children who they raised in Copenhagen.

On October 1, 1943, the night before the couple planned to flee to Sweden, the Beckers were captured by the Germans. They were reported by a Danish collaborator at a hotel in Nørreport.

Salomon and Blume were taken to Theresienstadt. Blume was rescued by the White Buses and stayed the rest of the war in Sweden. Salomon died on February 21, 1944, and Blume did not get word of his death for 9 months.

Blume returned to Copenhagen and lived in a small apartment in Frederiksberg, a different neighborhood than she had lived in before the war.

These stories are significant to the remembrance of the war because it represent the chaos and uncertainty that families experienced. Many Jewish families were separated during the war and were left with the uncertainty of the fate of their relatives. It also shows the significance of Danish collaboration, as a Danish collaborator was the reason why the Beckers were captured. They were about to leave for Sweden when they were taken and their lives were changed forever. This story also highlights how outcomes vary from person to person, even within families. The White Bus mission was a rescue mission that only saved Scandinavians from the concentration camp. This mission was controversial, as many more people needed rescuing. It poses the question, why was Blume saved and Salomon left? Was their Lithuanian heritage considered? It is important to honor Blume's story to remember Scandinavian rescue efforts and consider how frightening and uncertain life was for all Jews in Denmark. Not only was Blume captured by the Nazis, but she had to leave home for Sweden to be safe for the remainder of the war. The other, more sinister outcome of this story is Salomon's death in the camps. While most Danish Jews were saved due to the White Buses and the proximity to Sweden, Salomon was killed by the Nazis. It is important to honor his story with the stone to remember that while most Danes were saved, many were still victims and killed in concentration camps.

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Sølvgade 34, 1307 Copenhagen, Kongeriget Danmark

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Sølvgade 34, 1307 Copenhagen, Kongeriget Danmark

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Sølvgade 34, 1307 Copenhagen, Kongeriget Danmark

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Schmul Sender Jonisch was born in Warsaw on March 13, 1899. In the 1920s he moved to Berlin where he ran a clothing shop. He fled illegally to Denmark in April 1938 when Nazis started expeling Polish Jews from Germany. Jonisch had no family in Denmark and, because he was an illegal immigrant, he rarely found work and was very poor. In September 1940, he was sent to Sundholm, a workhouse in Amager which was used as a "mild prison" for vagabonds and the destitute. In June 1941, he was released from Sundholm and it is believed that he received support from the Orthodox Jewish Synagogue Machsike Hadas in Copenhagen. The Synagogue helped him find a rented room in Sølvgade 34. He was captured by the Germans on October 4 1943 and was brought to Horserød. From Horserød he was sent to Theresienstadt. In early 1944, he got in trouble for his continued observance of Orthdox Jewish norms and was sent to the camp's infirmerary for being "mentally ill". Soon after, he and 42 other "mentally ill" were transported to Auschwitz, where they were immediately murdered.

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Ellen Wilhelmine Nielsen, a fisherwoman from Dragør, Denmark, became involved in the resistance during World War II after helping two Jewish brothers escape to Sweden in 1943. Widowed and in her mid-50s, she risked her life transporting weapons and hiding Jews.

In July 1944, she was arrested by the Gestapo and endured months of harsh imprisonment and brutal interrogation. She was eventually deported to the Frøslev prison camp, then to Ravensbrück concentration camp, and later to Jugendlager Uckermark, where she witnessed horrific atrocities. Twice selected for the gas chamber, she was miraculously spared on Easter Sunday 1945 by a guard who had fond memories of Denmark. Just days later, she was rescued by the White Buses and taken to Sweden.

Ellen’s story highlights the bravery of ordinary individuals who risked everything to resist oppression and protect Denmark’s Jewish population. Unlike many commemorated by stumbling stones, she was not Jewish and was not deported in 1943. While this project honors Ellen’s story, it also expands the focus beyond Danish Jews to include others affected by the Holocaust, shedding light on the often-overlooked acts of defiance and humanity. Her story broadens the scope of remembrance, illuminating the many forms of courage and resistance shown by everyday Danes during the Holocaust.

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Carl Plougs Vej 7, 1913 Frederiksberg Municipality

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Carl Plougs Vej 7, 1913 Frederiksberg Municipality

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Carl Plougs Vej 7, 1913 Frederiksberg Municipality

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Jacob Thalmay was born in 1904, in Warsaw, Poland, and moved to Denmark with his family in 1905. He married in 1934 and had a son named Bent in 1935. He was an optician in central Copenhagen, and was known for his proficiency in several languages, including German, French, Yiddish, Polish, and Danish. He became a Danish citizen in 1942 and joined the Danish resistance early in WW2, in affiliation with the Refugee Service and the Student Intelligence Service. He was engaged in illegal newspaper work and minor sabotage, especially illegal route work after September 1943- SIS sent a large number of Jews to Sweden. In 1943, he sent his wife and son to Sweden but stayed back to continue saving others.

When he realized part of his family had been captured and sent to Theresienstadt, he went to Gestapo headquarters dressed as a Nazi and asked for them to be sent back to Denmark- unfortunately he was recognized and sent to Sachsenhausen after fulfilling several prison sentences in Denmark. He was transferred to Auschwitz in 1944 and died in the death march to Mauthausen in 1945.

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Gabrielle Salmonsen was born to a butcher named Salomon Heimann and his wife Rikke in 1855, in the city of Copenhagen. In 1879, she married Daniel Salmonsen, a wholesaler from Nyborg, and had a daughter, Dina, in 1880. Daniel died two years later in 1882 at only 38 years old, making Gabrielle a widow at 27. As time went on, Dina married and had two children. At this time, Gabrielle moved in with her daughter and son-in-law.

At the end of September 1943, when Jews were warned about upcoming raids, Gabrielle’s family decided that she would not escape with the rest of the family as they believed that the escape would kill her, and that the Germans would not want to harm a woman of her age, so she was moved to Pensionat Fønss in Taarbæk. Here she was arrested on October 2, 1943, and deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp. Only four months had passed when Gabrielle succumbed to the inhumane conditions at the concentration camp, and she died on February 10, 1944, in Theresienstadt.

Gabrielle Salmonsen's life and death add much complexity to the occupation of Denmark during WWII, as it exemplifies the brutal nature of the German forces, not only to healthy Jewish populations, but to elderly individuals at the time. This just reinforces that the Nazi’s were not just incarcerating and killing what they considered threats, but anyone who was against the regime, or what they dubbed as non-pure regardless of their age or capability

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Krausesvej 2-12, 2100 København, Denmark

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Claus Christian Heilesen

was born on August 23, 1945, to a Christian father and a Jewish mother. He was raised as a member of the Danish Church and was baptized in 1940-41. In 1943, it became clear that Claus' mother, his siblings, and Claus himself would be in danger if they stayed in Denmark due to their Jewish heritage. Earlier in the year, Claus had started studying to be a civil engineer at the Polytechnic Institute. The account follows that during the family's escape attempt at Taarbæk Harbor, Claus was acting as a (resistance?) group leader and had identified himself to the group with his student cap (which was a distinctive light-color). When the attempt was discovered by the Nazis, they began shooting at the escaping Jews in the harbor, hitting Claus as he stood up to cover another escapee. The website notes that Claus is mentioned in the Fallen of the Occupation, and his grave site at Vestre Cemetery is protected and maintained by the state.

Claus’ story- and his death- is interesting and should be part of the remembrance of the victims because it places him at a pivotal point in the escape of the Danish jews in October 1943. There is an interesting intersection between Claus, his background, and some suggested involvement with Danish resistance activities. Because of his mixed heritage and his largely non-religious upbringing, Claus also provides a thought provoking example of how the Nazi racial laws were applied and enforced.

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Elias Leopold Fischermann, or Leib, was born in 1893 and lived with his wife, Martha, and their six children Fanny, Adolf, Robert, Salle, Rebekka, and Mogens at Kristianiagade 4 in Copenhagen. The family made escape plans to Sweden when German authorities started rounding up Danish Jews in October 1943. The messenger failed to deliver the boat money sent by Leib's brother. The family attempted to hide with friends before returning to their home. German soldiers arrived at the family door early on October 2. Leib escaped the balcony by jumping with his sons to escape the German soldiers who took the rest of the family to Theresienstadt concentration camp. Leib, Adolf, and Fanny attempted to cross to Sweden by boat. The boat ended up being rotten and sank during their journey, which led to Leib's and Adolf's deaths. Fanny survived by swimming to safety. The remaining four younger children along with Martha survived Theresienstadt until they were rescued by the White Buses in 1945. The family discovered their home had been looted when they returned to Copenhagen after the war. The Fischermann family suffered another tragedy when Rebekka passed away at the age of 21.

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Langs Hegnet 28B, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark

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Langs Hegnet 28B, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark

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Langs Hegnet 28B, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark

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Elisabeth Bomhoff resistance efforts consisted of housing very influential resistance members in her basement, which was located on the border of Deer Park (Jægersborg Dyrehaven). The forest allowed a safe exit for resistance members to escape into. She took on this role after marrying her second husband, Helmer Bomhoff, who was also a resistance fighter. One of the most notable people that she hid in her house was Frode Jakobsen, a chairman of the Freedom Council. On October 18, 1944, the Gestapo stormed a house that she was visiting. They imprisoned her and her husband in Vestre Prison, and then on November 8th, they relocated the two to Frøslev Camp. After liberation, Elisabeth worked as a secretary in Oslo Pads, and then lived in Charlottenlund until she died at 102 years of age (in 2014). Before her death, she received numerous merit medals for her resistance efforts.

Elizabeth Bomhoff's story adds a layer of complexity to Copenhagen's WWII experience because it represents the story of female resistance fighters who were victims of the German occupation over resistance work that they did behind the scenes. This is a story of someone who was punished for their quiet heroism, but also a story that continues on after the war and who proceeds to live a long life for more than 60 years after returning from the Frøslev internment camp.

Katie Thorson

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On September 29, 1944, Lauritz Nielsen Ferslev was in the first group of Danish police officers to be deported. The group of 722 was transported to Buchenwald. In one of the freight cars that transported them, several Danish police officers started shouting that there was an extremely ill man, but the German officers ignored them. Ferslev, half-conscious, crawled out of the car, and the other dragged him over to the platform. Ferslev had diabetes and had not had access to his insulin since being taken on September 19th. The men dragged Ferslev along the route as he slipped further from consciousness. After the group finally got the Germans to understand that there was something seriously wrong, they took him away on a strange metal stretcher. The Danes were ordered to continue forward into the camp, and Ferslev wasn't seen again. He died on September 30th.

I chose to write about this case because it involves nuance surrounding the disease. Ferslev did not even make it to the camp because of the inhumane conditions he was in. A lack of access to medicine resulted in his death, rather than the more typical reasons that one might assume for the rest of the stumbling stone population.