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1. Understand how fashion serves as a tool for constructing identity across different cultures and historical periods.

2. Analyze how artists use dress and personal adornment to communicate political, social, or emotional messages.

3. Reflect on how contemporary artists reinterpret historical visual languages to address modern issues of race, power, and identity.

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Artist: Attributed to Thutmose

Title: Bust of Queen Nefertiti

Date: c. 1345 BCE

Medium: Painted limestone and stucco

Size: Height: 47 cm

Current Location: Neues Museum, Berlin

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This painted limestone bust exemplifies ancient Egyptian ideals of feminine beauty and royal divinity. Nefertiti's intricate blue headdress and delicate features project a timeless image of power and elegance. Created during a period of dramatic religious reform, this sculpture symbolizes the cultural and political shifts that defined her reign alongside Pharaoh Akhenaten.​

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Artist: Rogier van der Weyden

Title: Portrait of a Lady

Date: c. 1460

Medium: Oil on oak panel

Size: 37 × 27.1 cm

Current Location: National Gallery, London

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Artist: Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun

Title: Self-Portrait with Her Daughter, Julie

Date: 1789

Medium: Oil on canvas

Size: 130 × 94 cm

Current Location: Musée du Louvre, Paris

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In this monumental painting, Kehinde Wiley reimagines Jacques-Louis David’s famous portrait of Napoleon with a modern African-American subject. Ornate streetwear replaces military regalia, while the dynamic, floral backdrop asserts both historical grandeur and contemporary individuality. Wiley challenges traditional representations of power, highlighting how visual culture shapes and redefines notions of heroism today.​

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Artist: Kehinde Wiley

Title: Napoleon Leading the Army over the Alps

Date: 2005

Medium: Oil on canvas

Size: 274.3 × 274.3 cm

Current Location: Brooklyn Museum, New York

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In this self-portrait, Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun redefines womanhood by presenting herself not as an ornament of courtly life, but as a mother, artist, and independent thinker. Her simple, neoclassical dress and unstyled hair reflect Enlightenment ideals of natural virtue, rejecting aristocratic fashion. Painted just before the French Revolution, the work merges maternal tenderness with creative authorship, asserting that a woman can be both emotionally expressive and intellectually empowered.