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Infection happens when harmful microorganisms cause damage to a person's body. Infectious diseases can easily be spread from one person to another. Whether a microorganism causes illness depends on things like how many are present and where they are in the body.

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Modes include contact (direct and indirect), droplet, and airborne transmission.

Workplace exposure in ultrasound (Nosocomial):

Needlestick

Cuts

Splashes and Sprays

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Hand hygiene: Washing hands before and after every patient

Probe cleaning: Disinfect after every use

Use probe covers: Especially for invasive exams

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It is important to wear gloves during all exams, use masks and gowns when appropriate, and clean machine surfaces and patient contact areas regularly. Following protocols by the CDC, AIUM, and manufacturer instructions for cleaning and disinfection is also vital in infection control.

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Why Representation Matters:

Diverse teams provide broader perspectives

Patients feel more comfortable with providers who understand them.

Enhances innovation and problem-solving

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Cultural competence is a combination of aligned behaviors, attitudes, and policies within a system or organization that allows professionals to work effectively across different cultural settings. While "culture" refers to the shared behavior such as language, beliefs, values, or customs; "competence" refers to having the ability to effectively engage and respond to the cultural needs and practices of the people and communities being served.

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Principles of Cultural Competence Include

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Principles of Cultural Competence Include

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1. Define culture broadly

2. Value clients' cultural beliefs

3. Recognize complexity in language interpretation

4. Facilitate learning between providers and communities

5. Involve the community in defining and addressing service needs

6. Collaborate with other agencies.

7. Professionalize staff hiring and training

8. Institutionalize cultural competence

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As the U.S. population continues to grow, the country is expected to become more racially and ethically diverse. For example, the Hispanic population may grow from 55 million in 2014 to 119 million by 2060, and the Asian population is expected to double. Diversity includes all the ways people are different, such as age, gender, sexual orientation, religion, ethnicity, and skin color. It's what makes each person unique.

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Intercultural communication explains the process in which two individuals from differing cultures exchange a set of ideas, feelings, symbols, etc. Since they do not belong to the same culture it is assumed that they do not share the same beliefs, behaviors, ways of thinking, or values. This phenomenon proves the communication process more challenging due to the challenges that may lie.

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“Cultural Competence in Health and Human Services.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, npin.cdc.gov/pages/cultural-competence-health-and-human-services. Accessed 26 Apr. 2025.

LR;, Smedley BD;Stith Butler A;Bristow. “In the Nation’s Compelling Interest: Ensuring Diversity in the Health-Care Workforce.” National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25009857/. Accessed 26 Apr. 2025.

Kluwer, W. Cultural Awareness & Diversity (Powerpoint Slides). Wolters Kluwer Health.

Owens Community College Library- Kohls, Robert L., and John M. Knight. Developing Intercultural Awareness: A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook. Intercultural Press, 2014.

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Utilizes strong magnetic fields, gradient fields, and radiofrequency waves to image the body

MRI is very powerful, safety is very important

Any metal objects could be very dangerous due to the intense nature of the magnetic field

Loud- due to gradient noises

Claustrophobia could be a concern for patient cooperation

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Uses tiny amounts of radioactive substances, known as radiopharmaceuticals, to help diagnose and treat medical conditions

The substances are tracked by specialized cameras connected to computers, which produce detailed images of the targeted area in the body

The radiation exposure from these procedures is similar to what a patient would receive from a standard x-ray

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The technique used to view the inside of the body using X-rays

Helps in diagnosing or treating patients by capturing images of internal structures to identify diseases, foreign objects, or structural issues

During the procedure, an X-ray beam passes through the body; some of the rays are absorbed or scattered by tissues, while the rest reach a detector to create an image

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Owens Community College, MRI PowerPoint

Owens Community College, Nuclear Medicine PowerPoint

Smith, Chris, Radiography PowerPoint, Owens Community College

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CEUS uses special contrast agents that do not involve radiation to make traditional ultrasound images clearer and more effective.

Ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) or ultrasound enhancing agents (UEAs), contain tiny gas-filled microbubbles that reflect ultrasound waves well creating the ideal imaging.

A small amount of the UCA is injected into a vein in the arm, and to microbubbles easily travel; through the even the small blood vessels.

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Biocompatible gas-filled microbubbles are excellent ultrasound signal reflectors that improve the clarity and reliability of the ultrasound image.

Only small amounts of UCAs are injected into the patient's arm and circulated throughout the body for 5-10 minutes before exiting with each exhale.

Smaller than red blood cells

Made up of naturally occurring substances in the body with a lipoprotein shell.

The lipoprotein shell makes bubbles insoluble

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Advantages: Real time assessment, detects pathology, portable, low cost, fast, accurate, reliable, no ionizing radiation, no real or hepatic toxicity, safe for children

Disadvantages: IV is needed, two people are needed, large amount of data to store on PACS, software needed for equipment

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Owens Community College, Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound PowerPoint

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Applying what I've learned in the classroom to real clinical situations

Practicing safe patient care, including proper identification and communication

Assisting with and performing exams under proper supervision

Maintaining patient confidentiatlity and adhering to HIPAA guidelines

Preparing exam rooms and equipment

Keeping accurate documentation

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Qualities & Behaviors Expected by Clinical Sites

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Qualities & Behaviors Expected by Clinical Sites

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Professionalism

Eagerness to learn

Teamwork

Compassion and Patient-Centered Care

Integrity

Attention to detail

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My Expectations from Clinical Sites and Preceptors

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My Expectations from Clinical Sites and Preceptors

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Gain hands-on experience

Receive constructive feedback that helps me improve my scanning skills and prepare me for the future

Learn how to manage time and workflow

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Improve image quality, speed, and accuracy

Strengthen vascular pathology knowledge

Improve patient communication skills

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Perform vascular exams independently with minimal supervision

Prepare for ARDMS certification

Establish strong professional relationships in clinical sites

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Time management

Balance work-life demands

Explore leadership opportunities and volunteer

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Kluwer, W. Infection Control for the Sonographer (PowerPoint Slides). Wolters Kluwer Health