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1. Interventions

- Definition: Interventions are targeted strategies or programs designed to address specific learning challenges a student may face, intended to improve academic and behavioral performance.

- Applicable Students: Interventions are typically utilized for students who have been identified with learning disabilities, emotional and behavioral disorders, or other exceptionalities that affect their learning.

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- Examples:

1. Reading Recovery Program - An intervention designed to help struggling first-grade readers improve their reading skills.

2. Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) - A framework to enhance school climate and promote positive behavior.

3. Small Group Instruction - Targeted instruction in groups to provide focused support on specific skills.

- Additional Resource:

- Title: "What Works Clearinghouse: Intervention Reports"

- Description: This site offers a collection of evidence-based reviews of various educational interventions, outlining effectiveness and recommendations.

- High-Leverage Practice:

- Title: "Implementing evidence-based interventions"

- Summary: This practice emphasizes the importance of using programs and techniques demonstrated through research to support diverse learners effectively

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2. Differentiation

- Definition: Differentiation involves tailoring instruction to meet individual student needs, varying content, process, products, and learning environments.

- Applicable Students: Differentiation benefits all students, particularly those with varied learning styles, strengths, and challenges, such as students with learning disabilities or those who are gifted.

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1. Tiered Assignments - Assigning varying levels of difficulty for the same concept to accommodate different skill levels.

2. Choice Boards - Providing students options on how they can demonstrate understanding of a topic.

3. Flexible Grouping - Forming heterogeneous or homogeneous groups based on the learning objectives and student needs.

- Additional Resource:

- Title: "Differentiated Instruction: A Guide for Elementary School Teachers"

- Description: An overview of differentiation strategies specifically geared towards elementary education and effective practices.

- High-Leverage Practice:

- Title: "Using assessments to inform instruction"

- Summary: This practice focuses on assessing student understanding and using this data to guide differentiated instruction methods.

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3. Accommodations

- Definition: Accommodations are changes made to the learning environment or format that allow students with disabilities to access the curriculum without altering the content itself.

- Applicable Students: Accommodations are designed for students with disabilities as defined by IDEA, including students with conditions such as ADHD, dyslexia, and autism spectrum disorder.

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- Examples:

1. Extended Time on Tests - Giving students additional time to complete assessments.

2. Preferential Seating - Allowing a student to sit closer to the teacher or away from distractions.

3. Use of Technology - Allowing the use of computers, audio resources, or speech-to-text software.

- Additional Resource:

- Title: "Understanding Accommodations and Modifications"

- Description: A resource that explains the difference between accommodations and modifications, along with implementation strategies.

- High-Leverage Practice:

- Title: "Providing positive behavior support"

- Summary: This practice highlights the importance of providing accommodations that enhance positive student behavior and learning opportunities.

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4. Adaptations

- Definition: Adaptations are significant changes made to the curriculum or learning environment that allow students to access learning in a way that is better suited to their individual needs.

- Applicable Students: Adaptations typically support students with more severe disabilities who require substantial adjustments to the learning process.

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- Examples:

1. Alternative Assessments - Using functional assessments instead of standard tests for students with significant disabilities.

2. Simplified Texts - Providing modified texts that have simpler language and concepts for students who struggle with reading comprehension.

3. Visual Supports - Incorporating visuals (charts, pictures) to reinforce learning for students needing additional support.

- Additional Resource:

- Title: "Inclusive Education: Adapting Curriculum and Materials"

- Description: A guide that provides insight into adapting curriculum materials for students with diverse needs and abilities.

- High-Leverage Practice:

- Title: "Designing and implementing high-quality lessons"

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5. Modifications

- Definition: Modifications involve altering the content or expectations of what a student is expected to learn, typically resulting in changes to the learning goals.

- Applicable Students: Modifications are generally for students with more severe disabilities who cannot meet grade-level content standards.

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- Examples:

1. Reduced Assignment Length - Assigning fewer problems or tasks than the rest of the class.

2. Alternative Assignments - Creating different tasks or projects that better align with a student's learning capabilities.

3. Lowered Academic Standards - Changing the expected learning outcomes to align with a student's functional level.

- Additional Resource:

- Title: "Understanding Modifications and Accommodations"

- Description: This resource explains the distinctions between modifications and accommodations and provides examples for clearer understanding.

- High-Leverage Practice:

- Title: "Collaborating with families to support learning"

- Summary: This practice illustrates how to engage with families when implementing modifications to ensure the student’s educational needs are met.

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6. Specially Designed Instruction (SDI)

Definition: SDI refers to the adaptations and modifications in teaching methods and materials provided to meet the unique needs of a student with a disability.

- Applicable Students: SDI is necessary for students who have been identified under IDEA, including those with severe disabilities or those who need individualized instruction based on their unique needs.

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- Examples:

1. Personalized Learning Plans - Tailoring learning activities and assessments specifically to the learning profile of an individual student.

2. One-on-One Instruction - Providing direct teaching that focuses solely on the student’s specific needs and strengths.

3. Use of Manipulatives - Incorporating hands-on tools that allow students to engage with abstract concepts in a tangible way.

- Additional Resource:

- Title: "Specially Designed Instruction: A Framework for Inclusive Education"

- Description: A framework that outlines how to implement SDI effectively in inclusive classrooms.

- High-Leverage Practice:

- Title: "Systematically and explicitly teaching social skills"

- Summary: This practice focuses on the importance of directly teaching social skills as a significant component of specially designed instruction for students with disabilities

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Scholarly Resources

1. Title: "Understanding Special Education: A Guide for Teachers"

- Summary: This comprehensive guide offers insights into special education policies and effective instructional practices.

- Citation: Smith, J. (2020). Understanding Special Education: A Guide for Teachers.

2. Title: "Evidence-Based Practices in Special Education"

- Summary: This research article reviews current evidence-based practices and their implications for special education instruction.

- Citation: Johnson, L. & Ruby, T. (2021). Evidence-Based Practices in Special Education. Journal of Special Education Research.

3. Title: "The Importance of Collaborative Practices in Special Education"

- Summary: This article discusses the benefits of collaboration among special education professionals and its impact on student success.

- Citation: Green, K., & Hall, M. (2022). The Importance of Collaborative Practices in Special Education. Inclusion and Equity Journal.