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Located on the beautiful island of Oahu, He’eia Ahupua’a is highly renowned for the beautiful mountains, rivers, and especially the Loko’ia, or fishpond. With a wall that used to stretch 1.3 miles wide.

The Heʻeia ahupuaʻa is undergoing a significant restoration led by Native Hawaiian organizations and community volunteers. At the uplands, Papahana Kuaola and Hui Kū Maoli Ola have transformed degraded lands into thriving taro fields and native plant nurseries, reviving cultural practices and ecological balance.

In the wetlands, Kākoʻo ʻŌiwi is reclaiming 405 acres for sustainable agriculture, constructing irrigation ditches and loʻi (taro patches) to support food sovereignty. Downstream, Paepae o Heʻeia is restoring the ancient Heʻeia Fishpond, rebuilding its walls and reintroducing native fish species, turning it into a living classroom and food source.

At the bay, efforts by the University of Hawaiʻi’s Institute for Marine Biology and The Nature Conservancy focus on removing invasive algae and restoring coral reefs, integrating traditional knowledge with modern science. Historically, post-WWII plans aimed to transform Heʻeia into a major urban center with resorts and industrial facilities. Community resistance, led by figures like Rev. Bob Nakata, successfully preserved the area’s rural character.

1. www.honolulumagazine.com/from-the-mountain-to-the-sea-saving-the-heeia-ahupuaa/.​

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In 1995, Restoration Planning and Work Began

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In 1995, Restoration Planning and Work Began

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The Friends of He’eia State Park were a non-profit organization dedicated to creating programs in the sciences and Hawaiian culture relating to the State Park.

In 1995 they outlined a plan on the restoration of the original ecosystem of the state park involving the fishpond and wetlands, planting different native crops in their proper zones to prevent more and more alien wildlife from continuing to take over. All the while showcasing and teaching people proper resource management in the place that they live.

https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/1j16209/alma9911457417205681

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Ho’oulu ‘Āina is a 100-acre nature preserve and cultural learning center located in the back of Kalihi Valley on Oʻahu, and stretching all over the He’eia Ahupua’a. Operated by Kōkua Kalihi Valley Comprehensive Family Services, it serves as a space where health, culture, and land restoration are deeply interconnected. The organization provides access to land for cultural practices, community gathering, and healing—physically, mentally, and spiritually.

Ho’oulu ‘Āina embodies the values of the traditional Hawaiian ahupuaʻa system—land divisions that stretch from mountain to sea—through its focus on ecological restoration, cultural revival, and community empowerment. Like the restoration efforts in the Heʻeia Ahupuaʻa, Ho’oulu ‘Āina seeks to reestablish balance between people and the land by applying sustainable practices rooted in ancestral knowledge. The organization’s mission emphasizes that “our kuleana (responsibility) is to restore the ecological and cultural vitality of the land so that it can in turn restore the health and spirit of the community” (Ho’oulu ‘Āina, p. 20).

Sustainability efforts include native habitat restoration, organic farming, and regenerative agroforestry. “We practice regenerative agriculture and agroforestry” (Ho’oulu ‘Āina, p. 21), and “the work is guided by traditional Hawaiian values, the lunar calendar, and a spiritual relationship with ʻāina (land)” (Ho’oulu ‘Āina, p. 22).

https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/1j16209/alma9910994289705681

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A Model for Integrated Ahupua‘a Management

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A Model for Integrated Ahupua‘a Management

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The Heʻeia ahupua‘a on Oʻahu is undergoing a community-driven transformation that blends traditional Hawaiian practices with modern conservation strategies. In the uplands, invasive plants are removed and native species replanted to restore the stream ecosystem. On the kula lands, kalo is cultivated and traditional Hawaiian polyculture revived to naturally filter water and restore agricultural productivity. At the coastline, an 800-year-old fishpond is being rebuilt to enhance food security and support water quality research. As the article states, “By weaving modern technologies, tools, and information together with stories, songs, and attitudes that embody deep and ancient ties between mankind and land,” these projects renew both the environment and the cultural identity of Heʻeia. This integrated, place-based model offers a path forward for watershed management in Hawaiʻi and beyond.

https://doi.org/10.1525/cse.2017.sc.450585

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Verifying you are human. This may take a few seconds.

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The Heʻeia Community Development District (CDD) Master Plan outlines a comprehensive strategy to restore the Heʻeia ahupua‘a on Oʻahu. It emphasizes culturally appropriate agriculture, education, and natural resource management to promote ʻāina momona (abundance) for current and future generations. Key initiatives include converting fallow lands into productive loʻi (taro patches), planting fruit-bearing trees, removing invasive species like mangrove, and constructing a poi mill and community area for value-added food products. The plan also focuses on preserving archaeological and cultural sites, protecting endangered species, and integrating traditional Hawaiian practices with modern infrastructure development.

This plan is significant for the Heʻeia ahupua‘a as it seeks to restore the area's ecological health, cultural heritage, and food security through community engagement and sustainable practices. It serves as a model for holistic land management that honors traditional Hawaiian knowledge while addressing contemporary challenges.

As stated in the plan, its intent is:

"Recognizing the value of ahupua‘a management principles, promote and cultivate ʻāina momona (abundance) for the lands of Heʻeia for present and future generations through culturally appropriate agriculture, education, and natural resources restoration and management."

This is the official government plan and I think it is going and will continue to go very well for all of the people of the community.

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Shows each section of the Ahupua’a beautifully, all credit to the people of Pacific worlds and associates, at Pacificworlds.com.

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Again all credit to Pacificworlds.com

This map shows how the indigenous peoples of Hawaii viewed their island in different sections. Dividing it into useful parts for people from each section so that they could have resources from every type of geography that the island had to offer.

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He’eia as a part of the Hawaiian islands: zooming out

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He’eia as a part of the Hawaiian islands: zooming out

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As a key section between neighboring islands, facing the next island over, and also being on maybe the most resource rich island He’eia has been an area of great importance to indigenous peoples for a very long time.

https://www.pacificworlds.com/heeia/home/location.htm

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Heʻeia Fishpond, or loko iʻa, is an 88-acre traditional Hawaiian aquaculture system on the windward side of Oʻahu, restored and maintained by the nonprofit Paepae o Heʻeia. The fishpond is encircled by a 1.3-mile kuapā (rock wall) that allows water to circulate and lets fish move between pond and ocean in a controlled way.

Paepae o Heʻeia works to care for this ancient structure by removing invasive species, repairing the kuapā, and reviving traditional fishpond practices. This restoration is vital to the health of the Heʻeia ahupuaʻa, supporting sustainable food production and natural resource management from mountain to sea. As the article explains, “The kuapā wall allows for water circulation and the controlled exchange of fish between the pond and the ocean,” which is key to maintaining ecological balance.

For Native Hawaiians, the fishpond is not just a functional food system—it is a living legacy of ancestral wisdom and resilience. It embodies the practice of mālama ʻāina, caring for the land so it can care for us. As the organization puts it, “We work to mālama Heʻeia Fishpond... so that future generations may continue to benefit from the resources and teachings of this special place.”

The organization, Paepae o He’eia is the one taking care of this fishpond and doing all of this great work with the help of the community.

https://paepaeoheeia.org/the-fishpond/

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Hawaiian fishponds are unique and advanced forms of aquaculture found nowhere else in the world. The techniques of herding or trapping adult fish with rocks in shallow tidal areas is found elsewhere in the world but the loko iʻa kuapā or walled coastal ponds are unique to Hawaiʻi. There are six styles of Hawaiian fishponds, most notably, the loko iʻa kuapā, were technologically advanced and efficient as their purpose was to cultivate pua, baby fish, to maturity. Their creation was a result of the Hawaiians deep understanding of the environmental processes specific to our islands as well as their connection and observation of the food resources on the ʻāina and in the kai.

Ocean fishing is dependent, to a great extent, upon conditions of the ocean and weather. High surf, storms, and other associated weather phenomenon influence and interrupt most fishing practices. Therefore, fishponds provided Hawaiians with a regular supply of fish when ocean fishing was not possible or did not yield sufficient supply (Kelly, 1976).

Located in Heʻeia on the island of Oahu, Heʻeia Fishpond is a kuapā-style fishpond enclosing 88 acres of brackish water. The kuapā (wall) is built on Malaukaʻa, a fringing reef and extends away from the shoreline, comepletly encircling the fishpond. Built approximately 600-800 years ago by the residents of the area, the kuapā is possibly the longest in the Hawaiian Islands measuring an estimated 1.3 miles (7,000 feet). A unique feature of Heʻeia Fishpond is that it's wall forms a complete circle around the fishpond; most other fishpond walls were either built in a straight line or as a semi-circle, connecting one point of shoreline to another.

Not only is the kuapā of Heʻeia Fishpond extremely long, it is twelve to fifteen feet wide and "compact" along certain sections. The wall is composed of two separate, parallel, basalt (volcanic rock) walls set twelve to fifteen feet apart. The fill material contained between the two walls is mostly coral but along certain sections of wall, dirt. This compact style of wall slows water flow, allows the pond to maintain a base water level even at the lowest tides, and forces more water to the mākāhā or sluice gates. He'eia Fishpond has seven mākāhā - four along the seaward facing wall that regulate salt water input and three along Heʻeia stream that regulate fresh water input.

By allowing both fresh and salt water to enter the pond, the pond maintains a brackish water environment and creates the ideal habitat for algae (limu) to proliferate. By cultivating limu, much like a rancher grows grass, the kiaʻi (guardian/caretaker) could easily raise herbivorous fish and not have to feed them. Fish that live in Heʻeia Fishpond include 'ama'ama, awa, pualu, palani, āholehole, moi, kōkala, kākū, and pāpio. The fishpond is also home to different species of pāpa'i (crab), 'ōpae (shrimp) and puhi (eels).

It is unknown who commissioned He'eia Fishpond to be built but it likely required hundreds, if not thousands, of committed residents to pass and stack rocks and coral for approximately 2-3 years to complete the massive wall. The first recorded owner of the pond is High Chief Abner Paki who was the konohiki of the ahupuaʻa of Heʻeia. He received the majority of the lands of Heʻeia at the time of the Great Māhele of 1848. His wife was High Chiefess Laura Konia and after their passing their daughter, Princess Bernice Pauahi, received the lands of Heʻeia. Princess Pauahi married Charles Reed Bishop who, after her passing, managed her lands in the Bishop Estate. Today the fishpond is still owned by Kamehameha Schools, formerly the Bishop Estate.

Circa 1880 Copyright: Bishop Museum

Several of the oldest pictures (circa 1880-1910) we have of Heʻeia Fishpond and the surrounding areas show a well-formed and maintained kuapā, several adjacent smaller ponds, and a large amount of agriculture (kalo, sugarcane, banana, pineapple, rice) nearby.

Circa 1910. Copyright: Bishop Museum

Even as development encroached on the fishpond between the 1930's and 1960's, Heʻeia Fishpond was still a dominant feature along the shoreline. On May 2, 1965 a devastating flood destroyed a 200+ foot portion of the kuapā and the fishpond went mostly unused for almost 25 years. Although invasive mangrove was introduced into the Heʻeia area in 1922, it really took a foothold and grew unchecked and unmanaged in the fishpond after the 1965 flood.

Circa 1928. Copyright: USGS

​Circa 1959. Copyright USGS

Between 1988 and 1990, the damaged portion of kuapā was temporarily fixed by Mark Brooks and many volunteers. Brooks leased the pond and was successful at raising 'amaʻama, moi, tilapia, ogo, and experimented with other aquaculture ventures. In 2000, Brooks partnered with the University of Hawaii at Mānoa and the Kamakakūokalani Center for Hawaiian Studies to offer the first Mālama Loko I'a (fishpond management) class which helped to plant the seeds for the current restoration efforts and Paepae o He`eia. E ola ka 'āina o He`eia!

Circa 2011. Copyright: Kalei Nuuhiwa

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The Fishpond Hawaiian fishponds are unique and advanced forms of aquaculture found nowhere else in the world. The techniques of herding or trapping adult fish with rocks in shallow tidal areas is ...

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The Heʻeia Stream Restoration Project, led by Hui o Koʻolaupoko, focused on revitalizing approximately 4,000 feet of riparian habitat along the upper Heʻeia Stream. Through community and volunteer efforts, invasive species were removed, native vegetation was planted, and erosion control techniques were implemented to stabilize stream banks. This restoration is crucial for the Heʻeia ahupuaʻa as it enhances water quality and supports native ecosystems, contributing to the overall health of the watershed.

For the Indigenous people, the project represents a reconnection with ancestral practices of land stewardship, fostering a sense of cultural identity and responsibility towards the ʻāina.

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The Upper Heʻeia Stream Restoration Project was a four year grant partnership between Hui o Ko’olaupoko, Papahana Kuaola, Hui Ku Maoli Ola, and Ke Kula o Samuel M. Kamakau with project funding…

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1. He Wahi Mo‘olelo no He‘eia by Kepā Maly

This document compiles historical accounts and oral histories of Heʻeia, detailing its traditional land divisions, cultural practices, and changes over time. It is crucial for the Heʻeia ahupuaʻa as it preserves knowledge of ancestral land stewardship and community structure, informing current restoration efforts. For the Indigenous people, it serves as a vital link to their heritage, reinforcing identity and guiding the revival of traditional practices.

www.kumupono.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/1999_08_24_Heeia-Oahu-PDF.pdf.​kumupono.com

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From the Ko’olau Hawaiian civic council including relevant historical information.

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Environmental concerns for Climate Change

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Environmental concerns for Climate Change

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Looking now to the future there are many things people are concerned about that could affect this Ahupua’a. The director of the Paepae o He’eia organization helped write this document.

A study by UH Mānoa and Paepae o Heʻeia revealed that rising water temperatures and reduced trade winds—linked to El Niño—are causing fish deaths in Heʻeia Fishpond. For Indigenous communities, this reinforces the urgency of protecting traditional practices through adaptation. It also affirms the power of combining ancestral knowledge with science to sustain loko iʻa systems. The research emphasizes the need for flexible strategies like moving fish pens or using aeration, all while honoring traditional stewardship. For many Native Hawaiians, it’s a call to care for ʻāina in a changing world, with both innovation and deep cultural grounding.

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For centuries, indigenous peoples of the Hawaiian Islands practiced sustainable aquaculture by building walled fishponds in coastal estuaries. Historical records estimate that in the early 1900s an extensive network of over 450 fishponds across the Hawaiian Islands produced upwards of 2 million pounds of fish annually and supported large thriving communities. Currently, worldwide aquaculture accounts for almost one-half of fish consumption.

Researchers with the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa's School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST) and Native Hawaiian fishpond stewards Paepae Heʻeia formed a collaborative partnership to understand the role of climate change in subtropical coastal estuarine environments within the context of aquaculture practices in Heʻeia Fishpond. He'eia is a traditional Hawaiian fishpond on Oʻahu. Results published recently in PlosONE indicate that there is a relationship between two periods of high fish mortality at Heʻeia Fishpond and changes in the climate.

"Today, a majority of Hawaiian fishponds have been lost to coastal development and urbanization, but a growing community-based movement is working to restore and revitalize Hawaiian fishponds as a cornerstone to sustainable food fish production and resilient communities in an era of declining reef fish stocks," said Hiʻilei Kawelo, Paepae o Heʻeia executive director.

However, these efforts are threatened by uncertainty over the effects of short and long-term environmental changes, specifically storms and fluctuations in extreme seawater temperature that bring new stressors and exacerbate existing management challenges.

Throughout the 12-year study (2004-2016), the partners measured winds, tides, temperature, water height, water movement, and suspended material and phytoplankton in the water; and fish number, density and length. During this time, Hawai'i experienced periodic effects of El Nino such as slackening trade winds and warmer surface waters.

The partners correlated two periods of extremely high fish mortality at Heʻeia Fishpond with weakened trade winds in the week preceding each mortality event, as well as surface water temperatures 2-3 degrees Celsius warmer than normal. They posit that the lack of trade wind-driven surface water mixing enhanced surface heating of the fishpond, leading to stagnant conditions and stress on fish populations.

"Our results provide empirical evidence regarding El Niño effects on the coastal ocean, which can inform resource management efforts about the potential impact of climate variation on aquaculture production," said Dr. Rosie Alegado, corresponding author of the study and assistant professor in the SOEST Department of Oceanography and University of Hawai'i Sea Grant College Program (Hawai'i Sea Grant).

As climate change is predicted to alter the intensity, frequency and geographic patterns of El Niño events, the partners developed three recommendations to reduce the impact of warming events on fishponds and limit the mortality of moi. They recommended moving net pens closer to the mākāhā (sluice gates) with the highest flow rates of ocean water entering the fishpond which will decrease water temperatures and increase aeration in the pens. Additional steps include installing artificial aeration systems in the pens to limit stagnation and low oxygen, and implementing flexible harvest strategies at the onset of a warming event.

To broaden understanding of He'eia Fishpond, the partners will next examine the impact of restoration on water chemistry in the fishpond over the past 10 years using a longtime series of data funded by Hawai'i Sea Grant. Additionally, they are trying to determine how Native Hawaiians responded and adapted to these seasonal and episodic events. To do this, they have initiated investigation into the Hawaiian language newspapers to understand how these large scale climate patterns affected Hawaiʻi.

"Surprisingly, we have not seen evidence of historical fishkills, and we hypothesize that either fishponds were much less vulnerable to these events, or these events were much less severe, or that our kupuna (elder/ ancestor) developed adaptive measures to combat these events," said Alegado.

Funders:
University of Hawai'i Sea Grant College Program
Paepae o Heʻeia
Kamehameha Schools Bishop Estate

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Research reveals how climate change may affect Hawaiian fishpond aquaculture

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For centuries, indigenous peoples of the Hawaiian Islands practiced sustainable aquaculture by building walled fishponds in coastal estuaries. Historical records estimate that in the early 1900s an extensive network of over 450 fishponds across the Hawaiian Islands produced upwards of 2 million pounds of fish annually and supported large thriving communities.

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Local species helping stop invasive species!

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Local species helping stop invasive species!

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A study by UH Mānoa, UCSB, and Paepae o Heʻeia found that native predatory fish like jacks and barracuda in Heʻeia Fishpond are consuming invasive Australian mullet, introduced in the 1950s. This suggests these predators may naturally help control invasive species, supporting efforts to restore traditional loko iʻa systems and enhance local food.

As UH researcher Erik Franklin noted, “The jacks and barracuda seemed to preferentially feed on the invasive mullet rather than native mullet and moi.”

https://manoa.hawaii.edu/news/article.php?aId=12231

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Jacks and barracuda in Heʻeia fishpond eat Australian mullet, an invasive species introduced to Oʻahu waters in the 1950s. This finding suggests that these native predatory fish may provide a form of biocontrol on populations of the invasive mullet species. The study was published in Aquaculture, Fish, and Fisheries by researchers from the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB) and Paepae O Heʻeia.

Traditional fishponds, called loko iʻa, were once common across coastal areas of the Hawaiian Islands and provided a sustainable and pragmatic solution to food security concerns for local communities for centuries. Fishpond management typically focused on the cultivation of native mullet, moi, and awa which are plant-eating fish that thrived in fishpond environments. These desirable fishes would be eaten by predatory fish such as jacks and barracuda, which needed to be periodically removed from the fishpond. After invasive fish species were introduced to Hawaiʻi waters, they made their way into fishponds and altered fishpond marine food webs.

UH Mānoa's Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology (HIMB) associate research professor and study co-author Erik Franklin said the prominence of the invasive mullet in the predatory fish diets was unexpected.

"Our study showed that the introduction of invasive Australian mullet altered the diets of the native predatory fish in the fishpond which really expanded our understanding of the food web interactions in these systems," said Franklin. "The jacks and barracuda seemed to preferentially feed on the invasive mullet rather than native mullet and moi. This would help control the population of the invasive species which competes for resources with the native fish."
Increasing locally-produced foods
Loko iʻa can be a tool to increase food security by producing seafood for local consumption. More than 80% of food consumed in Hawaiʻi is imported at a cost of nearly $3 billion annually. Economic analyses suggest that a small replacement of imported foods would generate substantial sales, earnings, state tax and employment for the seafood sector.

In 2019, more than 10 million tourists visited the Hawaiian Islands and placed an immense demand on food resources well beyond the needs of the 1.4 million residents. Prior studies have found that tourists to Hawaiʻi from the continental U.S. are willing to pay more for locally-sourced foods while on vacation in the islands to help the state become a more sustainable tourism destination. A network of restored fishponds could help meet this demand.

"The restoration of functional Hawaiian fishponds represents a promising opportunity to increase local seafood production but there is still much to learn about the ecology and dynamics of fishpond communities," said lead author and UH Mānoa Marine Biology Graduate Program graduate student Anela Akiona. "A functional fishpond would contribute to enhanced island food security that can supplement catch from fisheries and other aquaculture operations."
Study details
Franklin said the research resulted in analyses of the abundance and prey of predatory fishes in the Heʻeia fishpond. The study used a tag-recapture experiment, genetic barcoding, stable isotope analysis, and statistical methods to assess the number of jacks and barracuda in Heʻeia fishpond and their diet composition.

The research team included Franklin, Akiona professors Rob Toonen from HIMB and Brian Popp from the Department of Earth Sciences, post-doctoral researcher Margaret Siple from UCSB, and Keliʻi Kotubetey and Hiʻilei Kawelo from Paepae O Heʻeia. A group of volunteer fishers from the community contributed to the tag-recapture experiment. Volunteer interns from the Laulima A ʻIke Pono program contributed to the collection and preparation of samples for stable isotope analysis. Akiona was supported by a Hauʻoli Mau Loa Foundation Graduate Fellowship at UH Mānoa.

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Native predatory fish help control invasive species in Hawaiian fishpond

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Jacks and barracuda in Heʻeia fishpond eat Australian mullet, an invasive species introduced to Oʻahu waters in the 1950s. This finding suggests that these native predatory fish may provide a form of biocontrol on populations of the invasive mullet species.

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High tech Upgrade for Indigenous Fishpond

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High tech Upgrade for Indigenous Fishpond

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The article highlights the Loko Iʻa and Coastal Monitoring Project, which integrates modern sensor technology into the management of Hawaiian fishponds. Led by groups like Purple Maiʻa and Kuaʻāina Ulu ʻAuamo, the project equips up to 30 fishponds with tools to monitor water conditions and adapt to climate change. For Native communities, this blending of tech and tradition strengthens stewardship and food sovereignty. As Keaʻa Davis said, the goal is to “support practitioners in making informed decisions that maintain cultural practices while responding to changing conditions.”

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Indigenous Management Of Hawaii’s Fishponds Is Getting A High Tech Upgrade - Honolulu Civil Beat

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Climate change has emerged as a modern challenge for the guardians of these traditional food sources.

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Ahupua’a Land use system and Restoration

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Ahupua’a Land use system and Restoration

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The Heʻeia Ahupua‘a is important in this text as a model of traditional Hawaiian land division and resource management, spanning from mountain forests to the sea.

It reflects a deeply interconnected system where ecosystems like upland forests, agricultural lands, and coastal zones work together to support human and ecological health. This system aligns with sustainability by promoting low-input, adaptive forest restoration (silviculture), emphasizing the regeneration of native species and watershed protection.

From an Indigenous perspective, the ahupua‘a represents more than a practical system—it embodies a sacred relationship with the land, where stewardship (mālama ʻāina) ensures that resources are cared for in balance with cultural and spiritual values.

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This book from our University’s library shows how the managing of resources protects the ahupua’a and how protecting the ahupua’a leads to generating more and more resources in a circular economy. I highly recommend it. The way Native Hawaiians purposely designed it all to connect is beautiful.

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Indigenous management models and protection of the Ahupuaʻa

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Indigenous management models and protection of the Ahupuaʻa

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https://youtu.be/JAkDC79qjzg?si=Xb9kKmx2XNMfoXmI

This video by Honolulu Magazine works hand in hand with Paepae o He’eia to give you a description and easy to understand visuals on what exactly people are working on with the fishponds in the work to restore them.

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Ancient Hawaiian Fishpond in Heeia, Hawaii