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Some signs and symptoms of fainting are:

Feeling cold and clammy

Feeling dizzy or lightheaded

Having a pale face

Sweating profusely

Feeling sick to your stomach

Feeling stressed out or anxious

Feeling weak

Management

The patient should be put in the supine position in the dental chair (unless pregnant then they should be lay on their side), so the feet are elevated and they are supported. Any tight clothing should be loosened and the first aider should ring 999 depending on if the patient is breathing, responsive, seriously injured or has an irregular heartbeat. Keep the patient's condition monitored at all times and keep watching if the condition is improving or worsening and react accordingly.

Emergency Drugs

The only major drug that could be used is oxygen. The first aider should start by telling the patient they are goin to loosen their clothing to make the patient aware as hearing is the last sense to go. They should then place the patient in the supine position to elevate their feet to create blood flow back towards the brain and head, they then should place an oxygen mask on the patient if the patient is not breathing or is breathing irregularly for example, breathless or having chest pain.

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Some signs and symptoms of an Asthma Attack are:

Severe shortness of breath, chest tightness or pain, and coughing or wheezing

drowsiness, confusion, exhaustion or dizziness

Anxiety

runny nose, sneezing, headache, itchy chin, and neck

blue fingers or lips

Management

Reassure the patient and ask them to take a deep breathe using their usual inhaler. If they have not been diagnosed a blue inhaler should be provided. If the patient has a spacer ask them to use the spacer as well as the inhaler. If the patient has not bee diagnose with asthma a spacer should be provided as well. Sit them in a comfortable position and let them focus on their breathing. A mild attack will normally ease after a few minutes. However, if they don’t improve within a few minutes, it may be a severe attack. Ask them to take a puff every 30 to 60 seconds, until they have had 10 puffs. Help the casualty to use their inhaler if they need assistance. If the attack is severe, and they are getting worse, becoming exhausted, or if this is their first attack, call 999 or 112 for emergency help. Monitor their breathing and level of response. If the ambulance hasn't arrived within 15 minutes continue with the every 30 second puffs. If the patient becomes unresponsive be ready to perform CPR.

Emergency Drugs

Oxygen may be given through a tube attached to the nose if there are signs of too little oxygen in the blood. Quick-relief medicines are inhaled quick-relief medicines, such as albuterol and levalbuterol, are given either with an inhaler or a nebulizer to open airways. Ipratropium is a drug also used to open airways that is inhaled with an inhaler or a nebulizer if the patient ha this on them it is an easy treatment if not and one is at hand this may be used. However, if this is not at hand, corticosteroids may be given as a pill or shot to treat inflammation. This will help the patient be able to breathe easier as the airways will be clearer.

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Signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia are:

have a seizure or fit

become unconscious

feeling hungry

feeling dizzy

feeling anxious or irritable

sweating

shaking

tingling lips

heart palpitations

feeling tired or weak

changes in your vision such as blurred vision

feeling confused

Management

If the patient is diabetic and conscious, they should check their blood sugar levels if they are low they should then have something sugary or a glucose tablet if they available. Keep the patient sat to prevent falling. After 10/15 minutes the patient should check their bloody sugar levels again if risen that is fine if not, the process should be repeated until they have risen to normal again.

If the patient is unconscious, do not give the patient something to eat or drink as they will choke. They should be placed in the recovery position and given a glucagon injection straight away if you know how to use them and they are available. If the patient starts to recover within 10 minutes the patient may be given food or drink to raise the blood sugar even higher. However if they do not recover in 10 minutes 999 should be dialed immediately. The first aider should stay with the patient until fully recovered or taken to hospital.

Emergency Drugs

Glucagon is the emergency drug used to bring blood sugar levels up. This helps the patient if they are unconscious to bring their levels up if they are unable to consume food or drink whole.

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signs and symptoms of angina are:

feels tight, dull or heavy – it may spread to your arms, neck, jaw or back

stops within a few minutes of resting

chest pain

Management

Instruct the casualty to stop what they are doing and help them to sit down. Try to reassure them and make them comfortable. If the casualty is not diagnosed with angina and has chest pain call 999/112 for emergency help. Ask if the casualty has any angina medication, like a spray or tablets. If they do, let them take it themselves but help them if needed. If the pain is still there five minutes after taking the medication, suggest they take a second dose and keep any bystanders away. If they are still in pain after another five minutes, or the pain returns, suspect it’s a heart attack. Call 999 or 112 for emergency help. If the pain subsides within 15 minutes after they’ve rested or taken medication, they should usually be able to go back to what they were doing.

Emergency drugs

nitroglycerin and aspirin are two of the emergency drugs used as they promote blood flow. Also oxygen would be used to help oxygen in the blood as this would help the heart muscles receive the oxygen rich blood.

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One major hazard could be foreign object inhalation this usually results in an obstruction of a specific area of the respiratory tract. Another hazard is choking, the patient being lay down and suddenly waking up could cause the saliva to choke the patient if suddenly becoming alarmed.

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Try to keep the person calm.

Ask them to cough to try to remove the object.

If coughing doesn't work, call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance.

Bend the person forward and give them up to 5 sharp blows on the back between the shoulder blades with the heel of one hand.

If the person is a child, kneel down behind them.

Use the heel of your free hand to give 5 quick thumps (back blows) between the person's shoulder blades.

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Some signs and symptoms of a myocardial infarction are:

chest pain

pain in other parts of the body – it can feel as if the pain is spreading from your chest

feeling lightheaded or dizzy

sweating

shortness of breath

feeling sick

being sick

an overwhelming feeling of anxiety

coughing or wheezing

Management

The first thing that should be done is 999 should be dialed. If the patient is not allergic to aspirin and is conscious the best thing they can do is chew aspirin. Help the patient sit down. Also give the patient constant reassurance as this can help calm a patient down and make the patient feel at ease helping the patient to focus less on the pain and more trying to breathe normally.

Emergency drugs

Aspirin should be given to the patient to chew on providing the patient is not allergic to it. This helps to thin the blood helping to ease the clot.

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Some signs and symptoms of a cardiac arrest are:

unresponsive.

not be breathing normally (taking slow, gasping, sometimes noisy breaths).

show no movement or signs of life.

management

First of all 999 should be dialed. If a defibrillator is nearby get this and set it up as the instructions state ripping any clothes before placing the pads on the patient. If a defibrillator is not available CPR should be started from the start. Kneel by the casualty and put the heel of your hand in the middle of their chest. Put your other hand on top of the first. Interlock your fingers making sure they don't touch the ribs.

Keep your arms straight and lean over the casualty. Press down hard, to 4-6 cm, then allow the chest to come back up. Push at a rate of 100-120 per minute (The beat of the song "Staying Alive" can help you keep the right rate).  The ambulance emergency medical advisor will tell you the rate to push at too.After 30 chest compressions, you should ideally give two rescue breaths. This is done by placing one hand on the forehead and two fingers (of your other hand) underneath the tip of the chin. Using the hand on the forehead, pinch the casualty's nose with your finger and thumb, allowing the casualty's mouth to fall open. Take a breath and place your lips around the casualty's mouth, forming a seal. Blow into the casualty's mouth until the chest rises. Repeat 30 chest compressions at a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute, to 2 breaths.  If you can't give two rescue breaths, just give continuous chest compressions. This should be continued until emergency services are available.

Emergency drugs

Adrenaline could be used if on hand as this helps the start of spontaneous circulation and restarting a heartbeat.

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Some signs and symptoms of a cardiac arrest are:

Biting the cheek, lips or tongue

Drooling

Difficulty breathing

Loss of bladder/bowel control

After a seizure, the person may have headache, drowsiness and confusion

Management

First of all look to see if the patient is near any danger. only move them if they are, such as near a busy road or hot cooker. You should then cushion their head if they're on the ground if not lower them to the ground lowly and then use something such as a coat to cushion teir head. Loosen any tight clothing around their neck, such as a collar or tie, to aid breathing. Turn them on to their side after their convulsions stop- the recovery position. You stay with them and talk to them calmly until they recover. Make sure to note the time the seizure starts and finishes

Emergency drugs

Diazepam if available should be used to stop the muscle spasms. This will slow the seizure down and stop the spasms helping the patient to be slowly be able to control themselves.

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Signs and symptoms of Anaphylaxis are:

swelling of your throat and tongue

difficulty breathing or breathing very fast

difficulty swallowing, tightness in your throat or a hoarse voice

wheezing, coughing or noisy breathing

feeling tired or confused

feeling faint, dizzy or fainting

skin that feels cold to the touch

blue, grey or pale skin, lips or tongue

Management

First thing you should do is lie the patient down and if they are struggling to breathe elevate their legs. If the patient has been stung, remove the sting straight away. the patient should be injected with an epi-pen to relieve symptoms. If symptoms do not improve within 5 minutes use a second injection. If the condition is worsening, or not improving ring 999.

Emergency drugs

one emergency drug that should be used is the epi-pen they have been prescribed. Another drug that may be used is oxygen as this increases oxygen levels if they are low.

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Some signs and symptoms of a stroke are:

face has drooped to one side

patient is not able to lift both arms

speech is slurred

Management

Call emergency services straight away. Try to stay as calm as possible while waiting for emergency help. Make sure they’re in a safe, comfortable position. Preferably, this should be lying on one side with their head slightly raised and supported in case they vomit.

Check to see if they’re breathing. If they’re not breathing, perform CPR If they’re having difficulty breathing, loosen any constrictive clothing, such as a tie or scarf. Don’t give them anything to eat or drink. Avoid moving the patient Observe the person carefully for any change in condition. Be prepared to tell the emergency operator about their symptoms and when they started. Be sure to mention if the person fell or hit their head.