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Memories shape who we are and how we recall information (Harvard Health Publishing, 2022). They tell the story of who we are and who we are connected to through a sea of images stored throughout different parts of our brains (Psychology Today, n.d.).

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This memory gathers and stores information about sensory stimuli that have just been experienced, such as sights, sounds, and touch sensations (Psychology Today, n.d.). The sensory components of a memory are stored in different areas of the brain and are pieced back together as the memory is recalled (Harvard Health Publishing, 2022).

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Information that only lingers from a few seconds to a few moments makes up our short-term memory. Information is only stored for a brief period before it is either forgotten or retained in our long-term memory (Psychology Today, n.d.). Keeping unnecessary information would clutter our brains, so it must be disregarded (Harvard Health Publishing, 2022).

Students must practice rehearsing concepts to transfer them from short-term memory to long-term memory (Sousa, 2022).

Today's students struggle to concentrate on a topic for extended periods due to the constant distractions of their ever-changing device screens. More retention can occur when teachers make their lessons shorter, yet more meaningful.

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Information is stored in our long-term memory for preservation and retrieval at a later time (Psychology Today, n.d.). Facts, knowledge, events, skills, and processes are stored in a person's long-term memory (Harvard Health Publishing, 2022).

"Practice makes permanent" (Sousa, 2022).

Repeated practice for concept and skill retention begins with rehearsal in working memory, then moves throughout the motor cortex and cerebellum, where it can later be recalled and practiced.

When we retrieve information from our long-term storage, we are also storing newly learned material alongside it, causing alterations and relearning (Sousa, 2022).

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Healthy diet: leafy green vegetables, nuts, berries, tea, coffee, and oily fish

Exercise regularly.

Do not smoke.

Drink alcohol in moderation, or not at all.

Monitor hearing, vision, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, thyroid function, and blood sugar levels.

Get enough sleep.

Meditate or use other stress reduction techniques.

Have a network of positive social relationships.

Keep your mind learning and stimulated for the production of new brain cells.

(Harvard Health Publishing, 2022)

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A person's genetic makeup and lifestyle choices can influence their memory as they age. As a result of aging, the brain's chemistry and structure change. The hippocampus, which is crucial for processing memories, shrinks. As people age, their ability to recall information may take longer than it did previously (Harvard Health Publishing, 2022).

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Traumatic brain injuries can occur when a sudden assault causes damage to the brain. These injuries can happen from high-impact sports trauma, such as that inflicted by boxing, soccer, or football (Harvard Health Publishing, 2022). They can also result from motor vehicle accidents, violence, or falls (Johns Hopkins Medicine, n.d.).

Bruising, tearing of tissues, internal bleeding, and swelling of the brain are all possible results of head trauma.

Brain injuries can vary in severity. Some may be mild and heal over time. Others are more permanent and can cause cognitive, functional, language, perceptual, and speech deficits, as well as many other difficulties (Johns Hopkins Medicine, n.d.).

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Mild Cognitive Impairment:

Memory loss or a decline in cognition that is worse than what should be expected for a person's age.

Amnestic: Mild decline; does not significantly affect daily functions.

Non-amnestic: Decline in language, spatial awareness, and ability to focus and pay attention.

Dementia:

Such severe symptoms that an individual must depend on others to carry out daily functions. Memory loss, impaired judgment, difficulty speaking and understanding, and impaired spatial awareness are some symptoms. Those suffering from dementia often undergo personality changes and show signs of agitation.

Alzheimer's Disease:

This type of dementia primarily affects short-term memory and worsens over time. Those who suffer from this disease often ask the same questions over and over again, forgetting they have already been given a response. They can also experience personality changes. Beta-amyloid and tau proteins kill brain cells that are necessary for memory, personality, and cognitive functions.

Parkinson's Disease: Individuals often suffer from difficulties with executive functioning, retrieving information, and maintaining focus.

Vascular Dementia: Blood flow to the brain, which supplies it with oxygen and nutrients, is interrupted. These symptoms can be noticed after a stroke, brain bleed, or head trauma. Symptoms depend on which parts of the brain have been affected.

(Harvard Health Publishing, 2022).

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Harvard Health Publishing. (2022, March 21). Memory. https://www.health.harvard.edu/topics/memory

Johns Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.). Traumatic brain injury. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/traumatic-brain-injury

Psychology Today. (n.d.). Types of memory. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/memory/types-of-memory

Sousa, D.A. (2022). How the brain learns (6th ed.). Corwin Press, Inc.

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The transfer process enables us to apply the knowledge and problem-solving skills we have learned in one setting to other situations (Sousa, 2022).

When the knowledge we have gained in the past helps us with new learning, we have experienced positive transfer.

Negative transfer can also occur when past learning interferes with new learning, causing confusion and errors.

Our brains are wired to use our past experiences to guide our future learning.

Teachers use the power of transfer in educational settings each time they refer to a student's past learning to make their current learning more meaningful and relatable.

Students need to be able to transfer what they have learned in school to aspects of their everyday lives outside of school.

Transfer helps students retain information by relating their past learning to their current knowledge, making it more comprehensible.

Implications: For positive transfer to occur, allowing information to be retained in long-term memory, the original learning that took place in the past must have been of high quality (Sousa, 2022).

Attempting to learn too many things at once will hinder the transfer process because rote memorization does not provide the learner with meaning, resulting in a lack of linkage to prior learning.

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Past Learning → Helps in → Present Learning

Present Learning → Helps in → Future Learning

(Sousa, 2022).

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Help students associate new learning with things they already know.

Stress how current learning will impact future learning.

Chunk: Teach students how to break things they need to retain into relatable categories.

Help students learn strategies to stay organized.

Teach new material first during a lesson.

Do not teach similar concepts too closely together to avoid confusion.