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Siswa akan mampu memahami alat-alat kebijakan ekonomi yang digunakan pemerintah untuk mencapai tujuan ekonomi.

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Siswa dapat mengidentifikasi tujuan ekonomi seperti stabilitas harga, pertumbuhan ekonomi, dan peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat.

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Bagaimana pemerintah menggunakan kebijakan ekonomi untuk mencapai tujuan ekonomi?

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Guru akan menjelaskan tiga alat kebijakan ekonomi utama: kebijakan moneter, kebijakan fiskal, dan kebijakan perdagangan.

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What Is An Economic Policy? - CountyOffice.org

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Siswa dibagi ke dalam kelompok untuk membahas contoh kebijakan ekonomi di Indonesia, seperti subsidi BBM atau kenaikan suku bunga BI.

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Jakarta, the financial centre of Indonesia

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Siswa diminta untuk membuat diagram yang menghubungkan alat kebijakan ekonomi dengan tujuan perekonomian.

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Siswa yang membutuhkan bimbingan tambahan akan diberi tugas untuk membaca artikel tentang kebijakan ekonomi Indonesia. Siswa yang membutuhkan tantangan akan ditugaskan menganalisis data mengenai efek kebijakan ekonomi.

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The largest economy in Southeast Asia, Indonesia - a diverse archipelago nation of more than 300 ethnic groups - has charted impressive economic growth since overcoming the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s.

Today, Indonesia is the world's fourth most populous nation and 10th largest economy in terms of purchasing power parity. Furthermore, Indonesia has made enormous gains in poverty reduction, cutting the poverty rate by more than half since 1999, to under 10 percent in 2019 before the COVID-19 pandemic hit. Indonesia assumed the G20 Presidency this year, encouraging all countries to work together to achieve a stronger and more sustainable recovery from the pandemic's impacts.

Indonesia's economic planning follows a 20-year development plan, spanning from 2005 to 2025. It is segmented into 5-year medium-term development plans called the RPJMN ( Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional), each with different development priorities. The current medium-term development plan is the last phase of the 20-year plan. It aims to further strengthen Indonesia's economy by improving the country's human capital and competitiveness in the global market.

With its economy impacted by the pandemic, Indonesia went from upper-middle income to lower-middle income status as of July 2021. The pandemic also partially reversed recent progress in poverty reduction, from the record-low of 9.2 percent in September 2019 to 9.7 percent as of September 2021.

As Indonesia's economy is now recovering, the country's GDP growth is projected at 5.1 percent in 2022, supported by growing commodity exports and accommodative fiscal policy to weather the pandemic. Nevertheless, more challenging global conditions and COVID-19 scarring effects could derail the recovery.

Indonesia achieved a notable success in reducing its stunting rate from 37 percent in 2013 to under 24.4 percent in 2021. However, more work remains to be done to ensure strong and productive human capital development. The World Bank's Human Capital Index revealed that the loss of learning caused by the closing down of schools during the COVID-19 pandemic will have repercussions for Indonesia's next generation.

The World Bank is supporting Indonesia's COVID-19 emergency response, including strengthening elements of emergency response to the pandemic, supporting the government's free vaccination program, enhancements to social assistance and health care systems, and actions to strengthen the resilience of the financial sector.

In Indonesia, climate change is likely to impact water availability, health and nutrition, disaster risk management, and urban development - particularly in coastal zones, with implications to poverty and inequality. Indonesia represents the third largest tropical rainforest in the world (94.1 million hectares), and is home to the world's largest tropical peatlands (14.9 million hectares) and mangrove forests (3.31 million hectares). These natural resources store vast amounts of carbon that mitigate climate change impacts, crucial to sustain the livelihood of Indonesians and support the country's long-term development. The World Bank supports Indonesia's climate mitigation and adaptation measures to deliver impactful climate action in the sectors of land use, oceans, and energy, and by mobilizing climate finance. The World Bank's activities include support for the government's National Mangrove Program and the design and implementation of carbon pricing instruments as they play critical roles in increasing financing for climate actions.

Last Updated: Apr 05, 2022

The partnership between Indonesia and the World Bank has evolved over six decades. Indonesia is now one of the Bank's most significant partners in terms of lending, knowledge services, and implementation support. Since 2004, the World Bank's partnership with Indonesia has evolved toward supporting a country-led and country-owned policy agenda, consistent with Indonesia's status as a middle-income country.

In May 2021, after the completion of the  Systematic Country Diagnostics (SCD) for Indonesia and broad consultations with the government, civil society, and the private sector, a new Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for 2021-2025 was put in place. The CPF is aligned with the priorities of Indonesia's medium-term development plan, the RPJMN.

The CPF is supporting the government of Indonesia to promote inclusive and sustainable economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and achieve long-term economic growth. It is built around four engagement areas:

1. Strengthening economic competitiveness and resilience

2. Improving infrastructure

3. Nurturing human capital

4. Sustaining management of natural assets, natural resources-based livelihoods, and disaster resilience

Three cross-cutting themes: digitalization, gender, and climate change will run across the four engagement areas and are mainstreamed across all activities under the CPF.

Last Updated: Apr 05, 2022

Through the COVID-19 emergency response financing disbursed in May 2020 and additional financing in June 2021, the World Bank and its partners, including the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, KfW, and the government of Australia, are supporting Indonesia's health sector to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. Key achievements through this financing include the rollout of a national free vaccination program for adults, the securing of multiple sources of vaccine supplies since December 2020, and expanding the PCR network from 49 to 964 testing labs between March 2020 and February 2022.

Other achievements include an increase in hospital capacity for isolation and critical care beds (the latter increased from fewer than 4,000 beds in September 2020 to 11,124 beds in September 2021), as well as the government's continued commitment to cover COVID-related treatment costs for all its citizens. Indonesia now hosts the fifth largest COVID-19 vaccination program in the world, and by March 7 th, 2022, had already vaccinated 70 percent of its targeted population with at least one dose, and 53.5 percent of the population being fully vaccinated.

Promoting human capital is an important priority for Indonesia. The National Strategy to Accelerate Stunting Prevention, which was informed by advice from the World Bank and supported by the Investing in Nutrition and Early Years (INEY) Program, has reduced the national stunting rate by 6.4 percentage points in its three years of implementation since 2018. In 2022, the National Strategy has been rolled out to 514 districts in Indonesia. This achievement involved collaboration among a range of ministries and government institutions, development partners, civil society, academia, professional organizations, and the private sector - all working together to bring nutrition services to millions of pregnant women and children under two across the country.

The World Bank supports the government's Family Hope Program or Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH), which strives to end the cycle of poverty among the poorest. The PKH provides cash benefits to encourage beneficiary families to use maternal and child-related health and nutrition services and to send their children to school. In addition, the program also provides family development sessions and learning materials to beneficiary mothers so that they can gain better understanding of health and nutrition, good parenting practices, child protection, and financial management. The program has assisted families to improve their children's education and health as shown by several impact evaluations. A recent study shows that the cumulative impacts of PKH can reduce stunting by around 9 percentage points. Another study found that families that graduated from PKH with improved socioeconomic conditions maintained previously incentivized behaviors in education and health amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

On education outcomes, the PKH has helped to solve the last-mile enrollment problem for children aged 7 to 15, and eliminated more than half of nonenrolments. Since 2017, the government has expanded the program significantly in both coverage and benefit levels. In 2020, the program reached 10 million poor and vulnerable families. Most recently, the Bank provided US$98 million for the government's COVID-19 response to poor households under the Additional Financing for Indonesia's Social Assistance Reform Program for top-up of cash transfers to existing PKH beneficiaries under a new temporary emergency scheme.

The World Bank is helping to improve education quality in Indonesia's remote areas. Initiated in late 2016, the KIAT Guru pilot program has empowered communities and tied allowance payment to teachers' performance. Impact evaluations of the KIAT Guru pilot program, which included the end line and follow-up reports as well as a qualitative study, found that the pilot program had significantly improved learning outcomes and parental engagements compared to non-pilot schools. The World Bank supported the Ministry of Education and Culture in implementing and independently maintaining the pilot in over 400 schools. In 2020, the Ministry issued affirmative regulations on school operating funds for 55,115 schools serving remote and disadvantaged communities and adapted the pilot's digital diagnostic learning assessment nationwide.

Given the dire impact of climate change, the World Bank supports integrated landscape management to reduce deforestation and improve livelihoods. Through the Program to Accelerate Agrarian Reform and Sustainable Landscape Management Multi-Donor Trust Funds, the World Bank supports Indonesia in providing clarity on land rights and land use in the non-forest areas of Sumatra and Kalimantan. By 2021, the project has registered more than one million land parcels in non-forest areas. Further, through Strengthening of Social Forestry and the Strengthening Rights and Economies of Indigenous and Local Communities projects, 63 indigenous communities partners have received support to gain stronger recognition of tenure rights. Through Dedicated Grant Mechanism for Indigenous Peoples and local communities, an Adat community received recognition within Perhutani area, a jurisdiction under a state-owned forestry company for the first time. Given the critical role mangroves play for carbon storage and coastal resilience, the World Bank supports the Government's National Mangrove Program by preparing a Mangrove for Coastal Resilience through mangrove rehabilitation, conservation and promotion of coastal communities' livelihood. The World Bank's Program aims to contribute to 75,000 hectares of mangroves rehabilitation and 400,000 hectares of mangroves conservation, or almost 80 percent of the government's 600,000 hectares of mangroves rehabilitation target.

In the oceans sector, the World Bank supports the government of Indonesia in transitioning to a blue economy through the Indonesia Sustainable Oceans Program (ISOP). The World Bank develops knowledge, builds capacity, and finances on-ground investments to support sustainable fisheries, develop coastal livelihoods, build healthy ecosystems, reduce marine pollution, and strengthen policy and institutions. At the national level, the World Bank supported the development of the Presidential Regulation on Indonesia Maritime Policy Action Plan. Enacted in March 2022, the regulation provides guidelines for oceans policies in Indonesia and how these policies will be implemented by ministries/agencies in the marine sector. In East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), the program has improved the effectiveness of Marine Protected Area management. Further, in Raja Ampat, West Papua, and the Sawu Sea, NTT, the World Bank is helping communities protect critical ecosystems that underpin tourism and livelihoods in the islands.

Finally, to strengthen the country's efforts to increase the financing for climate actions in Indonesia, the World Bank supports the government's carbon pricing instruments. Similarly, to support reduction of emissions from deforestation, the World Bank has committed to providing results-based payment related to this agenda in East Kalimantan Province.

Last Updated: Apr 05, 2022

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Indonesia is now one of Asia Pacific's most vibrant democracies that has maintained political stability and emerged as a confident middle-income country.

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Siswa akan diberi kuis singkat untuk mengidentifikasi alat kebijakan ekonomi dan tujuannya.

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Guru akan mengamati partisipasi siswa selama diskusi kelompok untuk menilai pemahaman mereka.

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Siswa diminta untuk menulis esai singkat tentang salah satu kebijakan ekonomi di Indonesia dan dampaknya terhadap kesejahteraan masyarakat.

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Siswa akan berdiskusi tentang apa yang mereka pelajari dan mengapa kebijakan ekonomi penting bagi masyarakat.

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Tulis satu kebijakan ekonomi yang Anda anggap paling penting dan alasannya.

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Cari berita tentang kebijakan ekonomi terbaru di Indonesia dan hubungkan dengan salah satu tujuan ekonomi.

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- #1 English news source in Indonesia. Still bold, fiercely independent

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Buat presentasi singkat mengenai kebijakan fiskal atau moneter yang telah dilakukan pemerintah baru-baru ini.

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KedhapIE – Monetary and Fiscal Policy Interactions in Indonesia