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2.
What are the Causes and Effects of Earthquakes?

Generally, eartquakes are caused by the release of massive amount of energy at Earth’s crust that allows seismic waves to propagate along Earth’s surface. Earthquake happens due to the tension put on the ground by the tectonic plates when the latter get jammed. As the strain develops, the rocks give way and fault lines are created.

Earthquakes pose a great danger and destruction because they do not happen at once. Oftentimes, they are felt in series. Foreshocks are small earthquakes that commonly precede a major earthquake.

After the major earthquake, smaller earthquakes called aftershocks occur. These tremors are felt in the same region of the main shock.

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Differences & Similarities: Tsunamis, Seiches, and Floods

Tsunamis is a Japanese word for tidal wave or big wave in the port. The term was coined by the fisherman who returned to their ports after their villages had been devastated by a giant wave while the fishermen had not seen any waves in the open sea. Tsunamis are generated when the ocean floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlaying water. While Seiches, refers to a large waves that moves up and down instead of forward. It oscillates in a closed space such as a lake, resorvior, or swimming pool. Like tsunamis, seiches are caused by disturbances at the crustal plates. Floods are the most frequent type of natural disaster and occur when an overflow of water submerges land that is usually dry. Floods are often caused by heavy rainfall, rapid snowmelt or a storm surge from a tropical cyclone or tsunami in coastal areas. Floods can cause widespread devastation, resulting in loss of life and damages to personal property and critical public health infrastructure.

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1. Villarrica

Record of Eruption: 4 Fatal Eruptions
Type of Volcano:  Open System Basaltic Volcano
Significance:  One of Chile's most active volcanoes, rising above the lake and town of the same name. The volcano is also known as Rucapillán, a Mapuche word meaning "House of the Pillán". It is the westernmost of three large stratovolcanoes that trend perpendicular to the Andean chain along the Gastre Fault.
Other Features: One of a small number worldwide known to have an active (but in this case intermittent) lava lake within its crater.

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2. Antuco

Record of Eruption: 27
Type of Volcano: Strato Volcano
Significance: In central Chile rises majestically above the SW shore of Laguna de la Laja. Antuco is one of Chile's more active volcanoes.
Other Features: Known that the volcano experienced some activity in the 16th century. The 1624 eruption was strombolian forming a lava flow and resulting in the ejection of pyro clasts. Beginning with this eruption many more were recorded as the volcano lies near an Andean Mountain pass transited by the Spanish.

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3. Calbuco

Record of Eruption: 1893-1894
Type of Volcano: Strato Volcano
Significance: Consists mainly of blocky aa lava flows and tephra layers, and its summit is truncated by a 400-500 m wide summit crater.
Other Features: Along with its neighbor Osorno, is one of Chile's most active volcanoes. It is located 11 km south of Lake Llanquihue and 30 km NE of the town of Puerto Mont in the Lake District in southern Chile.

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My Reflection for the Theory of Everything

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My Reflection for the Theory of Everything

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1. What is the film all about? How it is related to science?
It is a hypothetical, singular, all-encompassing, coherent theoretical framework of physics that fully explains and links together all aspects of the universe. It describes the interactions of all known subatomic particles and three of the four fundamental forces: electromagnetism and the strong and weak nuclear forces, but not gravity.

2. What science concept did you learn from it?
Among these are the M-theory, D-brane, wormholes, string theory, tachyons, superluminal communication, and the theory of everything.

3. What lesson/s/value/s were evident in the film?
Life lessons. Importance of each of everyone's own lives.

4. How can you apply this/these lesson/s value/s in your day to day living?
By realizing the almost everything. We are stronger than other people think we are, think of no matter how much support we get, we're going to be alone in most of our struggles.

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1. Cerro Pelon Volcano

Record of Eruption: Last known was 2300 BCE

Type of Volcano: Active Volcano
Significance: Has become very famous in recent years due to the Cerro Pelón Butterfly Sanctuary. The mountain is an old volcano and is made of volcanic rocks.
Other Features: In addition, in the vicinity of this volcano, which rises to 1,700 meters above sea level, there is a lagoon that gives off gases of water vapor between pools of boiling mud.

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2. Fuego de Colima

Record of Eruption:  More than 30
Type of Volcano:  Active Volcano
Significance:  The Colima Volcano is located on the limits of Colima and Jalisco , however, it is better appreciated from the Colima territory, which is why it has become a characteristic element of this state because its imposing beauty is responsible for creating beautiful landscapes, yet its majesty is equivalent to its potential danger.
Other Features: It is the youngest of the three and as of 2015 is one of the most active volcanoes in Mexico and in North America.

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3. El Chichón

Record of Eruption: 1982
Type of Volcano: Active Volcano
Significance: Teaches us two very important lessons about monitoring volcanoes. First, even volcanoes that seem benign can be very dangerous. Over 75 percent of the major eruptions for the past few millenia have come from volcanoes with no known historical eruption.
Other Features: In southern Mexico forms a broad symmetrical cone with a diameter of 10 km at its base and is capped by a 600 m wide crater containing 80m high andesitic lava dome.

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1. Mount Aso

Record of Eruption: Approximately 300,000 Years Ago
Type of Volcano: Active Volcano
Significance: It is also known as Aso Volcano. Common use relates often only to the somma volcano in the centre of the Aso Caldera.
Other Features: In this sense, it is the largest active volcano in Japan and is among the largest in the world.

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2. Mount Meakan

Record of Eruption: 15 Times
Type of Volcano: Active Strato Volcano
Significance: It is an active volcano in Akan Mashu National Park, offering some of the most spectacular volcanic landscapes in all of Japan.
Other Features: Located southwest of Lake Akan, Meakan literally means "Female Akan", as opposed to Mount Oakan, the "Male Akan", which rises east of the lake.

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The Dynamic Earth: Assignment 2                                    

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The Dynamic Earth: Assignment 2                                    

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3. Journal/Photo Collage

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3. Sakujarima Volcano

Record of Eruption: 708 AD
Type of Volcano: Active Strato Volcano
Significance: Important part of Japanese Geological History.
Other Features: Japan has a volcano that is named Sakurajima, found in the Prefecture of Kagoshima. Sakurajima, when translated directly, means “Cherry Blossom Island”, though it is not an island anymore, nor does it have cherry blossoms.

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1. Mount Ibu

Record of Eruption: Few Eruptions only.
Type of Volcano:  Strato Volcano
Significance: Contained several small crater lakes through much of historical time.
Other Features: Has a truncated summit and a number of large nested summit craters.

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2. Mount Merapi

Record of Eruption: 68 Times
Type of Volcano: Active Volcano
Significance: The Gunung Merapi is the name of one of the most important volcanoes in Indonesia and also one of the most feared, and for many years, it has been within the most devastating volcanoes in the country.
Other Features: Mount Merapi means Mountain of Fire in Indonesian.

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3. Mount Sinabung

Record of Eruption: has since erupted violently in 2010, 2014, 2016, and 2018.
Type of Volcano:  Pleistocene-to-Holocene Strato Volcano
Significance: Sinabung is among more than 120 active volcanoes in Indonesia, which is prone to seismic upheaval due to its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire, an arc of volcanoes and fault lines encircling the Pacific Basin.
Other Features: The summit crater of the volcano has a complex, longer form due to vents migrating on the N-S line.

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3. Glacier Peak

Record of Eruption:  Has erupted at intervals of about 500 to 2,000 years during the past 6,000 years and at least twice during the past 2,000 years.
Type of Volcano:  Active Strato Volcano
Significance: It is the most remote of the five active volcanoes in Washington State, and more than a dozen glaciers descend its flanks, prompting its name.
Other Features: It has produced some of the largest and most explosive eruptions in the state.

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1. Mount Rainier

Record of Eruption:  Slight eruptions in 1843, 1854, 1858, and 1870.
Type of Volcano: Active Strato Volcano
Significance:  As part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, Mount Rainier is an outstanding example of Cascade volcanism. Mount Rainier's eruptions and mud flows have shaped the area and future eruptions are a potential threat to park visitors, employees, infrastructure, and surrounding lowland communities.
Other Features: Fumaroles, such as those found in the two summit craters of Mount Rainier, are volcanic vents that issue steam, hydrogen sulfide, and other gases.

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2. Mount Baker

Record of Eruption:  Approximately 1.15 Ma
Type of Volcano: Active Glacier-Covered Andesitic Strato Volcano
Significance: Snow and ice-covered Mount Baker, located in northern Washington, is the highest peak in the North Cascades.
Other Features: It is the only U.S. volcano in the Cascade Range that has been affected by both alpine and continental glaciation.