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Anamorphic lenses compress images horizontally to capture an artificially widened field of view (FOV) with a standard 4:3 size senso

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Stands for all the gear no idea

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how small items and then large items. If I apply this principle of gradation to photography, it is a matter of combining the different photographic elements in a progressive way.

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An in-plane switching (IPS) monitor is a type of LCD (liquid-crystal display) monitor.

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Diffraction is an optical effect which limits the total resolution of your photography — no matter how many megapixels your camera may have. It happens because light begins to disperse or "diffract" when passing through a small opening (such as your camera's aperture).

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To access Transform tools, first make a selection around the object or layer you want to modify. Then, go to Edit > Free Transform or use the [keyboard shortcut]

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The shortcut to create a clipping mask is Command + Option + G (macOS) or Control + Alt + G (Windows)

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Kerning is the process of adding or subtracting space between specific pairs of characters. Tracking is the process of loosening or tightening a block of text. Note: Values for kerning and tracking affect Japanese text but normally these options are used to adjust the aki between roman characters. Types of kerning.

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The vertical space between lines of type is called leading. Leading is measured from the baseline of one line of text to the baseline of the line above it. Baseline is the invisible line on which most letters—that is, those without descenders—sit

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About kerning and tracking. Kerning is the process of adding or subtracting space between specific pairs of characters. Tracking is the process of loosening or tightening a block of text

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The Sharpen tool focuses soft edges in a photo to increase clarity or focus. Oversharpening a photo gives it a grainy look. You can avoid oversharpening by setting a lower Strength value in the options bar

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The Dodge tool allows you to lighten specific areas of your image without affecting hue or saturation. Select the Dodge tool (O)

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Select and Mask makes selecting easier by putting all of the Selection Tools in one place. The Quick Selection Tool will guess-select a section of your subject based on where you paint. The Refine Edge Tool works well on fine areas like Hair.

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The Blur Tool lives in the toolbar on the left side of the Photoshop workspace window. To access it, located the teardrop icon, which you'll find grouped with the Sharpen Tool and Smudge Tool. Photoshop groups these tools together because they are all designed to either focus or defocus images

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Burn tool darkens areas of an image. The more you paint over an area with the Burn tool, the darker it becomes. From the toolbar, click and hold the icon for the Dodge, Burn

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The Smudge tool simulates a brush smearing wet paint. The brush picks up color where the stroke begins and pushes it in the direction you swipe or nudge it

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The Crop tool removes the part of an image surrounding the selection. Crop to remove distractive background elements and create a focus on your desired object in the image.

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The Horizontal Type tool allows you to add horizontal text to your images.

Select the Horizontal Type tool (T) .

Use the Options bar to customize tool settings, like Font Style, Font Size, and, Text Color, to get the effect you want.

Add point text (to add a few words like a heading or title) or paragraph text.

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The Gradient tool allows you to create gradual changes of color and light across an image with power and precision

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the Hand tool allows you to move your image while you're zoomed in to more than 100% and part of the image is out of view. Select the Hand tool (H) from the tool bar or press and hold the spacebar key to temporarily switch to the Hand tool.

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Click the magnifying glass in the toolbar to access the Zoom tool, and then click on the specific area you want to zoom in on. Or just press and hold the Z key

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The Brush tool allows you to paint on any layer, much like a real paintbrush. You'll also have different settings to choose from, which can help you customize it for different situations. shortcut shift + (B)

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The quick selection to quickly selects an area and does it by the tolerance you have set

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How to Use the Quick Selection Tool in Photoshop - Easy Guide

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Photoshop commands the respect of creative artists worldwide due to the rich repertoire of tools it offers for performing literally any type of enhancement, retouching or tweaking. Working with the background of the images is equally easy.

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The Polygonal Lasso is what you use when you need to select an unusual, angled shape. It is ideal for shapes that are not proportional and are therefore poorly suited to the marquee. Likewise, it is the right choice for complex, multi-sided shapes.

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its selects anything with the color you have clicked on

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Select an object with the Magic Wand tool

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Use the Magic Wand tool to quickly select an object you want to isolate.

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The Lasso tool is the original freehand selection tool in Photoshop

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The Spot Healing Brush tool magically removes unwanted spots, marks, or small objects in your image

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The Clone Stamp tool is most effective when you need to copy exact detail from one part of an image to another area

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The Spot Healing Brush tool magically removes unwanted spots, marks, or small objects in your image.

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If you want to remove something distracting from the background of an image or even out an area that appears irregular, such as acne on a model's face, you're going to want to use this tool.

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allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys

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Vibrance is often referred to as “smart saturation,” because it intensifies colors – but it does so more selectively.

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Contrast is the range of brightness, from lightest to darkest, in an image

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Hue refers to the pure spectrum colors, while value describes the lightness or darkness of a color.

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In photography and image processing, color balance is the global adjustment of the intensities of the colors

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the state or process that occurs when no more of something can be absorbed, combined with, or added.

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Because APS-C sensors are smaller, cameras can be made more compact and lighter, which is ideal for street and travel photography.

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The crop factor is sometimes referred to as "magnification factor", "focal length factor" or "focal length multiplier".

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In digital photography, the crop factor, format factor, or focal length multiplier of an image sensor format is the ratio of the dimensions of a camera's imaging area compared to a reference format; most often, this term is applied to digital cameras, relative to 35 mm film format as a reference. In the case of digital cameras, the imaging device would be a digital image sensor. The most commonly used definition of crop factor is the ratio of a 35 mm frame's diagonal (43.3 mm) to the diagonal of the image sensor in question; that is, . Given the same 3:2 aspect ratio as 35mm's 36 mm × 24 mm area, this is equivalent to the ratio of heights or ratio of widths; the ratio of sensor areas is the square of the crop factor.

The crop factor is sometimes used to compare the field of view and image quality of different cameras with the same lens. The crop factor is sometimes referred to as the focal length multiplier ("Film") since multiplying a lens focal length by the crop factor gives the focal length of a lens that would yield the same field of view if used on the reference format. For example, a lens with a 50 mm focal length on an imaging area with a crop factor of 1.6 with respect to the reference format (usually 35 mm) will yield the same field of view that a lens with an 80 mm focal length will yield on the reference format. If it is desired to capture an image with the same field of view and image quality but different cameras, the aperture and ISO settings also need to be adjusted with respect to the crop factor. The focal length of the lens does not change by using a smaller imaging area; the field of view is correspondingly smaller because a smaller area of the image circle cast by the lens is used by the smaller imaging area.

The terms crop factor and focal length multiplier were coined to help 35 mm film format SLR photographers understand how their existing ranges of lenses would perform on newly introduced DSLR cameras which had sensors smaller than the 35 mm film format, but often utilized existing 35 mm film format SLR lens mounts. Using an FLM of 1.5, for example, a photographer might say that a 50 mm lens on a DSLR "acts like" its focal length has been multiplied by 1.5, which means that it has the same field of view as a 75 mm lens on the film camera that they are more familiar with. Of course, the actual focal length of a photographic lens is fixed by its optical construction, and does not change with the format of the sensor that is put behind it.

Most DSLRs on the market have nominally APS-C-sized image sensors, smaller than the standard 36 × 24 mm (35 mm) film frame. The result is that the image sensor captures image data from a smaller area than a 35 mm film SLR camera would, effectively cropping out the edges of the image that would be captured by the 36 mm × 24 mm 'full-size' film frame.

Because of this crop, the effective field of view (FOV) is reduced by a factor proportional to the ratio between the smaller sensor size and the 35 mm film format (reference) size.

For most DSLR cameras, this factor is 1.3-2.0×. For example, a 28 mm lens delivers a moderately wide-angle FOV on a 35 mm format full-frame camera, but on a camera with a 1.6 crop factor, an image made with the same lens will have the same field of view that a full-frame camera would make with a ~45 mm lens (28 × 1.6 = 44.8). This narrowing of the FOV is a disadvantage to photographers when a wide FOV is desired. Ultra-wide lens designs become merely wide; wide-angle lenses become ' normal'. However, the crop factor can be an advantage to photographers when a narrow FOV is desired. It allows photographers with long-focal-length lenses to fill the frame more easily when the subject is far away. A 300 mm lens on a camera with a 1.6 crop factor delivers images with the same FOV that a 35 mm film format camera would require a 480 mm long focus lens to capture.

For a given exposure, for example for a fixed focal-plane illuminance and exposure time, larger image sensors capture more photons and hence produce images with less image noise and greater dynamic range than smaller sensors. Due to the statistics of photon shot noise, the desirable properties of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and sensor unity gain both scale with the square root of pixel area.

Since crop factor is inversely proportional to the square root of sensor area (to within a small aspect ratio-dependent factor), it is useful for estimating image sensor performance. For example, if two different-sized image sensors have the same aspect ratio and a resolution of 10 megapixels, and are made using similar technology, the larger sensor will have better signal-to-noise ratio by a factor equal to the ratio of the two sensors' crop factors. The larger sensor has the smaller crop factor and the higher signal-to-noise ratio.

Most SLR camera and lens manufacturers have addressed the concerns of wide-angle lens users by designing lenses with shorter focal lengths, optimized for the DSLR formats. In most cases, these lenses are designed to cast a smaller image circle that would not cover a 24×36 mm frame, but is large enough to cover the smaller 16×24 mm (or smaller) sensor in most DSLRs. Because they cast a smaller image circle, the lenses can be optimized to use less glass and are sometimes physically smaller and lighter than those designed for full-frame cameras.

Lenses designed for the smaller digital formats include Canon EF-S and EF-M lenses, Nikon DX lenses, Olympus Four Thirds System lenses, Sigma DC lenses, Tamron Di-II lenses, Pentax DA lenses, Fujifilm XF and XC lenses, and Sony Alpha (SAL) DT & E lenses. Such lenses usually project a smaller image circle than lenses that were designed for the full-frame 35 mm format. Nevertheless, the crop factor or FLM of a camera has the same effect on the relationship between field of view and focal length with these lenses as with any other lens, even though the projected image is not as severely "cropped". In this sense, the term crop factor sometimes has confusing implications; the alternative term "focal length multiplier" is sometimes used for this reason.

Smaller, non-DSLR, consumer cameras, typically referred to as point-and-shoot cameras, can also be characterized as having a crop factor or FLM relative to 35 mm format, even though they do not use interchangeable lenses or lenses designed for a different format. For example, the so-called "1/1.8-inch" format with a 9 mm sensor diagonal has a crop factor of almost 5 relative to the 43.3 mm diagonal of 35 mm film. Therefore, these cameras are equipped with lenses that are about one-fifth of the focal lengths that would be typical on a 35 mm point-and-shoot film camera. In most cases, manufacturers label their cameras and lenses with their actual focal lengths, but in some cases they have chosen to instead multiply by the crop factor (focal length multiplier) and label the 35 mm equivalent focal length. Reviewers also sometimes use the 35 mm-equivalent focal length as a way to characterize the field of view of a range of cameras in common terms.

For example, the Canon Powershot SD600 lens is labeled with its actual focal length range of 5.8-17.4 mm. But it is sometimes described in reviews as a 35-105 mm lens, since it has a crop factor of about 6 ("1/2.5-inch" format).

The crop factor is sometimes referred to as "magnification factor", "focal length factor" or "focal length multiplier". This usage reflects the observation that lenses of a given focal length seem to produce greater magnification on crop-factor cameras than they do on full-frame cameras. This is an advantage in, for example, bird photography, where photographers often strive to get the maximum "reach". A camera with a smaller sensor can be preferable to using a teleconverter, because the latter affects the f-number of the lens, and can therefore degrade the performance of the autofocus.

A given lens casts the same image no matter what camera it is attached to. The extra "magnification" occurs when the image is enlarged more to produce output (print or screen) that matches a standard output size. That is, the magnification, as usually defined from subject to focal plane, is unchanged, but the system magnification from subject to final output is increased.

When a lens designed for 35 mm format is used on a smaller-format DSLR, besides the obvious reduction in field of view, there may be secondary effects on depth of field, perspective, camera-motion blur, and other photographic parameters.

The depth of field may change, depending on what conditions are compared. Shooting from the same position, with the same lens and same f-number as a non-cropped (full-frame) 35 mm camera, but enlarging the image to a given reference size, will yield a reduced depth of field. On the other hand, using a different lens with the same field of view as the non-cropped camera (matching the 35 mm-equivalent focal length), at same f-number, the smaller camera's depth of field is greater.

Perspective is a property that depends only on viewpoint (camera position). But if moving a lens to a smaller-format camera causes a photographer to move further from the subject, then the perspective will be affected.

The extra amount of enlargement required with smaller-format cameras increases the blur due to defocus, and also increases the blur due to camera motion (shake). As a result, the focal length that can be reliably hand-held at a given shutter speed for a sharp image is reduced by the crop factor. The old rule of thumb that shutter speed should be at least equal to focal length (in millimetres) for hand-holding will work equivalently if the actual focal length is multiplied by the FLM first before applying the rule.

Many photographic lenses produce a more superior image in the center of the frame than around the edges. When using a lens designed to expose a 35 mm film frame with a smaller-format sensor, only the central "sweet spot" of the image is used; a lens that is unacceptably soft or dark around the edges can give better results on a smaller sensor. However, since the image projected onto the sensor must be magnified more to make a print using a smaller sensor, lenses used on smaller formats must deliver a higher-resolution image to the sensor for acceptable quality and the smaller sensor must have higher SNR in order to compensate the reduced amount of light captured by the lens actually hitting on the sensor.[citation needed ]

Crop factor figures are useful in calculating 35 mm equivalent focal length and 35 mm equivalent magnification. Some common crop factors are:

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In digital photography, the crop factor, format factor, or focal length multiplier of an image sensor format is the ratio of the dimensions of a camera's imaging area compared to a reference format; most often, this term is applied to digital cameras, relative to 35 mm film format as a reference.

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full-frame camera is a camera with a full-frame sensor. This is an image sensor that's the same size as the sensor of an analog camera.

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What Are Scrims and Flags? A scrim is a material placed between your light source and your subject that either reduces light or diffuses (and reduces) light

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A reflector is a photography tool used to redirect light to a subject or scene. It doesn't create light; rather, it redirects light that is already there.

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Post-processing encompasses every change you make to a video or photo after you download the RAW file to your computer.

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Layer masking is a nondestructive way to hide parts of an image or layer without erasing them

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is a digital camera that combines the optics and the mechanisms of a single-lens reflex camera with a solid-state image sensor and digitally records the images from the sensor.

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Metadata means "data about data". Metadata is defined as the data providing information about one or more aspects of the data;

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A thumbnail is a small image representation of a larger image, usually intended to make it easier and faster to look at or manage a group of larger images.

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Fisheyes are almost always used for underwater photography where there are no straight lines to worry about

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A macro lens is a camera lens designed to capture small subjects at close distances.

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Vibration Reduction (VR) is an image stabilization technology that minimizes blur caused by camera shake.

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A prime lens is a lens with a fixed focal length, typically with a maximum aperture of f/1.2-f/2.8. They're fantastic for filmmakers and photographers who want the best optical quality and prefer a shallower depth of field in their images and footage.

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a lens with a longer focal length than standard, giving a narrow field of view and a magnified image.

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the period of time just before sunrise or just after sunset when the sun casts a diffuse light from below the horizon and the sky takes on a vivid blue tone.

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Double exposure photography is a technique that layers two different exposures on a single image, combining two photographs into one.

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The Definition of Triadic Color Scheme. A triadic color scheme consists of three colors. Unlike colors that sit next to or directly across each other, triadic colors are equidistant on the color wheel. When you join these colors, they form a triangle. Visual representation of a triadic color scheme on a color wheel.

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the period of the day just before the sun sets or after it rises, when the light is redder and softer than usual so that photographs taken in it have a pleasing quality : The golden hour is when photographers often do their best work.

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HDR stands for high dynamic range. Put simply, it's the range of light and dark tones in your photos. The human eye has a very high dynamic range — which is why we can see details in both shadows and highlights.

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An image file format is a file format for a digital image.

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RAW files contain uncompressed and unprocessed image data, allowing photographers to capture practically every detail they see in their viewfinder

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a format for compressing image files."a JPEG image"

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PSD stands for “Photoshop Document.” Originating from Adobe Photoshop, a PSD file is more than a simple image. At its core, a PSD is a canvas that supports multiple layers of images, text, and other graphical elements.

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PNG is short for Portable Network Graphic, a type of raster image file

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SOOC is an abbreviation of the photography term “Straight Out Of Camera”, simply meaning that an image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing.

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DPI refers to the number of printed dots contained within one inch of an image printed by a printer. PPI refers to the number of pixels contained within one inc

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In digital photography, resolution is the level of detail contained in an image

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The aspect ratio is the proportional relationship between an image's width and height.

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To “crop” an image is to remove or adjust the outside edges of an image (typically a photo) to improve framing or composition, draw a viewer's eye to the subject, or change the size or aspect ratio.

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1. a horizontal bar, typically located at the top of the screen below the title bar, containing drop-down menus.

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1. (in a program with a graphical user interface) a strip of icons used to perform certain functions.

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Autofocus points are what the camera uses to focus on a subject.

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Exposure compensation basically helps you override automatic exposure adjustments your camera makes in situations with uneven light distribution, filters, non-standard processing, or underexposure or overexposure.

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A white card is usually used for judging exposure when shooting.

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Basically, when you bracket your shots you take exactly the same picture of your subject at several different exposures.

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the exposure level indicator shows how much your set exposure values deviate from the levels the camera believes are optimal, which always reside at the standard exposure index.

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a dark area or shape produced by a body coming between rays of light and a surface.

"trees cast long shadows

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A vignette is a darker border - sometimes as a blur or a shadow - at the periphery of photos

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Highlights are the lightest elements in an image, whereas shadows are the darkest areas.

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, Midtones Refer To The Tonal Range That Lies Between The Extreme Highlights And Shadows, Lending A Sense Of Depth, Dimension, And Naturalness To A Photograph.

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18% gray This corresponds to a mid-grey, the middle point between the darkest shadows and the brightest highlights

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They are red and orange and yellow . They are like sunset. And bring Joy.

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Shutter Speed Priority AE, or simply 'Shutter Priority', is a shooting mode whereby the photographer sets the shutter speed, while the camera automatically sets the Aperture.

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Evaluative metering is the mostly used automatic metering mode in everyday photography and can be applied in most shooting scenarios

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Center weighted metering is a camera metering mode. Center weighted metering places the highest importance in determining a correct exposure on information contained in the center of the frame.

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Partial metering covers only the centre 6.2% of the frame in the viewfinder, thus providing precise metering only for the subject.

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The most precise of the metering modes, spot metering evaluates light around the chosen focus point or centre of the frame.

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Cool colors are typified by blue, green, and light purple. They can calm and soothe.

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time-lapse photography. noun. photographing of a slow and continuous process at regular intervals, for projection at a higher speed.

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Burst mode is a camera function that allows you to capture a series of photographs in quick succession

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Panning is a photographic technique that combines a slow shutter speed with camera motion to create a sense of speed around a moving object

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Light painting is the art of creating photos by setting long exposure times on a camera and using a moving light source to “paint.

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Long exposure photography is the name given to the technique in which the camera's shutter is left open during a somewhat lengthy period of time.

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Shutter speed is exactly what it sounds like: It's the speed at which the shutter of the camera closes.

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Both a tripod and a monopod are accessories designed to support a camera. Where the two differ are their legs. A tripod has three legs (that's the “tri”). A mon

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What Is Bulb Mode on a Camera? Bulb mode simply allows the photographer to take a picture for as long as the shutter is depressed

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Shutter speed priority, also known as shutter priority mode, is when a photographer manually designates a shutter speed for a given exposure, and the camera automatically chooses an appropriate aperture and ISO setting to go with that shutter speed.

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Motion blur is a long exposure photography technique that lets you convey the feeling of movement or action in a still image.

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Camera shake is a term used to define the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images

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The gelatin silver process is the most commonly used chemical process in black-and-white photography, and is the fundamental chemical process for modern analog color photography

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An element of art that is two-dimensional, flat, or limited to height and width

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You have complete control of all the camera settings

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In program mode the camera selects and sets both the shutter speed and the aperture.