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The following collaborative project is  part of the eTwinning project Our cultural heritage 

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The following collaborative project is  part of the eTwinning project Our cultural heritage 

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It includes our research on traditions, customs, practices, expressions, knowledge, abilities or cultural representations passed down through generations. They represent our intangible heritage.

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Mucenici is a traditional Romanian and Moldovan holiday observed annually on March 9th to honor the 40 Martyrs of Sebaste, who were Roman soldiers persecuted for their Christian faith in 320 AD. This day also signifies the beginning of the agricultural year, blending religious reverence with cultural customs.

Origins of the Celebration

The 40 Martyrs of Sebaste were members of the Roman Legio XII Fulminata. Under Emperor Licinius, they faced persecution for their Christian beliefs. When they refused to renounce their faith, they were sentenced to freeze in a lake near Sebaste (present-day Sivas, Turkey). Their steadfastness and ultimate sacrifice have been commemorated by the Orthodox Church, particularly in Romania and Moldova

Traditions

On March 9th, various rituals are performed to mark the transition from winter to spring. These include spring cleaning, lighting fires to ward off cold, and preparing a special dish called "mucenici" or "sfințișori." The form and preparation of mucenici vary by region: Romania and Moldova.

Moldavian Mucenici

In the Moldavia region, mucenici are shaped like the number 8, symbolizing infinity and the human form. These are made from a yeast-based dough, baked until golden, then brushed with honey and sprinkled with ground walnuts. This version is also known as "sfințișori," meaning "little saints."

Muntenian and Dobrogean Mucenici

In Muntenia and Dobrogea, mucenici are smaller, also shaped like the number 8, but are boiled in a sweet broth flavored with sugar, cinnamon, and crushed nuts. This preparation is reminiscent of the lake where the martyrs met their fate.

Additional Customs

A notable tradition involves men consuming 40 (or 44) glasses of wine or spirits, symbolizing the strength and vitality of the martyrs. This practice is believed to ensure health and vigor for the coming year.

Significance of the Number 40

The number 40 holds biblical significance, reflecting periods of trial and transformation, such as the 40 days of fasting. In this context, it honors the 40 martyrs who sacrificed their lives for their faith.

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Dragobete is a traditional Romanian holiday celebrated on February 24. Dragobete was the son of Baba Dochia, which stands for the main person in the myth related to spring arrival and the end of the harsh winter. Due to his endless kindness he was chosen – according to some sources, by Virgin Mary – to be the Guardian of Love.

The day is particularly known as "the day when the birds are betrothed". It's said that If boys don't meet the girl they like, they will have really bad luck for the rest of the year. It is around this time that the birds begin to build their nests and mate. On this day, considered locally the first day of spring, boys and girls gather vernal flowers and sing together. Maidens used to collect the snow that lay on the ground in many villages and then melt it, using the water in magic potions throughout the rest of the year. Those who take part in Dragobete customs are supposed to be protected from illness, especially fevers, for the rest of the year. If the weather allows, girls and boys pick snowdrops or other early spring plants for the person they are courting. In Romania, Dragobete is known as a day for lovers, rather like Valentine's Day.

It is a common belief in some parts of Romania that, during this celebration, stepping over a partner's foot leads to the dominant role in the relationship. Dragobete customs vary from region to region.

In the countryside there is an old tradition with girls and boys going into the woods to pick flowers. When they return home, the traditions says that boys were running after girls to kiss them. If the girl liked the boy she let him kiss her. There is a saying in Romania that makes a lot of sense regarding this: "Dragobete kisses the girls".

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Mărțișor is a tradition celebrated at the beginning of Spring in March, involving an object made from two intertwined red and white strings with hanging tassel. It is practiced in Romania and Moldova, and very similar to Martenitsa tradition in Bulgaria, Martinka in North Macedonia and traditions of other populations from Southeastern Europe.

The word Mărțișor is the diminutive of marț, the old folk name for March (martie, in modern Romanian), and literally means "little March". The tradition originates from the Roman celebration of the New Year on 1 March.

Modern tradition involves wearing the small object on the chest like a brooch or a lapel pin, during the first part of the month, starting from 1 March. Some older traditions held it should be worn from the first new moon of March until next significant holiday for the local community, which could be anywhere between 9 March and 1 May, or until first tree flowers blossomed, depending on the area. It was also more commonly worn tied around the wrist or like a necklace.

The object

Nowadays a Mărțișor is made from silk strings, almost exclusively red and white. Before the 19th century various other colors were used: black and white in Mehedinți and in Aromanian communities, red only in Vâlcea, Romanați, Argeș, Neamț, and Vaslui, black and red in Brăila, white and blue in Vrancea, or even multiple colours in areas of southern Transylvania and Moldova. Likewise, the material used could have been wool, linen, cotton, or silk.

Charms were attached to the strings, mostly coins, usually silver, or cross pendants. Later these ornaments were shaped to resemble various images such as four-leaf clover, ladybug, snowdrop etc. Bulgarian Martenitsa models the tassel into small dolls called Pizho and Penda. In Moldova the pendant started being made in the shape of ethnographic objects in the later part of the 20th century.

General explanations have been given by the observers of the tradition for the object's appearance: the strings are believed to represent "funia anului" - the year's "rope", intertwining summer and winter, the pendant symbolized fortune and wealth, or, like a talisman, brought and preserved good health and beauty to the wearer.

The tradition

The object was worn primarily by children and women, less so by men, and rarely by old people. Almost each region had a different time frame for how long it should be kept, varying from 2–3 days in the Iași region of Moldavia, up to 2–3 months in the Vâlcea region of Oltenia. Very often the end of this period was associated with signs of spring in the natural world: the return of migratory birds such as swallows and white storks, the flowering of fruit trees (apple tree, cherry tree), the blossoming of roses, or with the next significant holiday in the calendar.

When the object is removed, it is customary to tie it to a branch of a tree or place it on a fence as a gift for migratory birds returning from the south. Less commonly north of the Danube, but often recorded in Dobruja, was the practice of leaving the Mărțișor under a rock, with the type of insects found on the spot being interpreted as omens, throwing it into a spring or river (Gorj), or even burning it. In modern times they are often kept as souvenirs.

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Sofia

We have a variety of traditions on New Year, but I will present the most known ones.

First, the children will go caroling with the Sorcova, which is sang with a beautifully decorated stick, or the Plugușor, which is sang with bells, from house to house. They are used to achieve health and prosperity in the near future. These are sang on the first day of the year, on Saint Vasile.

Also, people are trying their hardest not to get upset on this day so the next 12 months will be full of happiness and not grief.

Then there are also a lot of animal dances, which you can see almost everywhere in the country. Usually, the bear and the goat dance with different characters, for example, the devil. The significance of them is rebirth, especially from the agrarian side.

We mostly eat on the New Year’s Eve sarmale or cabbage rolls and mititei.

To attract positive energies, people wear brightly colored pieces of clothing, but red is the most worn one. From another point of view, red represents life and the warm seasons, while white represents the cold seasons and purity.

Thank you!

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The Călușari are the members of a fraternal secret society who practice a ritual acrobatic dance known as the căluș. Originally Romanian, the practice later spread to North Bulgaria. From three weeks after Easter until Pentecost, called Rusalii in Romanian, for around two weeks they have traditionally travelled to all their local communities where they would dance, accompanied by a few fiddlers.

The origins of the Călușari are unknown, although the first written attestations are from the 17th-century musical notations of Ioan Căianu.
Romanian historian of religion Mircea Eliade noted that "Although the oath taken is made in the name of God, the mythico-ritual scenario enacted by the calusari has nothing in common with Christianity" and that, in the 19th century at least, there was clerical opposition to the group, with its members being excluded from taking communion for three years in some regions.

Traditionally, the Călușari group is a secret, male-only society associated with a spring rite, possibly a remnant of tribal warrior societies. The group leader (usually an older man) recruits a number of acolytes, always young, single adults chosen for physical prowess. The group members take an oath of secrecy, whereupon they participate in an initiation rite and taught the forms of the dance. The groups of Călușari roam the country in spring-time, visiting villages by turns and taking part in the week-end dances - hora.

The căluș is a male group dance, although there are records of traditions from Oltenia region that included 1–2 young girls, now obsolete. A "bride" would be chosen by the group from each village they passed through, based on her dancing skills. The "bride" would be oath-bound to join in the ritual dance, for three years in a row.
Dancers wear white trousers and white tunics, with brightly coloured ribbons streaming from their hats. Bells are attached to their ankles, and dances include the use of ornate sticks held upright whilst dancing, or pointing at the ground as a prop. The dance itself is highly acrobatic, emphasizing extension and high jumps, much like the Ceili dance.
Like many Morris dances, in many traditions Călușari dancers include a fool, known as the "nebun", or "crazy".
The dance includes the following elements:
• The starting figure of walking, or a basic step, in a circle moving counter clockwise.
• More complex figures performed in place between walking steps.
• Figures are formed from combinations of elements, often have a beginning-middle-end structure.

Association with fairies

According to the Romanian historian Mircea Eliade, the Călușari were known for "their ability to create the impression of flying in the air"[5] which he believed represented both the galloping of a horse and the dancing of the fairies (zâne). Indeed, the group's patron was the "Queen of the Fairies" (Doamna Zânelor), who was also known as Irodiada and Arada, and who Eliade connected with the folkloric figure Diana.The Călușari were believed to be able to cure the victims of fairies.

Military elements

In their dance, the Călușari carried clubs and a sword, as well as a flag and a wooden horsehead. They swore on the group's flag to treat each other as brothers, to respect the customs of the Călușari and to remain chaste for the next nine days.Upon their return home, their flag was fixed into the ground, with one member climbing it and crying out "war, dear ones, war!".

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it is an ancient tradition that is practiced in many cultures around the world. This custom involves decorating the eggs with various patterns and colors, turning them into true ephemeral works of art. Although it may seem simple at first glance, egg painting is accompanied by a rich history and cultural significance.

Origins and Meanings

The exact origin of the tradition of dyeing eggs is still subject to debate, but it is believed to date back to the beginnings of Christianity, being associated with the celebration of Easter. Also, in the Christian tradition, the dipped eggs symbolically represent the resurrection of Jesus Christ.

Techniques and Materials

Depending on the region and culture, there are different techniques and materials used in the process of poking eggs. In some parts of the world, eggs are dyed in natural colors obtained from plants or spices, while in others special dyes or even melted wax are used to create intricate patterns.

One of the most well-known egg dyeing techniques is the wax dyeing technique, also known as the "pisantu" or "batik" technique. This method involves applying melted wax to the surface of the egg, followed by dyeing the egg in different colors. After the paint dries, the wax is removed, leaving behind beautiful patterns and designs.

What are the natural methods by which we can fertilize eggs

1. Plant dye: You can use different plants to get natural colors for eggs.

2. Spice paint: Spices such as curry, paprika or paprika can be used to achieve warm and vibrant colours.

3. Tea Dye: Tea can be used to create subtle and natural shades.

4. Coffee Dye: Hot coffee can be used to get an attractive brown color on eggs.

5. Dye from fruits and vegetables: Fruits and vegetables can be used to obtain a variety of colors.

In conclusion, the tradition of dyeing eggs is much more than just an Easter custom; it is an expression of cultural identity, an art form and a way of celebrating life and renewal. Through this ancient practice, people keep in touch with their past and pass on their values ​​and traditions from one generation to the next, thus creating a bridge between the past and the present in an ever-changing world.

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Colindatul cu Steaua,Sorcova și Plugușorul

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Colindatul cu Steaua,Sorcova și Plugușorul

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1. Sorcova – A New Year’s Blessing for Health and Prosperity

Sorcova is a special Romanian tradition celebrated on January 1st, primarily by children. On New Year's morning, kids go from house to house, gently tapping adults on the shoulder with a decorated stick called the sorcova, while chanting a well-known blessing.

Symbolism and Meaning

The sorcova itself is a small, brightly decorated stick or branch, sometimes made from fresh flowers, willow twigs, or artificial decorations. It represents rebirth, fertility, and longevity. The rhythmic tapping on the shoulder is meant to "transfer" health and youthfulness to the recipient for the coming year.

The traditional chant begins with:
"Sorcova, vesela, să trăiți, să-mbătrâniți,
Ca un măr, ca un păr, ca un fir de trandafir..."
which translates roughly to:
"Sorcova, joyful one, may you live and grow old,
Like an apple tree, like a pear tree, like a blooming rose..."

This custom expresses the hope that the new year will bring health, happiness, and prosperity. In return, the children receive small gifts, sweets, or money from the hosts.

2. Steaua – The Christmas Star Carol

Steaua (The Star) is a Christmas Eve and Christmas Day tradition in Romania, particularly popular among children. This caroling ritual reenacts the journey of the Three Wise Men (Magi) following the Star of Bethlehem to find baby Jesus.

How It’s Performed

Groups of children create a large, decorated star (stea) mounted on a wooden pole, often adorned with tinsel, colored paper, and an image of the Nativity scene. Carrying this star, they go from house to house singing carols about the birth of Jesus, such as:

"Steaua sus răsare
Ca o taină mare,
Steaua strălucește
Și lumii vestește
Că astăzi Curata,
Prea Nevinovata,
Fecioara Maria
Naște pe Mesia."

(Translation:
"The star rises above,
Like a great mystery,
The star shines bright,
Announcing to the world,
That today, the Pure One,
The Most Innocent,
The Virgin Mary,
Gives birth to the Messiah.")

The custom of Steaua has both religious and festive significance, reinforcing the Christian meaning of Christmas. Hosts typically reward the children with fruits, nuts, sweets, or money.

3. Plugușorul – A Ritual for Abundance and Prosperity

Plugușorul (The Little Plow) is a New Year’s Eve tradition, deeply rooted in Romania’s agricultural past. It is meant to ensure a good harvest, wealth, and good fortune in the upcoming year.

Origins and Performance

Plugușorul is performed by groups of young men or boys who recite or chant verses that describe the process of plowing and sowing the fields. The tradition is often accompanied by bells, whips, and even a symbolic wooden plow.The verses are long, rhythmic, and full of poetic descriptions of farm life. A famous excerpt is:

"Aho, aho, copii și frați,
Stați puțin și nu mânați,
Lângă boi v-alăturați
Și cuvântul mi-ascultați.
S-a sculat mai an
Bădița Traian
Și-a-ncălecat
Pe-un cal învățat,
Cu numele de Graur,
Cu frâu de aur..."

(Translation:
"Hey, hey, children and brothers,
Stop for a while and do not rush,
Gather near the oxen
And listen to my words.
Last year, good Traian arose,
And he mounted
A well-trained horse,
Named Graur,
With a golden bridle...")

The Plugușorul procession may also include cowbells, cracking whips, and musical instruments like flutes or drums, creating a lively atmosphere. In return, the performers receive traditional treats, wine, or money.

The Deeper Meaning of Plugușorul

This tradition symbolizes the renewal of life, the importance of hard work, and the hope for a fertile and prosperous new year. It reflects the deep connection of Romanian culture to farming and the land.

Conclusion: A Celebration of Romanian Heritage

Sorcova, Steaua, and Plugușorul are among the most cherished and enduring Romanian traditions. These customs blend Christian faith, folk beliefs, and agrarian symbolism, making the winter holidays a special and festive time for families and communities.Even today, these traditions are widely practiced in villages and some cities, helping to preserve Romanian folklore and identity across generations. Have you ever participated in any of these customs,

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Junii Brașovului or Junii from Șcheii Brașovului and old Brașov is a group of horsemen from Șcheii Brașovului, today with a ceremonial function, who, every year, parade on the streets of Brașov. Their celebration, according to some sources, would be a complex of customs that combine pre-Christian practices with Christian manifestations to render the old myth of death and the ritual rebirth of calendar time. Junii are grouped today into seven groups or groups of horsemen, legally organized in societies, whose mission is to preserve and promote the traditions of the Șcheii Brașovului and old Brașov, therefore it can be argued that the juniors also perform a ceremonial function, resuming and practicing old rituals every year. The most famous traditional event of the Juniors is „Riding Day ” or „Going down to the Citadel ” as is also known the riding parade of the junior groups through Șchei, but also on the streets of Brașov. Their feast on Tomii Sunday is unique in the space of the romance. Every year, in Șcheii Brașovului, on the first Sunday after Easter Răsăritene, ie on Tomii Sunday, both Brasov residents and tourists attend „Riding Day ” as a unique traditional event, a magnificent manifestation with elements of myth, pre-Christian rituals, but also ceremonial Christian thought, all Romanian

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The Târgul de Fete de la Căpâlna is a traditional event in Romania, held in the Șureanu Mountains area, in Alba County. It is a folk celebration with roots in ancient pastoral customs, where young people would come to find a life partner.

The fair usually takes place in July and brings together locals, tourists, and craftsmen from across the region. Originally intended to facilitate marriages among young people, the event now includes folk music performances, traditional dances, handicraft exhibitions, and contests inspired by rural life.

Over time, the Târgul de Fete de la Căpâlna has become more of a folklore festival than a matchmaking event, but it still retains its authentic charm. It is somewhat similar to the Târgul de Fete on Muntele Găina, a much more famous event in the same region.

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In Romania, weddings are full of traditions and customs that vary by region, but many are common throughout the country. Here are some of the most popular Romanian wedding traditions:

Courtship and Engagement

In the past, courtship was the moment when the groom’s family officially asked for the bride’s hand from her parents. Today, this tradition is more symbolic, but the marriage proposal and engagement remain important moments.

Dressing the Bride

On the wedding day, the bride is helped to get dressed by her bridesmaids and family. In many regions, the godmother (nășa) plays a key role in this ritual.

Groom’s Shaving Ceremony

A close friend or the best man pretends to shave the groom, symbolizing his transition from bachelorhood to married life.

Bringing the Bride and Negotiation

The groom arrives at the bride’s home, and sometimes a "negotiation" takes place between the groom and the bride's friends, who demand a "ransom" in the form of jokes or money. If the bride is "kidnapped," the groom must pay a symbolic ransom to get her back.