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(Individual) All 4 students must submit their discussion separately.  Write your name as the subject 

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(Individual) All 4 students must submit their discussion separately.  Write your name as the subject 

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(Individual) Each student is required to choose 1 of the following and submit their answers separately 

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(Individual) Each student is required to choose 1 of the following and submit their answers separately 

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1. Write the mechanism of cyclohexane with bromine in the Presence of sunlight. State the function of sunlight in this reaction

2. Write the mechanism of cyclobutane with bromine in the Presence of sunlight. State the function of sunlight in this reaction.

3. Write the mechanism of cyclopentane with chlorine in the Presence of sunlight. State the function of sunlight in this reaction.

4. Write the mechanism of cyclopropane with chlorine in the Presence of sunlight. State the function of sunlight in this reaction.

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Dropper

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1. To differentiate between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

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https://shorturl.at/Ge8SJ

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4 OF US STRVING TOWARDS 4 FLAT ✨🚀

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Compare and Contrast Alkanes and Alkenes            (10 marks) 

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Compare and Contrast Alkanes and Alkenes            (10 marks) 

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Introduction by Group A

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1. YUGENTRADESAN A/L JEGADESAN (MS2417121669)

2. KOGHULAN A/L THANABALAN (MS2417121669)

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2. As oxidising agent.                              3. Place cyclohexane and cyclohexene in the ice bath

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1. Lim Yuan Ping MS2417121755

2. Wong Yi Cheng MS2417121693

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4. Purple solution is decolourised.           5. Free radical substitution reaction.

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Compare and Contrast Alkanes and Alkenes         (10 marks)

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Compare and Contrast Alkanes and Alkenes         (10 marks)

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Introduction by Group B

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Test tube

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Rubber band

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Labelling paper

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Test tube rack

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Black sugar paper ( 6 cm × 12 cm )

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0.01 M KMnO4

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Cyclohexane

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Toluene

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4% bromine in dichloromethane

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Cyclohexene

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Dichloromethane

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Six dry, clean test tubes, A to F, were labeled.

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1 mL of cyclohexane was placed in test tubes A and B

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1 mL of cyclohexene was placed in test tubes C and D

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1 mL of toluene was placed in test tubes E and F

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Test tubes A, C, and E were wrapped with black sugar paper

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Four to five drops of 4% bromine in dichloromethane were added into each test tube

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Test tubes A, C, and E were kept in a dark place and left for 15 minutes

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Test tubes B, D, and F were placed in sunlight and left for 15 minutes

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The observations were recorded.

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The observations were recorded

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Dry, clean test tubes, G, H, and I, were labeled

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1 mL of cyclohexane was placed in test tube G

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1 mL of cyclohexane was placed in test tube H

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1 mL of toluene was placed in test tube I

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A few drops of alkaline KMnO₄ solution were added into each test tube

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The tubes were shaken

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The observations were recorded

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(Group) List two possible sources of error for this experiment 

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(Group) List two possible sources of error for this experiment 

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1. Accidental exposure of the dark test tubes (A,C and E) to light could alter reaction rates and effect the outcomes.

2. If the cyclohexane, cyclohexene, or tuolene samples are contaminated, the reactions may not proceed as expected, leading to inaccurate observations.

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Part A

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Part B

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(Group) Identify two precautions to improve the reliability of the experiment al results 

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(Group) Identify two precautions to improve the reliability of the experiment al results 

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1. Before using glassware, clean and dry it well to remove any residue or impurities.

2. To ensure full reactions and accurate observations, set a timer and leave all test tubes undisturbed for the specified 15 minutes reaction duration.

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3. Write the mechanism of cyclopentane with chlorine in the Presence of sunlight. State the function of sunlight in this reaction.

The sunlight provides the energy needed to break the bond between halogen atoms like Cl-Cl bond in this situation through homolytic cleavage. This process produce highly reactive halogen radicals

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(Group A) List two possible sources of error for this experiment 

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(Group A) List two possible sources of error for this experiment 

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1.No enough of sunlight exposure

2.Drops of bromine is inaccurate

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(Group A) Identify two precautions to improve the reliability of the experiment al results 

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(Group A) Identify two precautions to improve the reliability of the experiment al results 

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1. Wear gloves while handling the organic compunds which is cyclohexane, cyclohexene and toulene

2. Handle the organic compound

inside the fume chamber

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Write the mechanism of cyclohexane with bromine in the Presence of sunlight. State the function of sunlight in this reaction

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Record a 30s video saying what you have learned or gained from this experiment.

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You are required to fill in the blanks and make correct equation..

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Significance:

This reaction is used to produce alkyl halides, which are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of various organic compounds.

2-bromopropane, for instance, is a precursor in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals

In agriculture, halogenated alkanes are widely used as pesticides to protect crops from pests. A common example is 1,2-Dibromoethane, an effective soil fumigant and pesticide.

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Research: Use the internet to find at least one real-life example or application for each reaction:

Free Radical Substitution of Alkanes

Electrophilic Addition of Alkenes

Include Details: For each example, provide the following:

A brief description of the application or process (e.g., where and how the reaction is used).

The chemical involved in the reaction and its significance.

If possible, mention the industry or product that uses this reaction (e.g., pharmaceuticals, polymers, etc.).

Visuals:

Add relevant images, diagrams, or videos to support your examples.

Ensure the visuals are clear and appropriately credited (if taken from online sources).

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UV light generates chlorine radicals to initiate the reaction.

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Sunlight provides energy for homolytic cleavage of bromine molecule to produce bromine free radical

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Free Radical Substitution of Alkanes (Group 2)

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Free Radical Substitution of Alkanes (Group 2)

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Manufacture of Polymers The process of chlorination or bromination of alkanes can produce halogenated monomers which are further polymerized to make plastics like polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

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Fuels and Petrochemicals

The alkylation process is an industrial reaction where light alkenes ( propylene and butylene) react with isobutane in the presence of a strong acid catalyst to produce alkylate, a high-octane, branched alkane. This process enhances gasoline quality by increasing its octane rating, improving engine performances and reducing emissions.

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1. https://ibalchemy.com/20-1/

2. https://www.chemistrylearner.com/electrophilic-addition.html

3. https://youtu.be/ENTm5-Nh25Y?feature=shared

4. https://youtu.be/6pf-DPqGI64?feature=shared

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Electrophilic addition is a reaction where an electrophile reacts with an alkene to form a more saturated compound.

The process involves breaking a pi bond in the alkene and forming two new sigma bonds.

The reaction proceeds in two main steps:

1. Electrophilic Attack:

The pi electrons of the alkene double bond attack the electrophile (often a hydrogen from HX).

This results in the formation of a carbocation intermediate.

This step is rate-determining and involves breaking the pi bond and forming a new sigma bond.

From the diagram above, the Br-Br bond breaks heterolytically, as the new bond between the C and Br atom forms.

2. Nucleophilic Attack:

The nucleophile (often a halide ion X⁻) attacks the highly reactive carbocation intermediate.

This forms a new carbon-nucleophile bond, resulting in the final product.

From the diagram above, the final product is 1,2-dibromoethane.