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Period Name and Date: Period Characteristics

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Period Name and Date: Period Characteristics

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Direction Note: Be sure to add any special events according to their date as needed

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Direction Note: Be sure to add any special events according to their date as needed

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2200 B.C. to 1600 A.D.

2200 B.C.—Tower of Babel

1607—Early settlement at Jamestown

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1. Oral literature: epic narratives, creation myths, stories, poems, songs.

2. Use stories to teach moral lessons and convey practical information about the natural world.

3. Deep respect for nature and animals.

4. Cyclical worldview.

5. Figurative language/parallelism.

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The Bible teaches that after the Great Flood, Noah’s three sons—Shem, Ham, and Japheth—became the ancestors of all nations. Some theories suggest that Native Americans descended from one of these three lineages:

Japheth’s descendants – Some interpretations associate Native Americans with Japheth, as his descendants were said to migrate to distant lands.

Ham’s descendants – Others theorize that Native Americans might have originated from Ham’s lineage, particularly through migration from Africa or Asia.

The Tower of Babel – Some believe that after the confusion of languages at Babel, groups migrated across the world, including to the Americas.

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Agriculture: Native Americans domesticated crops like corn (known as maize), beans, squash, potatoes, and tomatoes, which became staple foods worldwide.

Medicine & Healing: Many herbal remedies used by Native Americans influenced modern medicine.

Democracy: The Iroquois Confederacy's government system is said to have inspired elements of the U.S. Constitution.

Art & Craftsmanship: Native Americans are known for intricate beadwork, pottery, weaving, and totem poles.

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies: Period Characteristics

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies: Period Characteristics

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1600-1800

1507: Early Settlement of the first American colonies - Jamestown

1692: Salem Witch Trials

1741: Jonathan Edwards "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies: Authors and Works

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies: Authors and Works

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William Bradford

-"Of Plymouth Plantation"

Anne Bradstreet (poetry)

John Edwards

-"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

Edward Taylor

-"Huswifery"

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies: Fact #1

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies: Fact #1

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1. They wrote mostly diaries and histories, which expressed the connections between God and their everyday lives.

2. South to "purify" the Church of England by reforming to the simpler forms of worship and church organization described in the New Testament.

3. They saw religion as a personal, inner experience.

4. They believed in original sin and "elect" who would be saved.

5. They often used a plain style of writing.

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies: Fact #2

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies: Fact #2

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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Puritanism

Puritan communities, especially in New England, were known for their tight knit and highly organized structure. They wanted to create a society based on their religious beliefs. Any deviation from accepted norms was often met with scrutiny and disapproval.

Puritan towns were laid out with a meeting house or church at the center. Houses were generally built close together, with purpose to grow social interaction and a sense of community.

Town meetings were a key part of Puritan life, where residents gathered to discuss and make decisions on local matters. Those meetings created a sense of shared responsibility and encouraged community involvement.

Membership in the church was a very important aspect of community life. Actions thought of as sinful or hurtful to the community could lead to consequences.

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Revolutionary War

Rationalism
"The Age of Reason"

1607 Early Settlement—Jamestown

1775-1783 Revolutionary War

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Benjamin Franklin
—Autobiography

Patrick Henry
—"Speech to the Virginia Convention"

Thomas Paine
—"The Crisis"

Phyllis Wheatley
—poetry

The Constitution

The Bill of Rights

The Declaration of Independence

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1. This period is mostly comprised of philosophers and scientists writing speeches and pamphlets

2. The belief was that human beings can arrive at truth by using deductive reasoning, rather than relying on the authority of the past, on religious faith, or intuition

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Enlightenment thinkers believed that human reason and science should guide decision making. This was a big shift from earlier times when monarchs and churches had most of the power.

In places like France, salons were gatherings where intellectuals, writers, and philosophers, often hosted by women, would meet to discuss new ideas about politics, philosophy, science, and art. These gatherings helped spread Enlightenment thinking across Europe.

Many Enlightenment thinkers supported freedom of religion. Voltaire, for example once said, “I do not agree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” He believed strongly in freedom of speech and religion.

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https://www.britannica.com/event/Enlightenment-European-history

Main Ideas of this time include:

Individualism: The idea emphasizing the importance of individual rights, freedoms, and autonomy. The belief that people should have the right to think, believe, and act independently, without interference by the state or other institutions

Rationalism: The idea that humans can use reason to gain knowledge

Empiricism: The idea that knowledge comes from experience and observation

Progressivism: The belief that humans can make unlimited progress over time through reason and observation

Cosmopolitanism: The idea that people are actively engaged citizens of the world

Skepticism: encouraged people to question established beliefs and authorities, examine claims, evidence, and assumptions with a critical eye, instead of blindly accepting them

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The Encyclopedie was essentially a collection of human knowledge written during the enlightenment. It originally consisted of 28 volumes, covering a huge array of topics, including science, arts, and trades. It featured contributions from many prominent philosophes and intellectuals of the time. The goal of the Encyclopedie was to gather and distribute all human knowledge, aiming to "change the way people think" and empower them with knowledge. It was supposed to provide concise, factual, and readily accessible summaries of information on many topics for everyone. The Encyclopedie had an impact in the Enlightenment and was very popular.

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, in full Encyclopédie, Ou Dictionnaire Raisonné Des Sciences, Des Arts Et Des Métiers, (French: "Encyclopaedia, or Classified Dictionary of Sciences, Arts, and Trades"), the 18th-century French encyclopaedia that was one of the chief works of the Philosophes, men dedicated to the advancement of science and secular thought and the new tolerance and open-mindedness of the Enlightenment. The Encyclopédie was a literary and philosophical enterprise with profound political, social, and intellectual repercussions in France just prior to the Revolution. Its contributors were called Encyclopédistes.

The Encyclopédie was inspired by the success of Ephraim Chambers' Cyclopaedia; or An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (London, 1728). Indeed, the work originated in an abortive attempt to put out a five-volume French translation of Chambers' Cyclopaedia. When this project collapsed in 1745, its intended publisher, André Le Breton, immediately embarked on plans for an expanded Encyclopédie. He secured the services of the mathematician Jean d'Alembert in 1745 and of the translator and philosopher Denis Diderot in 1746 to assist in the project. In 1747 Diderot undertook the general direction of work on the Encyclopédie, except for its mathematical parts, which were edited by d'Alembert. (D'Alembert resigned in 1758.) Seventeen volumes of the Encyclopédie's text were published between 1751 and 1765; 11 volumes of plates were also published between the years 1762 and 1772, making a total of 28 volumes. These were supplemented in 1776-77 by five more volumes-four of text and one of illustration plates-and by two volumes of index in 1780, all compiled under other editors, since Diderot had refused to edit the supplementary materials. These seven volumes, plus the 28 prepared by Diderot, constituted the first edition of the Encyclopédie in 35 folio volumes.

The Encyclopédie was a showcase for representatives of the new schools of thought in all branches of intellectual activity. The work was notable for its attitude of tolerance and liberalism and also for its innovative coverage of the trades and mechanical arts. In its skepticism, its emphasis on scientific determinism, and its criticism of the abuses perpetrated by contemporary legal, judicial, and clerical institutions, the Encyclopédie had widespread influence as an expression of progressive thought and served in effect as an intellectual prologue to the French Revolution.

The Encyclopédie's publication was opposed by conservative ecclesiastics and government officials almost from the start. The work was subjected to Jesuit censorship and the suppression of several volumes by the French Council of State (1752), and it was formally condemned and denied permission for publication in 1759 and for several years thereafter. At this point Diderot's friends urged him to abandon the project, but he persuaded the publishers to secure permission to bring out the relatively uncontroversial volumes of illustration plates, while the remaining volumes of text were edited and printed. Diderot also discovered in 1764 that Le Breton and a compositor had secretly removed about 300 pages of liberal or controversial material from the proof sheets of about 10 folio volumes.

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The group of writers that Diderot and d'Alembert assembled for the production of the Encyclopédie were at first relatively unknown, with the exception of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Baron d'Holbach. But as both the fame of the Encyclopédie and the attacks upon it grew, distinguished and expert contributors were attracted, including A.-R.-J. Turgot, Voltaire, J.-F. Marmontel, and Jacques Necker. Diderot himself contributed innumerable articles, especially on philosophy, social theory, and the trades, proving to be both an energetic general editor and the driving force behind the crisis-ridden project. It was he who compiled and supervised the preparation of the work's 3,000 to 4,000 plates, many of which vividly illustrated industrial arts and processes.

In 1782 the publication of a new, enlarged edition departing from the alphabetical arrangement of the first edition was begun under the title Encyclopédie méthodique ou par ordre de matières ("Systematic Encyclopaedia or Arranged by Subject"). Work on this topically arranged encyclopaedia continued through the French Revolution and was completed in 1832 with the appearance of the 166th volume, 50 years after the appearance of the first volume.

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Encyclopédie, (French: "Encyclopaedia, or Classified Dictionary of Sciences, Arts, and Trades"), the 18th-century French encyclopaedia that was one of the chief works of the Philosophes, men dedicated to the advancement of science and secular thought and the new tolerance and open-mindedness of t

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"The American Renaissance"

1840-1860

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Ralph Waldo Emerson
—Nature
—"Self-Reliance"

Henry David Thoreau
—Walden
—Life in the Woods

Louisa May Alcott
—Little Women

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1. Everything in the world, including human beings, is a reflection of the Divine Soul.

2. People can use their intuition to behold God's spirit revealed in nature or in their own souls.

3. Self-reliance and individualism must outweigh external authority and link conformity to tradition.

4. Important social and political movements include the Abolitionist, Utopian, and Women's Suffrage Movements

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https://www.britannica.com/event/Transcendentalism-American-movement

Transcendentalism emphasized the power of the individual, the spiritual connection between humanity and nature, and the belief that people are inherently good. The movement was as a reaction against the strict rationalism of the Enlightenment and the traditional religious doctrines of the time, especially Puritanism.

The belief in the "Over Soul," was popular; a divine force that connects all living things. Transcendentalists believed that people could access this spiritual truth without the need for organized religion or intermediaries.

Ralph Waldo Emerson was one of the biggest voices of the movement. Henry David Thoreau took some ideas of the time and applied them to his life, moving to Walden Pond for two years to live simply and write his book Walden (1854). Thoreau wrote Civil Disobedience (1849), an essay talking about peaceful resistance to injustice, which went on to inspire future leaders like Martin Luther King Jr.

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Informational Age

Digital Era

Generally thought to have begun around 1950 to the present day.

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Many news anchors and authors record events and themes in the digital age. Many people came up when i looked for major authors of this time, but it mostly came up with fiction writers like J.K. Rowling and while her books were a staple of many people's childhood including my own, I'm not sure if her books can be compared to writers like Benjamin Franklin or Thoreau.

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Modern day: Fact #1 (in regard to taking a stand)

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Modern day: Fact #1 (in regard to taking a stand)

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There are a ton of controversial viewpoints that people take stands on or against today. LGBT activism being one of them. The belief that men can become women and vice versa has infected the field of sports. It's grown to the point where biological men who identify as women can take part in women's sports - and oftentimes they win due to their biological advantages over women. Women's sports was created because we as a society recognize that men and women have biological differences: Men tend to be taller with a higher muscle mass, different bone density, lung capacity, the list goes on. With biological men walking in to womens sports, many biological women in the same field have taken stands against it. Stephanie Turner was set against a trans women in a fencing tournament and took a stand by taking a knee, respectfully declining the match, saying, "‘I’m sorry. I have much love and respect for you, but I will not fence you."

https://www.foxnews.com/sports/womens-fencer-reveals-why-she-refused-face-transgender-opponent-accepting-punishment-backlash

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Modern day: Fact #2 (in regard to taking a stand)

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Modern day: Fact #2 (in regard to taking a stand)

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Many people have decided to take their stands peacefully, putting their free speech to good use by interviewing people on the streets and talking to crowds about eachothers opinions on topics like religion, politics, lgbt, abortion, and others. Set ups like this encourage people to try understanding where people on the both sides are coming from. Cliffe Knechtle and his son Stuart have videos on the internet of them having open debates with people in public about religion. Charlie Kirk has gone to universities debating with the younger voters of society on their political standpoint. Organizations have been created like Live Action that have videos on the internet of people going into public and asking people what they think of topics like abortion and attempting to change their mind on it. Many people in this time we're living in are taking stands for what they believe in.