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Phonemic awareness is a skill in which children are able to identify individual sounds in spoken words.

** A developmentally appropriate classroom activity to develop the component is a rhyming word search activity. The activity works because it helps students identify rhyming words on paper by letters rather than sounds.

One activity families can complete at home to help with phonemic awareness is to read books that are full of rhymes or alliterations. Families with communication challenges can find a version of the book online to play for their child.

Another activity for phonemic awareness is to sing rhyming songs or play rhyming games at home.

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Phonics is a skill in which students are able to learn the relationship between written letters and their corresponding sounds.

** A classroom activity for developing this component is to practice reading the smaller words inside larger, unknown words such as "excitement". This can be done by a worksheet and it helps the students learn how to read complex words on their own.

An activity for families to complete at home to develop this component is working on silent letters in words. Explaining that they are silent letters because we do not hear their sounds, such as the 'b' in 'comb'. Families with communication challenges can show a video or write the words that have silent letters and ask the child if they know any other words with silent letters.

Another activity families can complete at home are syllable sorts. A family member can write out multiple words and ask the child to sort the words by their syllable count.

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Fluency is a skill in which students are able to write or speak quickly and easily with accurate expressions.

** A classroom activity to develop this component is choral reading. The teacher will read the text aloud and then the students or student will join in and read at the same pace with the teacher in unison. This helps students learn pace and expression when reading along with the teacher.

An activity families could do at home would be repeated reading. Family members could take turns reading passages with their child and ask the child to read the passage multiple times before moving on.

Another activity families could do at home would be family presentations about topics they are passionate about. This could help with public speaking and fluency when speaking to other individuals.

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Vocabulary is a skill that allows students to understand the meaning of words in what they are reading. Without vocabulary, reading comprehension would be impossible.

** A classroom activity that could help develop the component is introducing new vocabulary words and their definitions as they come along in passages. Keeping the words and definitions written on the board along each unit can help students learn and remember the words.

An activity to develop the component at home is to help the student make flash cards and test their knowledge with the flashcards. A family with communication challenges can use the internet to help them fill out the terms.

Another activity to do at home is to just listen to new music with your child and expose them to new words. If the family member hears a word in the song that the child might not be familiar with, they can stop and explain the definition to them. Listening to music is a way of exposure for vocabulary terms.

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Comprehension is a skill in which students are able to retrieve information from a text they are reading. Comprehension requires vocabulary skills, background knowledge, and reasoning abilities. Comprehension also relates to phonemic awareness.

** A classroom activity to help develop this component is to have students complete story predictions before continuing to read a story. This helps them think about what might come next and what makes the most sense with what they are reading.

An activity for families to help develop this component is to have your child share what they are reading in class or at home and ask questions that cause them to go further into detail.

Another activity for families to complete at home is to read with the child and ask them to draw a picture to represent what they have read. This is a fun and engaging way for students to test their comprehension skills.

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Florida Center For Reading Research - Components of Reading

Reading Rockets - English Language Learners and the Five Essential Components of Reading Instruction

Journal - The Essential Components of Literacy Instruction, Part 1 of 6

Education Scotland - Considering the Five Components of Reading

Miss Mae's Room - Teaching Reading to Special Education Students

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phonics - Google Search. (n.d.). https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&sca_esv=903da5fb8d40ff90&rls=en&sxsrf=ADLYWIKLHFKG3wSvjnbzYuJdUaynNh1IQA:1733101143122&q=phonics&source=lnms&fbs=AEQNm0DmfTgc7tU04ONiC4SZ2zg3RT2rNGFt-PO6C2cWvmZVUg8CrsXqKTato6BkjlXJ9NeEH4kb3BRANN-itCYAhId-Q0KiBgjRosb_Do1ZWt2wFhIe_LPJkKtalPLd-aeSI0P5OIBGZfSjU1MuO_h5k_WqWDvtWdt3lM75fe-HdPhBHurTHyjP9jWsHpEb99EPA4CTWIEOf0asdHYyXF-2UH1643IbJEBctS6rmnrI1FzpQnNmXbk&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjjlfvv8IeKAxVwSjABHfVwJIQQ0pQJegQIFBAB&biw=1128&bih=1611&dpr=2

Phonological Awareness for 4th & 5th Grades | NC DPI. (n.d.). https://www.dpi.nc.gov/students-families/parents-corner/literacy-home-digital-childrens-reading-initiative/4th-and-5th-grades/phonological-awareness-4th-5th-grades#:~:text=Phonemic%20awareness%20is%20a%20part,include%20written%20letters%20or%20words.

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Components of Reading - Resources | Florida Center for Reading Research. (n.d.). https://fcrr.org/reading-success/components

Considering the five components of reading. (n.d.). Developing Skills for Reading | Learning to Read in the Early Years | Resources | Education Scotland. https://education.gov.scot/resources/learning-to-read-early-years-plr/developing-skills-for-reading/considering-the-five-components-of-reading/

English Language Learners and the five Essential components of reading instruction | Reading Rockets. (n.d.). Reading Rockets. https://www.readingrockets.org/topics/english-language-learners/articles/english-language-learners-and-five-essential-components

Pajor, A. (2023, September 5). The Essential Components of Literacy Instruction, Part 1 of 6. IMSE - Journal. https://journal.imse.com/the-essential-components-of-literacy-instruction-part-1-of-6/

Teaching reading to special education students. (n.d.). Miss Rae’s Room. https://www.missraesroom.com/teachingreadingtospecialeducationstudents.html