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Christina Broom - 1909 - Suffragists - London Museum

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1800s-1900s: Industrialisation and the Origins of Feminism 

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1800s-1900s: Industrialisation and the Origins of Feminism 

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Industrialisation and modernisation reshaped European society and family life. Women entered new roles as workers, teachers, and reformers, participating more visibly in public life. Industrial capitalism, urbanisation, and mass education opened debates about citizenship and tights - creating the foundation for Europe's first feminist and social reform movements.

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The First World War mobilised entire societies. Women worked in factories, farms, and hospitals, replacing men at the front. This wartime participation began to change ideas about citizenship and equality. States could no longer ignore women's social importance. After 1918, suffrage expanded across much of Europe, recognising their contributions.

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1917-1930s - Women and Russian Revolution: Redefining Equality and Decision-Making 

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1917-1930s - Women and Russian Revolution: Redefining Equality and Decision-Making 

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The Russian Revolution marked a turning point in women's rights and political participation. For the first time, a state recognised women as equal citizens - granting suffrage, divorce rights, and access to work and education.

Women like Alexandra Kollontai, Soviet revolutionary and diplomat, held leadership positions, shaping Soviet policies on family and labor. She was the one founding the Women's Bureau (Zhenotdel) and promoted women's rights as the first female Bolshevik cabinet member. These revolutionary ideals inspired debates across Europe about democracy, class, and gender - even as Stalinist control later limited female autonomy.

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The Role of women in Hitler's Third Reich

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Fascist and totalitarian regimes redefined womanhood as political tool. Nazi and Fascist policies idealised women as mothers and homemakers, while communist regimes mobilised them as workers for the state. Women's labor, reproduction, and identity were controlled in service of ideology - showing how gender became central to political power.

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1941-1945 - The Unwomanly Face of War: Women as Fighters

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1941-1945 - The Unwomanly Face of War: Women as Fighters

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Svetlana Alexievich's oral histories reveal a forgotten side of WWII - the women who fought. Soviet and European women served as soldiers, snipers, medics, and partisans. Their voices, largely absent from official histories, challenged the masculine narrative of heroism. These stories expose how war blurred gender boundaries and redefined courage.

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1945-1970: Reconstruction and the Welfare State 

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1945-1970: Reconstruction and the Welfare State 

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After WWII, European societies rebuilt on promises of social welfare and equality. Women gained access to education and stable employment within expanding welfare systems. The postwar decades turned equality into a moral and political goal - though traditional family roles still shaped daily life.

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1970s-2000s: Feminism, Europe, and Legal Equality 

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1970s-2000s: Feminism, Europe, and Legal Equality 

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The 1970s brought new feminist movements demanding equal pay, reproductive rights, and representation. Law and EU directives gradually transformed these ideals into policy. By the 1990s, gender equality had become part of Europe's political identity, making a transition from protest to institutional change.

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Ursula von der Leyen - President of the European Commission

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2025: Present - Women in Leadership and the European Union

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2025: Present - Women in Leadership and the European Union

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As the turn of the 21st century, women began shaping European politics and institutions directly. Ursula von der Leyen, Christine Lagarde, and other female leaders reflect Europe's evolution from male-dominated governance to shared representation.