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1. The roots of the conflict date back to the 19th century, with demographic tensions, Jewish immigration, Zionism, and Arab nationalism.

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1. The roots of the conflict date back to the 19th century, with demographic tensions, Jewish immigration, Zionism, and Arab nationalism.

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2. According to historical data, the founding of Israel coincides with the so-called Palestinian “Nakba,” which led to the displacement of some 750,000 Palestinians.

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2. According to historical data, the founding of Israel coincides with the so-called Palestinian “Nakba,” which led to the displacement of some 750,000 Palestinians.

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3. United Nations Resolution 181 in 1947 proposed the partition of the British Mandate of Palestine into two states, one Arab and one Jewish.

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3. United Nations Resolution 181 in 1947 proposed the partition of the British Mandate of Palestine into two states, one Arab and one Jewish.

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1. Presenting the conflict solely as religious (Jews vs. Muslims) and omitting the colonial, national, territorial, and human rights components.

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1. Presenting the conflict solely as religious (Jews vs. Muslims) and omitting the colonial, national, territorial, and human rights components.

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2. Presenting Palestinians exclusively as terrorists or the sole aggressors, and omitting the history of occupation, displacement, and life under regime control.

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2. Presenting Palestinians exclusively as terrorists or the sole aggressors, and omitting the history of occupation, displacement, and life under regime control.

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3. Claiming that Israel has no right to exist or that any Israeli claim is illegitimate.

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3. Claiming that Israel has no right to exist or that any Israeli claim is illegitimate.

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4. Global opinions on Israel and its policies toward Palestine have become overwhelmingly negative in many countries.

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4. Global opinions on Israel and its policies toward Palestine have become overwhelmingly negative in many countries.

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1. Consider that neither the two-state solution nor the current occupation can be resolved without equal rights, territorial integrity, and the return of refugees.

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1. Consider that neither the two-state solution nor the current occupation can be resolved without equal rights, territorial integrity, and the return of refugees.

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2. See that the history and present of Palestine/Israel have a global dimension: repercussions on international movements, global solidarity, geopolitics.

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2. See that the history and present of Palestine/Israel have a global dimension: repercussions on international movements, global solidarity, geopolitics.

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3. We see that media, public perceptions, and polls vary significantly by region, religion, and generation, affecting narratives of the conflict.

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3. We see that media, public perceptions, and polls vary significantly by region, religion, and generation, affecting narratives of the conflict.

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4. The involvement of foreign powers in the Middle East, particularly in the region of Israel and Palestine, has often intensified the conflict. Many countries have pursued their own political, economic, and strategic interests, such as access to resources, regional influence, and alliances, rather than prioritizing peace or local stability. This external interference has frequently deepened divisions, prolonged violence, and complicated efforts toward a lasting resolution.

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4. The involvement of foreign powers in the Middle East, particularly in the region of Israel and Palestine, has often intensified the conflict. Many countries have pursued their own political, economic, and strategic interests, such as access to resources, regional influence, and alliances, rather than prioritizing peace or local stability. This external interference has frequently deepened divisions, prolonged violence, and complicated efforts toward a lasting resolution.

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5. he Oslo Accords, signed in the 1990s between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), were the first formal agreements that established mutual recognition and a framework for future peace negotiations.

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5. he Oslo Accords, signed in the 1990s between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), were the first formal agreements that established mutual recognition and a framework for future peace negotiations.

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5. Both Israeli and Palestinian societies have experienced deep trauma, loss, and fear over decades of conflict, which continue to shape their political attitudes and make compromise extremely difficult.

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5. Both Israeli and Palestinian societies have experienced deep trauma, loss, and fear over decades of conflict, which continue to shape their political attitudes and make compromise extremely difficult.

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4. The conflict in Palestine began only in 1948, when Israel was created.

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4. The conflict in Palestine began only in 1948, when Israel was created.

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5. All Palestinians support Hamas and reject peace with Israel.

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5. All Palestinians support Hamas and reject peace with Israel.