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There was the last three of the first four caliphs. The last one is Ali that was murdered in 661. Umayyads is a family known that gained power. The Umayyads did a hereditary system of sucession.

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The title of caliph automatically passing the clan from father to son. They moved the capital of the Muslim empire to Damascus in Syria. Many Muslims felt that the new capital was too far from Islam's heartland near Medina.

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Umayyads grew until rebel groups overthrew them in 750, called the Abbasids. They were the descendants of Muhammad's uncle. The Abbasids ruled during a prosperous.

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These actions helped spilt Islam into two branches. One group called Sunni and the other called Shi'ite. Sunni believed that any Muslim can be a caliph. Shi'ite believed that only members of Muhammad's family could rule Caliph.

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Muslims first conquered Spain in 711. By 750, the region came under the control of Umayyad. The last surviving prince, Abd al-Rahman, he became prince 755. Abd al-Rahman established a powerful, independent state called Al-Andalus.

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Al-Andalus developed a thriving economy under the Umayyad dynasty. That state reached its peak under the leadership of Abd al-Rahman III. He gained power in 912 and fought the rebels and proclaimed himself caliph in 929. His leadership was very strong that all of Muslim Spain was united under his rule by 933.

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Bureaucracy is a system of government with specialized. They divided the empire into provinces. Actions like postal service connected the provinces and a strong army kept order. These actions assisted unite the diverse empire. Many Muslims think that he Umayyads has gaining wealth and power.

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Cordoba is a city that Abd al-Rahman III converted into one of the largest and greatest cities of all time. He extended one of the most beautiful buildings ever created, the Great Mosque. Their halls are really big that it could hold over 50,000 worshippers. They're famous for their hundreds of soaring arches. Also, Cordoba was the most celebrated as the center of learning. They're library contained 400,000 books.

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Caliphs were isolated from the people leaving the government to trusted advisers who held the empire. A huge army relied mostly on Turkish mercenaries. A group named Seljuk turks converted to Islam. They came to control the government of the Muslim empire

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In 1258, Mongols an invading group from Central Asia stormed and killed the last Abbasid caliph. The Mongols wanted control. This war lasted for 13 days.

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A dynasty known as Ottomans emerged as frontier warriors against the Byzantines in Anatolia, now known as Turkey. Osman captured many Byzantine cities. The Byzantine Empire came to an end because of The ottomans by capturing Constantinople. The Ottomans wanted to build an empire while they challenges the Safavid Empire.

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The Muslim rulers of Al-Andalus faced many difficult challenges. After the death of Abd al-Rahman III in 961, the civil war erupted. After 1031, Al-Andalus split into small Muslim kingdoms. The powerfulness that the Christian kings of northern Spain had, took over more of Al-Andalus by time. By 1492, the Christians captured Spain's last Muslim city which caused them to almost end 800 years of Muslim rule in western Europe.

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The Ottoman rulers were called sultans. Suleyman I ruled the Ottoman empire from 1520-1566. He led a powerful navy with good equipment. Which helped him conquer vast portions of northern Africa and eastern Europe.

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Suleyman I turned back from besieging the Austrian capital of Vienna because of bad weather. He commissioned work on restoration of the Grand Mosque in Mecca. Suleyman I made mosques, and palaces. Some of these buildings are still here today.

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Ottomans counted on slaves, staff government and army. These slaves became rich and powerful. Slaves also made up the janissaries. The government took young boys from non-Muslim villages to educated them. This helped to prepare them to fight for the sultan. Women in the Ottoman empire had more restricted lives than men did.

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The Mongols came to war with Abbasid because if the Caliph refused his demands of personal submission to Hulagu and the payment tribute in the form of military detachment. When the Abbasid empire ended, the Mongols took over.

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A young guy named Ismail united the Persian kingdoms into an independent state in 1501. He took the Persian king title, shah. He always expanded Persia's borders north and west by invading Ottomans land.

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The Safavids and Ottomans had a very long war. The war lasted more than 100 years. The cause of the war was because was mainly about over control of Mesopotamia's fertile plains. Safavids repeatedly gained and lost possession of this land.

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The Safavid empire was wedge between two other Muslims empires. The two empires are the Ottoman Empire to the west and the Mughal empire to the east. The Mughals were nomads from Central Asia. Mughal troops were name Babur.

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At the center of international trade routes, the Safavid empire developed a strong economy. They used their wealth to build amazing palaces like mosques, schools, hospitals, roads, and bridges. Safavid made Esfahan's new capital into one of the most magnificent cities in the world. It had more than 160 mosques and more than 270 public baths.

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Mughal leader is Akbar. In 1556, Akbar came to the throne at the age of 13. He allowed different religions to flourish in the empire. He tried to end traditional conflicts between Muslims and Hindus that created a new religion that mixed elements of both. This created library, and included books in English, Greek, Persian, Hindi, and Arabic.

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The Safavids also turned Persia into a culture center by encouraging the immigration of Shi'ite scholars and attracting craftspeople artists, and traders of many nationalities. The government always supported them in everything. They established Shi'ite Islam as their dominant Islamic faith in the Caucasus and in Western Asia.

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This court was cultured and learned. The Mughal empire reached its peak under Akbar's grandson which is Shah Jahan. shah Jahan reigned from 1628 to 1658. Its dazzling splendor and wealth became famous. Shah Jahan collected thousands precious jewels,

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Shah Jahan commissioned India's most famous building for a memory of his wife, Taj Mahal. Taj Mahal died at a young age. It was made of white marble, the monument served as a testament. Mughal power eventually began to decline. Hindus and European countries gain control of India. In 1857, The British had gain control, that sent the last Mughal ruler into exile.