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The First Crusade was launched in 1096 and was a military campaign initiated by the Christian states in Europe under the authority of the Catholic Church. Its main objective was to recapture Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim control.

The origin of the First Crusade can be traced back to a speech given by Pope Urban II in 1095 in which he urged Christians to help the Byzantine Empire defend itself against the Seljuk Turks.

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The Spanish Reconquista began in the 8th century when Muslim Moors invaded and took control of the Iberian Peninsula. Over the course of several centuries, Christian kingdoms in northern Spain gradually pushed the Moors back southward, eventually regaining control over the entire peninsula in 1492 with the fall of the Kingdom of Granada.

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the Spanish Inquisition began in 1478. It lasted until 1834.

The Spanish Inquisition was a period of religious persecution, established by the Spanish monarchs in the late 15th century. Its goal was to purify the nation from any trace of heresy, particularly within the Jewish and Muslim communities who were forced to convert to Catholicism

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Islam was founded by the prophet Muhammad in Mecca, Saudi Arabia in the 7th century CE. According to Islamic tradition, Muhammad received revelations from God through the angel Gabriel, which he later compiled into the holy book known as the Quran.

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The Sykes-Picot Treaty was a secret agreement signed in 1916 between Great Britain and France, with the help of Russia during World War I. The treaty partitioned the Ottoman Empire's Arab territories into zones of influence. Britain was to have control over Iraq, Jordan, and Palestine, while France would have control over Lebanon and Syria. The treaty was created without consulting the Arab people. The agreement was later exposed by the Bolshevik government in Russia and led to a public outcry among Arab nationalists against British and French Imperialism.

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the creation of Israel happened in 1948 after World War II and the Holocaust. After the end of the war, the United Nations proposed a partition plan for Palestine, which would have created two separate states, one for Jews and one for Arabs. the Jewish leaders accepted the partition plan, but the Arab leaders rejected it and fought against the establishment of Israel.

In May 1948, Israel declared its independence, and the Arab-Israeli War began. Israel managed to defeat the Arab forces and gained control of more land than was originally designated for it under the partition plan. the establishment of Israel has been celebrated by jews as a realization of a centuries-old dream of returning to their biblical homeland.

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Apartheid was a system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination that existed in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. apartheid began to unravel in the 1980s. The release of Nelson Mandela from prison in 1990, after 27 years of incarceration, was a significant moment in the fight against apartheid.

While there are still challenges in terms of, economic inequality, racism, and corruption, the ending of apartheid remains a significant milestone in the country's history and a powerful symbol of the power of resistance and activism.

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The Holocaust refers to the persecution and genocide of around 6 million Jews by Nazi Germany during World War II. The beginnings of the Holocaust can be traced back to Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933. Hitler and the Nazi party promoted a racist ideology that labeled Jews as an inferior race and blamed them for Germany's problems.

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The Bosnian Civil War began in 1992, following the breakup of Yugoslavia, which had been a federation of six republics including Bosnia and Herzegovina. The breakup was marked by rising ethnic tensions between Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs.

In 1991, Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence They pursued the goal of creating a new state, Republika Srpska.

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The Treaty of Versailles was a peace agreement signed in 1919, ending World War I between the Allied Powers and Germany. The treaty required Germany to accept responsibility for causing the war and to pay substantial reparations to the Allies.

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In January 1933, Adolf Hitler, was appointed chancellor of Germany by President paul von Hindenburg. Hitler was able to gain power through his charismatic speeches, promises of economic recovery, and the support of conservative elites who believed that he could restore order in a time of political and economic crisis.

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The D-Day invasion of Normandy was a joint military operation by Allied forces during World War II, which began on June 6, 1944. It was the largest invasion by sea in history. it marked the beginning of the end of the war in Europe. The operation included the landing of troops on beaches in Normandy, France, by air and sea, and securing a foothold for the Allies in Nazi-occupied Europe.

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The Neolithic Revolution, around 10,000 BCE, marked a critical turning point when humans moved from nomadic hunting and gathering to settled agriculture. With the domestication of plants and animals, humans established permanent communities that supported food overproduction, population growth, and the development of complex social structures. This shift laid the foundation for technological progress, shaped the trajectory of human civilization, and led to the emergence of ancient societies with complex cultural, religious, and social systems.

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The Green Revolution (1940s–1960s) aimed to increase global food production through high-yielding crops and improved agricultural methods, successfully alleviating food insecurity. Still, it has raised environmental and social concerns, including increased chemical and water use and potential problems for smallholder farmers.

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The invention of gunpowder in the 9th century by Chinese alchemists revolutionized warfare and technology. Originally developed for medicinal and mystical purposes, the military applications of gunpowder led to the creation of firearms, cannons and explosives that profoundly influenced the course of history and changed the nature of armed conflict.

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The Industrial Revolution began in late 18th century Britain and marked a shift from manual agrarian economies to mechanized industrial societies. Key innovations in the textile industry, steam power, and iron and coal industries spurred increased productivity, urbanization, and transformative social and economic change, setting the stage for modern technological progress and mass production.

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Plastic was invented in the early 20th century with the creation of Bakelite in 1907 by Leo Baekeland. Bakelite, the first synthetic plastic, revolutionized the industry with its durability and versatility, allowing it to be shaped for a variety of applications. The non-biodegradable nature of plastics in transforming manufacturing and everyday life has raised environmental concerns.

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Christopher Columbus's exploration in 1492 is commonly credited with the European discovery of America. Sponsored by Spain, Columbus set out on a westward journey to find a direct route to Asia. Instead, he landed in the Caribbean and made first contact with the islands of the Americas. Although Columbus' voyages were not the first to reach the Americas, they played a key role in the subsequent European exploration and colonization of the New World, leading to significant historical and cultural impacts on both continents.

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The Syrian Civil War began in 2011, initially sparked by anti-government protests seeking political reforms. The conflict quickly escalated into a multi-faceted and protracted war involving various factions with different political, ethnic and religious backgrounds. The situation was further complicated by the intervention of regional and international powers and the emergence of extremist groups. The war had serious humanitarian consequences, resulting in the displacement of millions, widespread destruction and shaping the geopolitical landscape of the Middle East.

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Neil Armstrong steps onto the surface of the moon

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Neil Armstrong steps onto the surface of the moon

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Neil Armstrong took a historic step onto the surface of the moon on July 20, 1969, during NASA's Apollo 11 mission. As the first man to walk on the lunar surface, Armstrong's famous words, "That's one small step for [man], one giant leap for mankind," resonated across whole world. The achievement marked a significant milestone in space exploration, symbolizing human ingenuity and determination to explore the unknown.

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In order to control and promote international trade, the World Trade Organization (WTO) was founded in 1995. It took the place of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and provides a forum for member nations to negotiate trade agreements, settle trade disagreements, and advance more equitable and transparent global commerce. With an emphasis on lowering obstacles and guaranteeing the free movement of products and services among its member countries, the WTO seeks to establish a stable and transparent trading environment.

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The manufacturing of books and other printed materials was completely transformed by Johannes Gutenberg's creation of the printing press, which is credited to him in the fifteenth century. With the use of mechanical text printing and moveable metal type, this invention made it possible to produce books, newspapers, and pamphlets in large quantities. The printing press was essential to the dissemination of knowledge during the Renaissance and beyond by increasing book accessibility and facilitating the flow of information. It was a pivotal point in the history of publishing and information distribution that profoundly affected communication, education, and idea sharing.

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On February 4, 2004, Mark Zuckerberg and his college roommates started Facebook. It was first developed as a social networking site for Harvard University students, but it soon spread to other colleges and was subsequently made open to everyone. Facebook gave users a way to connect with friends, share content, and communicate with each other around the world, thereby revolutionizing online social interaction. It has developed into one of the biggest social media platforms over time, impacting online sharing and consumption of information, digital culture, and communication.

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Following a significant data scandal, political consulting business Cambridge Analytica declared bankruptcy in May 2018. Allegations were made against the company for improperly collecting and utilizing user data from Facebook for political objectives. Concerns regarding data protection and moral behavior in the digital era were brought up by the affair. Amidst legal and public criticism for its role in political campaigns and the exploitation of millions of Facebook users' personal data, Cambridge Analytica's operations came to an end with its bankruptcy.

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The Battle of Thermopylae ends in defeat for the Greeks

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The Battle of Thermopylae ends in defeat for the Greeks

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The Greco-Persian Wars ended in 480 BCE with the Greeks losing the Battle of Thermopylae. A far bigger Persian army under the command of King Xerxes I was halted at Thermopylae by a small Greek force under the command of King Leonidas I of Sparta. Even though the Greeks mounted a fierce battle, they were ultimately overthrown when a local citizen betrayed them by giving the Persians access to a mountain road. This incident was a component of the greater war that ensued after the Greek city-states' defeat at Thermopylae, which pitted them against the Persian Empire.

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The Greco-Persian Wars ended in 480 BCE with the Greeks losing the Battle of Thermopylae. A far bigger Persian army under the command of King Xerxes I was halted at Thermopylae by a small Greek force under the command of King Leonidas I of Sparta. Even though the Greeks mounted a fierce battle, they were ultimately overthrown when a local citizen betrayed them by giving the Persians access to a mountain road. This incident was a component of the greater war that ensued after the Greek city-states' defeat at Thermopylae, which pitted them against the Persian Empire.

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The Japanese city of Nagasaki was struck by an atomic bomb dropped by the United States on August 9, 1945, during World War II. This happened after three days of the Hiroshima bombing. Called "Fat Man," the bomb had a greater explosive power than the one unleashed on Hiroshima. Widespread destruction resulted from the catastrophic impact, which also claimed a large number of lives and had long-term health effects on survivors. The decision by Japan to surrender and conclude World War II was largely influenced by the bombings. The detonation of atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki is still a contentious historical event.