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Newsela | Dream Jobs: Environmental engineer

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EPA scientist Valerie Zartarian examines human exposure to chemicals in the environment

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With the program no longer in operation, curious kids are wondering how future astronauts will travel to outer . Without a , how will astronauts fly?

Unlike the Apollo missions that sent men deep into outer to the Moon, the was made to take astronauts and into low Earth . Low Earth means the travels an elliptical around the Earth about 100-1,240 miles above its surface.

Since the first flight in 1981, there have been more than 130 launches. The has been used for many interesting missions. shuttles have taken astronauts into , launched satellites, completed scientific experiments, fixed other spacecraft, and played an role in the building and maintenance of the International .

Over the course of the program, there have been six orbiters. The orbiter is the big, white plane most people think of when they think of the . The last three orbiters to fly missions were Discovery, Endeavour, and Atlantis. Challenger and Columbia were both lost due to accidents. Enterprise was used as a test vehicle and never flew into .

When the was first launched, it represented a huge leap forward in technology, because it became the world's first spacecraft. It was also unique in that it launched like a rocket, orbited the Earth like a spacecraft and landed like an airplane.

The last launch of Atlantis brought the program to an end. Future astronauts may be able to hitch a ride to the International with one of the United States' international partners, such as Russia. Private companies may also soon be able to fly astronauts to the International in newly-developed vehicles.

The next step for the American program appears to be a return to deep- missions. The National Aeronautics and Administration (NASA) recently announced that it will develop a - called the Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) - able to carry four astronauts into deep to locations such as the Moon, an , or Mars.

NASA hopes to have the new MPCV flying into by about 2016. Like the old Apollo spacecraft, the MPCV will splash into the Pacific Ocean upon its return to Earth. That's about the only thing that's like the past, though, as NASA claims the MPCV will be much larger and much safer to launch and land than the .

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How Will Future Astronauts Travel To Outer Space?

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With the program no longer in operation, curious kids are wondering how future astronauts will travel to outer . Without a , how will astronauts fly? Unlike the Apollo missions that sent men deep into outer to the Moon, the was made to take astronauts and into low Earth .

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Today's Wonder of the Day was inspired by Monique from Dallas, GA. Monique Wonders, " What is nanotechnology " Thanks for WONDERing with us, Monique!

How do you define ? For many years, it has seemed like "better" has been synonymous with "bigger." Buildings? They've gotten taller. Televisions? The bigger, the better! Even smartphones have nearly the of your hand.

Many scientists, though, think the technology of the future will be smaller. Much, much smaller. How much smaller? Try beyond your wildest imagination . What are we talking about? Nanotechnology, of course!

Nanotechnology is a that encompasses technology, science, and engineering across many different fields, such as chemistry, biology, and physics. What they have in common is that they involve products created and experiments conducted at the nanoscale, which is generally considered to be between one and 100 nanometers.

So just how is a nanometer? It's a that's difficult for most of us to . One nanometer is a billionth of a meter. Most of us think an inch is a small of measurement . There are 25,400,000 nanometers in an inch.

If you've ever read a newspaper, you know how thin newspaper is. A typical piece of newspaper is approximately 100,000 nanometers thick. Comparing a single nanometer to a meter is like comparing a to the entire Earth.

Nanotechnology can trace its roots back to a speech given by physicist Richard Feynman at the California Institute of Technology in 1959. He described a future in which scientists would be able to manipulate individual atoms and molecules.

The "nanotechnology" was first used over a decade later by Professor Norio Taniguchi. Modern nanotechnology didn't really begin, though, until 1981, when the scanning tunneling microscope was invented, and scientists were finally able to observe individual atoms. The invention of the atomic force microscope also helped to fuel the interest in and growth of nanotechnology.

Why would scientists want to control individual atoms and molecules? What benefits could there possibly be to creating materials at the nanoscale? As it turns out, scientists have learned that nanomaterials tend to have several very beneficial properties, including lighter weight, higher strength, and greater chemical reactivity.

One good example is the carbon nanotube. Scientists create carbon nanotubes by rolling a sheet of graphite molecules into a tube. When the molecules are oriented in a particular way, they result in a material that's one-sixth the weight of steel...but hundreds of times stronger! Using such material in vehicles could result in significant advances in both fuel economy and passenger safety.

Scientists who work on the nanoscale are particularly excited about its possibilities in the medical field. What if nanomedicines could be delivered with incredible precision to affected areas or nanorobots could be programmed to perform surgeries and even attack and destroy cancer cells? The potential applications of nanotechnology in the medical field appear endless.

You don't necessarily have to wait until the future to experience nanotechnology at work, though. There are already many products and technologies taking advantage of the nanoscale.

For example, some of the latest sunscreen lotions contain nanoparticles of zinc oxide or titanium oxide. These smaller particles allow you to put on a clear coat of sunscreen rather than the thick, white layer you're probably used to. You can also find nanotechnology in new fabrics, cosmetics, and even televisions.

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Today's Wonder of the Day was inspired by Monique from Dallas, GA. Monique Wonders, " What is nanotechnology " Thanks for WONDERing with us, Monique! How do you define ? For many years, it has seemed like "better" has been synonymous with "bigger." Buildings? They've gotten taller. Televisions? The bigger, the better!

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Take a deep breath! Today we’re taking a journey nearly seven miles below the sea!

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Untethered, battery-powered, and able to traverse a variety of terrains, these remote-controlled bipedal robots are designed for everything from search-and-rescue situations, to telepresence, to grocery delivery. They also walk a little like ostriches. They're dynamic walkers invented by Agility Robotics, a company that evolved out of technologies developed at Oregon State University. The February 2017 video below provides some background on Cassie, a descendant of the team's ATRIAS bot. From ieee Spectrum:

...if Cassie looks a bit more like an ostrich than a human, it wasn't because Agility Robotics was specifically trying for an ostrichlike robot: They don't want to necessarily mimic the morphology of animals, although they do study animal behavior and dynamics for inspiration and insights. So while ground-running birds may have had the idea first, Agility Robotics intelligently designed Cassie to be agile, efficient, and robust, and this is the leg that they came up with.

And here's a quick peek at how they're assembled:

Watch more videos: Boston Dynamics' SpotMini robot and Atlas robot, Madeline the Robot Tamer & Mimus, and the animatronic animals of Spy in the Wild.

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Cassie, Agility Robotics' ostrichlike bipedal robot

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Untethered, battery-powered, and able to traverse a variety of terrains, these remote-controlled bipedal robots are designed for everything from search-and-rescue situations, to telepresence, to grocery delivery. They also walk a little like ostriches. They're dynamic walkers invented by Agility Rob

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Do you interact with any robots on a daily basis? Really think about it. In today's world, robots are becoming more and more common in homes and schools. Maybe you've seen robots that vacuum the floor for you. Or perhaps you've played with a toy robot before. If so, you may have noticed that this type of technology is becoming more advanced all the time.

Have you ever WONDERed whether robots think for themselves? Or can they only do what we humans them to do? Can robots WONDER about things? Or do they simply wait for the next to be sent to their computer brains?

What exactly is a robot, anyway? Most people define it as a machine that is controlled by electronic programming, usually in the form of a computer. Many can be controlled . Robots can be programmed to do many different types of . Some can be done automatically, while others may be done with from a human controller .

For much of history, humans have looked for ways to make easier. Often, this has been achieved with the invention of machines. True robots, however, are a much more recent invention. The first electronic robots were built by William Grey Walter in England in 1948. American George Devol, Jr. invented the first digital and programmable robot a few years later in 1954.

Today, robots are used for many different jobs. Some robots mow lawns or clean swimming pools. Others help build cars in large factories. Robots are also used in modern warfare.

Robots also can do that are too dangerous for humans. For example, robots can be sent into outer space. They can visit the depths of the sea. Robots have been able to explore areas that humans can't yet reach on their own.

Many kids across the United States are learning to build and robots. Schools can now participate in LEGO® Robotics competitions. These teach young children how to build and basic robots to perform a number of simple .

But can today's robots actually think for themselves? You may have heard the term " artificial intelligence " at some point. Does this mean that scientists have created robots that can think just like humans?

The term "artificial intelligence" refers to sophisticated robots. They can perform that require decision making. These robots may seem to think like humans, but they are still robots. They just have advanced programming that allows them to mimic human thought and behavior.

Robots still cannot think on their own like humans. However, many scientists believe such breakthroughs may be possible in the next 20-30 years. What do you think? Do you want robots to be able to think just like humans? Why or why not? The future could hold incredible things in the world of robots!

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Do you interact with any robots on a daily basis? Really think about it. In today's world, robots are becoming more and more common in homes and schools. Maybe you've seen robots that vacuum the floor for you. Or perhaps you've played with a toy robot before.

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Today's Wonder of the Day was inspired by Joann. Joann Wonders, " How can you go green? " Thanks for WONDERing with us, Joann!

Do you have a green thumb? If someone asks you that, they're not wondering if your thumb is actually the color green. They're wondering if you're good with plants. Can you make "green" things like plants ?

In today's world, the color green is often associated with the Earth and its environment. So many of Earth's living things - from plants to trees to the grass in your front lawn - are green. That's why the movement to protect our environment - called environmentalism - is often referred to as the "green" movement or "going green."

The overall goal of environmentalism is to protect and conserve the Earth's environment. Everything we do has an impact on the environment - either good or bad. The environmentalists encourage us to pursue actions that will help rather than harm the environment.

Environmentalism can take many forms and concentrate on numerous issues. For example, attempts to reduce and strategies to increase of materials are just two common forms of environmentalism in action.

As more and more people are made aware of the effects of their actions on the environment, they seek ways to reduce the negative effects of these actions. "Going green" has become a popular saying as people take steps to help preserve the Earth for future generations.

These actions may be as simple as using a grocery bag instead of paper or plastic bags. Or they may be more complex, such as purchasing a car to reduce the burning of fuels.

"Going green" takes on new importance each year on Earth Day. As we celebrate the Earth and its natural resources, it's appropriate to think about what choices we can make to have a positive impact on the environment and reduce the negative impacts.

If you need some encouragement to "go green," consider some of these interesting facts:

The size of the world's tropical rainforests decline by 1.5 acres every second because of land development.

This reduction in the size of rainforests leads to the destruction of over 130 plant, animal and insect species every day - that's about 50,000 species per year that become extinct!

Approximately 36 of the 50 United States expect some type of water shortage by 2013.

saves energy: experts say 20 cans can be made out of recycled material with the same amount of energy it takes to make one can from new material.

A television set can run for about 3 hours on the energy saved by just one aluminum can.

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We hope today's Wonder of the Day makes you green with envy!

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After two decades in space, NASA's Cassini spacecraft is nearing the end of its remarkable journey of exploration. Having expended almost every bit of the rocket propellant it carried to Saturn, operators are deliberately plunging Cassini into the planet to ensure Saturn's moons will remain pristine for future exploration-in particular, the ice-covered, ocean-bearing moon Enceladus, but also Titan, with its intriguing pre-biotic chemistry.

Above, The New York Times pays tribute to an accomplished explorer: Cassini Flies Toward a Fiery Death on Saturn.

Cassini was launched on Oct. 15, 1997, a collaborative effort between NASA, the European Space Agency, and the Italian Space Agency. The spacecraft spent seven years traveling to Saturn. It delivered the Huygens lander to Titan, gathered scientific data from the planet, its famous rings, and its moons for 13 years, including getting a good look at Saturn's incredible hexagon-shaped hurricane.

In its last months, NASA has sent Cassini on an unprecedented 22 dives in between Saturn's rings and atmosphere to gather more data. It's closer to Saturn than we've ever been, and that mission has ended:

​On the final orbit, Cassini will plunge into Saturn fighting to keep its antenna pointed at Earth as it transmits its farewell. In the skies of Saturn, the journey ends, as Cassini becomes part of the planet itself... The current predicted time for loss of signal on Earth is 4:55 a.m. PDT (7:55 a.m. EDT) on Sept. 15, 2017.

An update from its final moments:

Perte de signal ! Les toutes dernières observations de @CassiniSaturn viennent d'être reçues #MerciCassini pic.twitter.com/fD95NRrTQg

- CNES (@CNES) September 15, 2017

Earth received @CassiniSaturn's final signal at 7:55am ET. Cassini is now part of the planet it studied. Thanks for the science #GrandFinale pic.twitter.com/YfSTeeqbz1

- NASA (@NASA) September 15, 2017

In addition to collecting 635 gigabytes of science data and 453,048 images, we can thank Cassini for this specific July 19, 2013 shot: The Day the Earth Smiled. That Pale Blue Dot tucked under Saturn's rings on the right is Earth. Click to see it larger:

Read more about Cassini's accomplishments at Wikipedia- Timeline of Cassini-Huygens-and in case you missed it: Cassini's Grand Finale, our daring last months orbiting Saturn.

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Cassini Burns Into Saturn, a grand finale to a 20 year mission

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After two decades in space, NASA's Cassini spacecraft is nearing the end of its remarkable journey of exploration. Having expended almost every bit of the rocket propellant it carried to Saturn, operators are deliberately plunging Cassini into the planet to ensure Saturn's moons will remain pristine

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This Technology Wants to Make Wheelchairs Obsolete

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What if people who are currently wheelchair-bound could, in the future, put on an exoskeleton -- a wearable bionic exosuit -- as if it was simply a shirt and jeans? Ekso Bionics, a design and manufacturing startup out of the Berkeley Robotics and Human Engineering Laboratory, has pushed their human

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Travel to the depths of Antarctica, 1000 meters (3281 feet) beneath the ice in a state-of-the-art submersible: The Alucia's Deep Rover. In this BBC Earth clip, we travel with marine biologist Dr. Jon Copley into the Antarctic's deep sea, a place where humans had never been.

A fascinating note from Copley in The Conversation:

Much of the life-giving oxygen in deep waters across the world begins its journey from the atmosphere here. As seawater freezes around the white continent in winter, it leaves behind very cold and salty water that sinks and flows into the depths of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans - even the deepest water in the ocean, at the bottom of the Marianas Trench 14,000km away, came from here. As this deep water flows out from the Antarctic, it carries oxygen, dissolved from the atmosphere at the surface. So the Antarctic is where the world's deep oceans breathe in - and its waters are among the most oxygen-rich on our planet.

In case you missed it: Blue Planet II, a prequel set to music by Hans Zimmer and Radiohead. Plus: Collecting the deep sea animals of Monterey Submarine Canyon, more deep sea, and more from Antarctica.

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1000m beneath the Antarctic ice, where no human has gone before

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Travel to the depths of Antarctica, 1000 meters (3281 feet) beneath the ice in a state-of-the-art submersible: The Alucia's Deep Rover. In this BBC Earth clip, we travel with marine biologist Dr. Jon Copley into the Antarctic's deep sea, a place where humans had never been. A fascinating note fr

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"Furniture that changes functionality completely depending on the needs of the person..." Like life-size LEGO pieces, these robot modules can gyrate and reconfigure in order to create furniture or move furniture in an assistive capacity for people with physical impairments. From the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, watch how Roombots work above.

These supercool problem solving modules reminded us a lot of MIT's Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab's jumping and self-assembling M-Blocks:

Inside each M-Block is a flywheel that can reach speeds of 20,000 revolutions per minute; when the flywheel is braked, it imparts its angular momentum to the cube. On each edge of an M-Block, and on every face, are cleverly arranged permanent magnets that allow any two cubes to attach to each other.

In the archives: Magnetically Actuated Micro-Robots and this snake robot.

via Daily Dot.

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Modular, self-assembling robots from EPFL and MIT

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"Furniture that changes functionality completely depending on the needs of the person..." Like life-size LEGO pieces, these robot modules can gyrate and reconfigure in order to create furniture or move furniture in an assistive capacity for people with physical impairments. From the École Pol

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beanz Magazine - A Kids STEM/STEAM Magazine

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What is Artificial Intelligence? - beanz Magazine

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Computers can be programmed to make decisions. Does that make the computer intelligent? What exactly is an intelligent decision? Is it a decision based on data gathered from personal experience and the experiences of others? Does an intelligent decision include doing things to reduce negative outcom…

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How does sending humans to Mars work? How long does it take to go there and come back? How do they set up shelter on the Red Planet? What about space radiation? TIME's Jeffrey Kluger gives us an animated primer: To Mars And Back In 150 Seconds.

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Those of us enough to have good health and all of our fingers, toes, arms, and legs often take these things for . The many parts of our bodies work well together, and we usually don't give them a second thought.

Have you ever WONDERed what life would be like without one of the important parts of your body, though? How would your life change if you had only one arm? What would your be like if you had only one foot?

Many people live their lives without the of one or more parts of their bodies. There are many reasons for this.

Some people are born without certain parts of their bodies. Others might have or from that result in the loss of a .

When these things happen, these people lose more than just a part of themselves. They also lose the functionality that was associated with that part of their bodies.

Certain tasks may now be impossible. Many other tasks may be much more .

Thanks to artificial body parts - called "prosthetics" (plural) - people can now regain many of the functions of missing limbs. A prosthesis (singular) rarely provides the same level of functionality of a biological . However, the capabilities it can provide can significantly improve the life of the user.

Although Benjamin Franklin Palmer received a for the artificial leg in 1846, prosthetics have been around for much longer than that. Ancient stories and poems contain references to prosthetic limbs.

Ancient Greek and Roman texts also offer evidence that artificial limbs were used thousands of years ago. For example, historians have found ancient Roman texts that describe Roman General Marcus Sergius.

He lost his right hand in battle. He had a replacement hand made out of iron, so he could hold his shield. He then returned to battle to continue fighting.

In 2000, researchers in Egypt found what they believe is the oldest artificial body part ever found. It was a prosthetic toe made out of wood and leather.

They found it attached to the mummified remains of an Egyptian noblewoman - who died almost 3,000 years ago!

Perhaps the most famous prosthetic devices from history come from pirate lore. Peg legs and metal "hands" shaped like hooks were actually early prosthetic devices that were quite popular for many years.

Today, modern prosthetics continue to evolve and . New materials, like advanced plastics and carbon-fiber composite materials, have allowed prosthetics to become lighter, stronger, and more realistic.

Advanced electronics have also made today's prosthetics more functional. Some artificial limbs can be controlled electronically to allow users to function as if the artificial were real.

Prosthetics have advanced to the point where some athletes can compete at a professional level with artificial limbs. Benjamin Franklin Palmer probably never imagined that one day there would be Olympic runners using artificial limbs to compete on a level equal to athletes with biological limbs.

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Those of us enough to have good health and all of our fingers, toes, arms, and legs often take these things for . The many parts of our bodies work well together, and we usually don't give them a second thought.

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Real-time science collaboration is much easier thanks to today's streaming video technology. During dives made by a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) off the coast of Puerto Rico, a team of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-supported scientists consulted in real time with experts all over the globe. As deep sea creatures floated in and out of the camera's view, information and observations were crowdsourced. From Quartz:

"There will be a starfish expert or a jellyfish expert or a coral expert and so they're all working with us together, which is very unique," said Andrea Quattrini, the science co-lead for the expedition. "On other research expeditions you only have a certain number of bunks on the ship and so only say 12 or 15 scientists can go at once"...

In a total of twelve dives, they saw 100 species of fish, 50 species of deepwater corals and hundreds of other invertebrates, many of which had never been seen in their natural habitat. They're still analyzing the data they collected, but have already identified two new species: a jellyfish-like animal called a ctenophore and a new type of fish.

The footage above is a sample of what they observed.
Update: Via @madfishmonger, enjoy this same footage, beautifully remixed for more tranquil underwater observation:
Next: Collecting the deep sea animals of Monterey Submarine Canyon.

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ROV footage of deep sea creatures from the coast of Puerto Rico

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Real-time science collaboration is much easier thanks to today's streaming video technology. During dives made by a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) off the coast of Puerto Rico, a team of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-supported scientists consulted in real time with experts all ove

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Newsela | New friend: Tiny talking robot

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Toyota's Kirobo Mini robot talks and moves its head and hands, but doesn't recognize faces

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From a yard in Kampala, Uganda, Moses explains how to build a solar oven using a tire, some glass, newspaper, silver foil, tape, a black pot, and a few hours.

If you're cooking outside or don't have an oven, solar ovens are a great alternative for making a hot meal. Building materials are generally inexpensive and easy to find, and rather than requiring fuel or firewood, solar ovens take advantage of a sustainable resource: the sun. How does it work?

Concentrating sunlight: A reflective mirror of polished glass, metal or metallised film concentrates light and heat from the sun on a small cooking area, making the energy more concentrated and increasing its heating power.

Converting light to heat: A black or low reflectivity surface on a food container or the inside of a solar cooker improves the effectiveness of turning light into heat. Light absorption converts the sun's visible light into heat, substantially improving the effectiveness of the cooker.

Trapping heat: It is important to reduce convection by isolating the air inside the cooker from the air outside the cooker. A plastic bag or tightly sealed glass cover traps the hot air inside. This makes it possible to reach temperatures on cold and windy days similar to those possible on hot days.

Greenhouse effect: Glass transmits visible light but blocks infrared thermal radiation from escaping. This amplifies the heat trapping effect.

For more information about how to make different kinds of solar ovens, visit MAKE, Instructables, Dummies.com, or come up with your own solution! Then try these: 6 Beginner Recipes for Solar Ovens and Solar Oven Smores.

There are more inventions and sustainable ideas in the archives, including Spain's first 24/7 Concentrated Solar Thermal Power plant.
Updated video.

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Cook food using the sun's heat - How to build a solar oven

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From a yard in Kampala, Uganda, Moses explains how to build a solar oven using a tire, some glass, newspaper, silver foil, tape, a black pot, and a few hours. If you're cooking outside or don't have an oven, solar ovens are a great alternative for making a hot meal.

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Special robots are being built to do dangerous work

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Special robots are being built to do dangerous work

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Newsela | Escape from Russian lab: Robot enjoys brief freedom

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Newsela | Sophia, the robot, says artificial intelligence is "good for the world"

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Artificial intelligence's impact on jobs and the economy raises some fear.

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Newsela | Developing new "emotional" robots to read human feelings

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Empathic robots that can understand and respond to human emotions were showcased at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas.

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Russians may have to switch off freedom-loving robot

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Russians may have to switch off freedom-loving robot

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Robot says artificial intelligence is "goodfor the world"

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Robot says artificial intelligence is "goodfor the world"

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What do you dream of doing for work when you're older? Will you study sea life as a marine biologist? Maybe you'll open your own business. Some kids might even grow up to eat ice cream for a living! Or perhaps you'll have a job that doesn't even exist yet.

Yes, that is possible! New types of work pop up all the time. In the past, new jobs have grown during times of major change. Often, this comes about because of new technology. One example is the Industrial Revolution. Today, one technology that could change work is artificial intelligence (AI).

What is AI? When they hear "artificial intelligence," some people picture robots taking over the world. However, that's not what this technology looks like today. The first person to talk about AI was the mathematician Alan Turing. He described it as a technology that would be able to think and reason like a person.

AI includes any machine that reacts to information the same way a person would. AI technology can use judgment to make decisions. It can look at many parts of a problem. Perhaps most noteworthy , it can learn. That means AI technology can change its actions based on from its surroundings.

Do you use any AI technology? One example of AI that's already common today is smart speakers. In fact, many smart home devices use AI technology. But many people are more interested in learning how AI might affect life outside of the home.

How will AI impact jobs and the workplace? That's a question experts are still trying to answer. Some of their predictions sound scary to many people. For example, some people believe AI technology could automate all human jobs in the next 120 years.

What will the automation of jobs mean for people? For many, it will mean moving into other types of work. For others, it could mean difficulty in finding a job. A few industries most at-risk of job are manufacturing , work, service, and transportation.

Not all experts agree that this will be the case, though. In fact, some believe that AI will have the opposite effect. They say it will make more jobs than it replaces. To support this, they point to technology's long history of job creation.

After all, something similar happened in just the past few decades. What are we talking about? The Internet, of course! Many of today's jobs didn't exist before the Internet. Think of all the people who work at Google, Amazon, and Facebook. None of those companies would be possible without the Internet. And, now that we think of it, neither would Wonderopolis! As you can see, people are often unable to predict the new jobs technology may lead to.

What's your best bet for success in a future that involves AI automation ? As is true with most jobs today, it's important to always keep learning. Lifelong learners are often the most likely to stay ahead of advances in technology.

Will artificial intelligence have the same effect as the Internet? What new companies and careers might due to this technology? Or do you see a future in which humans no longer have jobs? Either way, minds will be needed in the automated world. One of them could be you!

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Will Artificial Intelligence Replace Human Jobs?

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This Wonder of the Day may help you gAIn new ideas for the future!