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The three components that contributed to the cost-of-living crisis are Brexit, Covid-19 and War. As a result of leaving the European Union the pound is weaker which means that people get less for their money. As a result of Covid-19, there was a supply chain issue where we was running out of items but they are becoming more expensive. War has lead to the price of items such as oil, metal, gas and food to increase. 59% of people that when considering an overseas holiday said their plans where likely to be impacted by the volatility of sterling. when people cannot afford to go on holiday overseas it will increase domestic tourism as more people will be going on holiday in there country. The headline rate of consumer price inflation hit 11.1% in October, its highest level since 1981.

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1. Package holiday demand dips as UK cost of living crisis hits budgets | Travel & leisure | The Guardian

2. Cost of living ‘to impact almost half of people’s holiday plans’ | Travel Weekly

3. Cost of living latest insights - Office for National Statistics (ons.gov.uk)

4. How Has the Pandemic Impacted Inflation - Nationwide Financial

5. Ukraine conflict threatens Europe’s recovery and mass poverty (eib.org)

6. Tourism and Technology: How Tech is Revolutionizing Travel (wearemarketing.com)

7. How Technology is Changing the Travel and Tourism Industry - GeeklessTech

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A social change in travel and tourism is that the grey market which is the older people living longer due to better health care because they still feel healthy, they are still able to go away on holiday. the Grey market have more deposable income as they probably don't have a mortgage to pay off and would have there pentation to spend. The older generation can also take advantage from the off peak prices so it would cost less for them to go away as they can go at anytime they want and don't have to wait till the holidays. some tour operators specialise in the grey market as they have more money to spend, saga holidays is a company that only work with people over there 50s and do all different holidays for them such as hiking, beach or city breaks. Millennials have changed the travel and tourism industry as social media has had an influence in where people go on holiday, when people start a family later in life and stay at home longer this means that they have more deposable income to spend on luxuries such as holidays. solo travellers has been increasing the last couple years and makes up 18% of the global bookings and 38% of them have said they will solo travel again as the want to explore all the different cities and cultures but they also like it as they dint have to decide with people where they want to go they can just go and do it. hotelscan.com have noticed 170% increase in the last 12 months. even cruise ships have had to adapt to their offerings such as Norwegian cruises have adapted by launching studio rooms so they don't have to pay the price of two people and they are especially designed for solo travellers.

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In 2016 the UK voted to leave the European Union. Due to leaving the European union it as affected the travel and tourism industry as from 2022 all British Visitors will have to pay in advance for a 'Etias' visa which is £7 for a 3 year permit. UK tourists will no longer be able to use the EU-fast track passport control and custom lanes which make all the lines at the airport longer. if you go on holiday to certain places you have to pay extra to use your data or to make a phone call. The lengths of stay will be affected for holiday makers and business travellers as you can only stay for 90 days so if you want to stay longer you will need a visa.

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Covid-19 has affected the travel and tourism industry as lodes of businesses have lost money such as Tui lost 2.7 billion, this was because they had to pay back costumers the money as they couldn't go on the holiday or they gave out vouchers so they could spend the money at a later date. 91% of holidays in July and August 2020 were changed or cancelled due to the pandemic. British Airways cut up to 1200 jobs due to the collapse in businesses. some countries also put a ban where you cannot entre the country, however when you was allowed to start travelling again you could not travel if you didn't have the jabs.

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In 2017 approximately 83% of people are booking their holiday online, this is because everyone in this generation has a phone which has become our tour guide, travel agency, map and many more. according to Trip advisor 45% of users use there phone for everything to do with their holiday. other ways travel companies use technology is booking and paying at the table, scanning a QR code also when you have a boarding pass now you can have it on your phone and don't need a paper copy. Hilton have now introduced an app where you can pick what room you want, what time you will be arriving, and many more this is going to improve there level of customer service as they will have no complaints about the room as they will of already saw what it looks like and will be happy with it, the customer will be able to go straight to there room and not have to wait around for it to be ready for them.

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Navigate is a platform that is used on TUI cruises, it allows the customer to book a table at the restaurants and book photoshoots it also shows the customer their timetable of what will be happening that day and where you will be able to find it and many more amazing things however the grey market may not feel as comfortable with using the app as they are not that technical with phones/internet so they may have to ask for a bit of assistance when using it or to be shown how to use it.

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You can now in fact use WI-FI in the air however it depends on what airline the customer will be flying with airlines such as British Airways offer wi-fi but that is for a small fee airlines such as Emirates and Turkish airlines they all offer free wi-fi but it isn't the best. business travellers will benefit from this as they may have work that they need to do, families that are travelling with young children may also benefit from the wi-fi as it will keep the children entertained for the duration of the flight so then they wont try to run around on the aircraft.