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Living things need to respond to their surroundings. So, do you need to know how to react with the nature around them, and get the resources that they need for food, water, shelter and anything else they need to live their life successfully

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Living things respond to their environment. Living things can change things about themselves and their environment to make things better for themselves.

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All animals have DNA, which is a genetic chemical that is in your blood. This is important because it sepreates you from other species

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Sunscreens, vitamins, anti-oxidant rich foods. It sometimes seems like half the space on drugstore shelves is devoted to products that claim to protect our DNA from damage. Exactly why DNA damage matters and what to do about it is never totally spelled out on the label.

DNA damage happens throughout life, and the body is constantly doing repair work. But DNA can accumulate damage and mutations as cells age or because of environmental and lifestyle factors, like radiation or toxin exposure or smoking. But while scientists have found damage levels are associated with risks for a number of diseases, such as cancer and neurological conditions, there's isn't yet a straightforward test for DNA damage.

A small startup company spun-off from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory wants to change that. Exogen Biotechnology is distributing its DNA damage test kits via a crowdfunding campaign on Indiegogo as it hopes to collect hundreds of samples to help develop a simple diagnostic test that could be used at home or at the doctor to predict disease risk. The company hopes DNA damage level could one day be as common a piece of health information-and as useful-as cholesterol monitoring.

The evidence isn't there yet. Studies have only monitored specific and small populations. To understand how DNA damage relates to different factors for a large population, Exogen needs a lot more data, which is why it is running the "citizen science" project on Indiegogo. "It's essentially crowdsourcing the problem," says co-founder Jonathan Tang, a researcher in computational biology with Lawrence Berkeley.

Contributors who order one kit ($99) take their own blood sample at home, send it back to Exogen, and fill out an online questionnaire. Exogen gives them results, which measures a specific kind of DNA damage called double-strand breaks. The results compare an individual's results to those of the larger group of supporters. The company hopes interesting patterns will be revealed in the data, such as geographic or seasonal variations. They're also encouraging people to order multiple kits ($179 for two, $349 for four) and conduct their own experiments in how a lifestyle change, such as a new diet, could alter their own DNA damage level.

"Ordering monthly or quarterly kits, you can start tuning your lifestyle for healthier DNA," the Indiegogo video says.

Of course, it's not yet clear what someone should do to tune their lifestyle or what "safe" level of damage they should aim for. Exogen isn't allowed to offer any medical advice yet, since it's not okayed as a diagnostic tool by the FDA, but the company hopes to gather enough data to support a clinical trial and eventual market approval. It says that an independent review board did review its protocol for the citizen science project and plans to give ethical oversight.

A pilot project of about 100 patients, done before the crowdfunding campaign, already showed a few associations: Older people had higher levels of DNA breaks, as did the few people who had cancer compared to others their age. So far, 555 people have funded the Indiegogo campaign offering more than $85,000 in support (the campaign closes in two days). Exogen wants to get to more than 1,000 people in total before it brings its data to the FDA.

The technology and methods to measure DNA damage have existed since the late 1990s, but it used to be tedious work. To process large volumes of samples, Exogen has automated some steps with software that analyzes microscope images rather than a technician. "The big difference is that we can do it fast and accurately, and there's no human bias in the approach," says co-founder and biophysicist Sylvain Costes.

The crowdfunding approach is helping the company gather more data quickly, but the technique does have its pitfalls, because people need to understand what they're signing up for. "Bringing science to the public has been challenging," says Tang. "I feel like we're doing a lot of education right now to the public, and trying to help them understand the value of it.

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Find Out How Damaged Your DNA Is With A Home Test Kit

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Sunscreens, vitamins, anti-oxidant rich foods. It sometimes seems like half the space on drugstore shelves is devoted to products that claim to protect our DNA from damage. Exactly why DNA damage matters and what to do about it is never totally spelled out on the label.

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All living things must live in homeostasis, which means that they are in a stable living condition. Despite the external change, the internet must stay prominent.

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Rheumatoid Arthritis and Homeostasis What is Homeostasis? Homeostasis is the property of a system that regulates its internal environment and maintain a stable, constant condition inside the...

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all living things have the capability to reproduce, whether the asexually were sexually. Which means that can happen all living things have the capability to reproduce, whether the asexually or sexually. Which means that can happen with one parent work or two. this is an important process to keep our population growing.

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(Chapter 9: Reproduction in Animals - NCERT Book Solutions)

Q1: Explain the importance of reproduction in organisms.
Answer:
1. Reproduction is essential for the continuation of a species.
2. It ensures the continuation of similar kinds of individuals, generation after generation.

Q2: Describe the the process of fertilization in human beings.
Answer: There is sexual reproduction in human beings. Male reproductive organs produce sperms (male gametes) while the female gametes produce ova (female gametes). The sperms are ejected inside female bodies where they fuse with ovum and forms zygote (called internal fertilization). The single celled zygote begins to develop into an embryo which attaches to the female uterus wall. The embryo further multiples into many cells and develops further into a small baby called foetus.

Q3: Choose the most appropriate answer:
(a) Internal fertilization occurs
(i) in female body.
(ii) outside female body.
(iii) in male body.
(iv) outside male body.
Answer: (i) in female body.

(b) A tadpole develops into an adult frog by the process of
(i) fertilization. (ii) metamorphosis. (iii) embedding. (iv) budding.
Answer: (ii) metamorphosis.

(c) The number of nuclei present in a zygote is
(i) none. (ii) one. (iii) two. (iv) four.
Answer: (iii) two (fused nuclei).

4. Indicate whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F):
(a) Oviparous animals give birth to young ones. (F)
(b) Each sperm is a single cell. (T)
(c) External fertilization takes place in frog. (T)
(d) A new human individual develops from a cell called gamete. (F)
(e) Egg laid after fertilization is made up of a single cell. (T)
(f) Amoeba reproduces by budding. (F)
(g) Fertilization is necessary even in asexual reproduction. (F)
(h) Binary fission is a method of asexual reproduction. (T)
(i) A zygote is formed as a result of fertilization. (T)
(j) An embryo is made up of a single cell. (F)

Q5. Give two difference between a zygote and a foetus.
Answer:

Zygote is single cellular.

Embryo is multi-cellular.

No well defined body parts.

Has well defined limbs and other body parts.

It is formed during fertilization when sperm
fuses into ovum.

Embryo formation is a post fertilization process in which zygote multiples into multi-cellular body.

Q6. Define asexual reproduction. Describe two methods of asexual reproduction in animals.
Answer: Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction in which only one parent is involved to reproduce offspring. In asexual reproduction, the offsprings produced are exact copies of their parents.
It is generally observed in very small sized organisms. Binary fission, Budding, Fragmentation etc. are the examples of asexual reproduction.

1. Budding: In this mode, a part of the organism starts bulging out. Slowly it grows and develops into a separate individual. Examples: Hydra, yeast.

2. Binary Fission: It is a type of asexual reproduction in which a single cell divides into two halves. Organisms that reproduce through binary fission are bacteria and Amoeba.

Q7. In which female reproductive organ does the embryo get embedded?
Answer: In walls of the uterus. The embryo, once attached to uterus gradually develops various body parts such as hands, legs, head, eyes, etc into an embryo.

8. What is metamorphosis? Give examples.
Answer: Metamorphosis is a biological process in which a larva transforms into an adult. It involves sudden and abrupt changes in the body structure of the animal by cell growth and differentiation. it is generally observed in amphibians (e.g. frogs) and insects (e.g. butterflies) etc.

The life cycle of a frog has three life stages.
Egg >>>>> Tadpole >>>> Adult
1. Eggs: Eggs are the result of external fertilization which transform into fish like tadpoles.
2. Tadpoles: Tadpole has gills, small mouth and fish like tail to swim inside lakes and ponds.
3. Frog: Tadpoles grows and transform into a small frog which is amphibian by nature.

Q9. Differentiate between internal fertilization and external fertilization.

Internal Fertilizatio

External Fertilization

Fusion of male and female gametes inside female body.

Fusion of male and female gametes outside female body.

High chances of survival of offspring, so less number of ova/eggs are produced.

Low chances of survival, large number of eggs are produced.

Cows, Hens, Human beings (mostly mammals).

Examples: Fish, frog, starfish

Q10: Complete the cross-word puzzle using the hints given belowAcross
1. The process of the fusion of the gametes.
6. The type of fertilization in hen.
7. The term used for bulges observed on the sides of the body of Hydra.
8. Eggs are produced here.
Down
2. Sperms are produced in these male reproductive organs.
3. Another term for the fertilized egg.
4. These animals lay eggs.
5. A type of fission in amoeba.
Answer:

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CBSE Class 8 - Science - Ch 9 (Reproduction in Animals) - NCERT Solutions -

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(Chapter 9: Reproduction in Animals - NCERT Book Solutions) Q1: Explain the importance of reproduction in organisms. Answer: 1. Reproduction is essential for the continuation of a species. 2. It ensures the continuation of similar kinds of individuals, generation after generation. Q2: Describe the the process of fertilization in human beings.

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All living things need to evolve in their environment, and be able to face new challenges by adapting with the environment and other living things in it. This is also apart of the growing procees.

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American who say humans evolved over millions of years into our current form, without intervention from God, are in the minority.

Credit: imageZebra | Shutterstock

The percentage of Americans who believe God created humans in their present form within the last 10,000 years is about the same as it was 30 years ago, a new survey indicates.

Today, 46 percent of Americans accept this creationist explanation for human existence, a negligible change from the 44 percent who said they agreed with it in 1982, according to Gallup polls.

In the most recent poll, conducted by phone in May, 15 percent of Americans fell on the other end of the spectrum, saying they believed God played no part in human evolution, a process that had taken millions of years. Nearly all of the rest of the respondents, 32 percent, choose the third option, saying they believed humans had evolved, but that God had guided the process, a belief called "theistic evolution."

Beginning in 1982, Gallup has asked Americans which of these three explanations of human origins they believe. With respect to the original numbers, a slight shift showed up this year with regard to those who agreed that humans evolved without God, which was above the 30-year average, and the theistic evolution explanation, which was below the average.

Not surprisingly, the poll found that Americans who attend church regularly, particularly those who attended on a weekly basis, were much more likely to hold creationist views.

Republicans are also the most strongly creationist, but this belief was also the most prevalent among Independents and Democrats compared with other beliefs held by the two groups.

People with postgraduate degrees stood out because they favored evolution (29 percent) over creationism (25 percent), although most (42 percent) said they believed God guided human evolution. More than half of people with a high school education or less said they believed God created humans.

The USA Today/Gallup phone survey was conducted using a random sample of 1,012 adults, living in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

You can follow LiveScience writer Wynne Parry on Twitter @Wynne_Parry. Follow LiveScience for the latest in science news and discoveries on Twitter @livescience and on .

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More Americans Continue to Accept Creationism Than Evolution

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The percentage of Americans who believe God created humans in their present form within the last 10,000 years is about the same as it was 30 years ago, a new survey indicates. Today, 46 percent of Americans accept this creationist explanation for human existence, a negligible change from the 44 percent who said they agreed with it in 1982, according to Gallup polls.

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All organisms need energy to do basic functions. The combination in which an organism breaks down and builds up food and materials is called metabolism, the time your body takes to break down can vary, though.

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During growth and development, an egg gets fertilized and splits/differentiates, and each begin to get unique and perform certain functions.

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The term growth and development both refers to dynamic process. Often used interchangeably, these terms have different meanings. Growth and development are interdependent, interrelated process. Growth generally takes place during the first 20 years of life.; development continues after that.
Growth:

1. Is physical change and increase in size.

2. It can be measured quantitatively.

3. Indicators of growth includes height, weight, bone size, and dentition.

4. Growth rates vary during different stages of growth and development.

5. The growth rate is rapid during the prenatal, neonatal, infancy and adolescent stages and slows during childhood.

6. Physical growth is minimal during adulthood.

Development:

1. Is an increase in the complexity of function and skill progression.

2. It is the capacity and skill of a person to adapt to the environment.

3. Development is the behavioral aspect of growth.

THEORIES: 1.Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory 2.Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development Theory

2. Early childhood

Autonomy vs Shame & doubt

Self control w/o loss of self esteem

Ability of cooperate & express oneself

Compulsive, self-restraint or compliance.

Willfulness & defiance.

3.Late childhood

Initiative vs guilt

Learns to become assertive

Ability to evaluate one's own behavior

Lack of self-confidence.

Pessimism, fear of wrongdoing.

Over-control & over-restriction.

4. School Age

Industry vs Inferiority

Learns to create, develop & manipulate.

Develop sense of competence & perseverance.

Loss of hope, sense of being mediocre.

Withdrawal from school & peers.

5. Adolescence

Identity vs role confusion

Coherent sense of self.

Plans to actualize one's abilities

Feelings of confusion, indecisiveness, & possible anti-social behavior.

6. Young Adulthood

Intimacy vs isolation

Intimate relationship with another person.

Commitment to work and relationships.

Impersonal relationships.

Avoidance of relationship, career or lifestyle commitments.

7.Adulthood

Generativity vs stagnation

Creativity, productivity, concern for others.

Self-indulgence, self-concern, lack of interests & commitments.

65 y/o to death

Integrity vs despair

Acceptance of worth & uniqueness of one's own life.

Acceptance of death.

Sense of loss, contempt for others.

3.Havighurst's Developmental Stage and Tasks

1.Infancy & early childhood

- eat solid foods

- walk

- talk

- control elimination of wastes

- relate emotionally to others

- distinguish right from wrong through development of a conscience

- learn sex differences and sexual modesty

- achieve personal independence

- form simple concepts of social & physical reality

2.Middle childhood

- learn physical skills, required for games

- build healthy attitudes towards oneself

- learn to socialize with peers

- learn appropriate masculine or feminine role

- gain basic reading, writing & mathematical skills

- develop concepts necessary for everyday living

- formulate a conscience based on a value system

- achieve personal independence

- develop attitudes toward social groups & institutions

3.Adolescence

- establish more mature relationships with same-age individuals of both sexes

- achieve a masculine or feminine social role

- accept own body

- establish emotional independence from parents

- achieve assurance of economic independence

- prepare for an occupation

- prepare for marriage & establishment of a family

- acquire skills necessary to fulfill civic responsibilities

- develop a set of values that guides behavior

4.Early Adulthood

- select a partner

- learn to live with a partner

- start a family

- manage a home

- establish self in a career/occupation

- assume civic responsibilities

- become part of a social group

5.Middle Adulthood

- fulfill civic & social responsibilities

- maintain an economic standard of living

- assist adolescent children to become responsible, happy adults

- relate one's partner

- adjust to physiological changes

- adjust to aging parents

6.Later Maturity

- adjust to physiological changes & alterations in health status

- adjust to retirement & altered income

- adjust to death of spouse

- develop affiliation with one's age group

- meet civic & social responsibilities

- establish satisfactory living arrangements

4.Levinson's Seasons of Adulthood 4.Sullivan's Interpersonal Model of Personality Development 5.Piaget's Phases of Cognitive Development

Stage 2:Primary circular reaction

Perceptions center around one's body.

Objects are perceived as extensions of the self.

Stage 3:Secondary circular reaction

Becomes aware of external environment.

Initiates acts to change the movement.

6.Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

(Birth to 9 years)

Misbehavior is viewed in terms of damage done.

Stage 1:Punishment & obedience orientation

A deed is perceived as "wrong" if one is punished; the activity is "right" if one is not punished.

Approval of others is sought through one's actions.

Stage 3:Interpersonal concordance

Authority is respected.

Stage 5:Social contract orientation

It is "wrong" to violate others' rights.

7.Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development

I.Orientation ofIndividual Survival Transition

Concentrates on what is best for self.

Selfish.

Dependent on others.

II.Goodness as Self-sacrifice

Puts needs of others ahead of own.

Feels responsible for others.

Is dependent.

May use guilt to manipulate others when attempting to "help."

Transition 2:From Goodness to Truth

Decisions based on intentions & consequences, not on others' responses.

Considers needs of self and others.

Wants to help others while being responsible to self.

Increased social participation.

III.Morality of Nonviolence

Sees self and others as morally equal

Assumes responsibilities for own decisions.

Basic tenet to hurt no one including self.

Conflict between selfishness and selflessness.

Self-judgment is not dependent on others' perceptions but rather on consequences & intentions of actions.

8.Fowler's Stages of Faith
What Do You Think?

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The term growth and development both refers to dynamic process. Often used interchangeably, these terms have different meanings. Growth and development are interdependent, interrelated process. Growth generally takes place during the first 20 years of life.; development continues after that. Growth: Is physical change and increase in size.

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All living things are made up of at least one cell, which are the smallest known living molecules in the world. Although cells look scattered and all over the place, they are really very organized, and each have specific spots.

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A cell is the smallest unit of life. Cells are often called the "building blocks of life". The study of cells is called cell biology. Cells consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids.