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The United States should refine their homelessness policies because an analysis of past policies show us that they are not effective, and too single dimensional. Failing to encompass the vast spectrum of people that homelessness impacts and ignoring the large demographics of people that are in need of policies that fit their situation. By understanding that it is not impossible to change these policies and how a world with less people on the streets are possible with just a few hypothetical proposals, it is evident that we should refine our policies to aid the decreasing of family homelessness.

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These sources are all just various ideas of how our homeless policies can be reformed and why they should be reformed. From the affordable housing crisis, to rising poverty levels, to sexism and discrimination, there's a lot of different flaws that our policies face today. By thinking of more effective solutions both through the government and NGOs, we can theorize a better solution for the homeless.

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There are many groups of people that are overlooked within the issue of homelessness. From poverty stricken immigrants, to women, to LGBTQ+ students, and children, there is a large demographic that isn't being supported. By analyzing the patterns and the different situational differences that cause homelessness, policies can be made more effectively to help all of those in need.

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Essentially, every policy that we have ever had has never been the perfect solution. And although envisioning a policy in which homelessness will completely cease to exist is impossible, it's important to analyze and understand how homelessness has shifted and looked like in the past, alongside policies made to hurt/aid homeless people to envision a greater, more effective policy.

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- Every source states that creating policies with more attention towards attaining permanent housing for homeless people is the first step to helping them re assimilate to society. Hanka discusses "Housing First" that describes the steps taken to achieve this policy and what it means for homeless people. Sources and 4 & 6 both state that seeking permanent housing is the way to go as well.

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For immigrants and children its hard for them to speak up on policies and seek change for their situation. Policies that have been made for homelessness are still too single dimensional and should be refined to encompass a more diverse spectrum of situations. The demographic and spectrum of situations are growing, so policy should correspond with this growth and be refined.

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A similarity that we see when it comes to homeless policies is that many situations are overlooked. There is a wide demographic of situations and people that face homelessness such as those that are prone to discrimination such as immigrants, people of different sexual identities, and women.

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Source one is an analysis on homelessness issues, and then the policies made to combat it. Source 11 is of the same spectrum, however, it shows the graphs and the effects of the policies made. By continuing this system of refining policies in moments of crisis, and using data and visuals to see their effects, we can improve methods taken to create and theorize new policies.

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These are both historical examples of homelessness policies. By analyzing past policies and reflecting on what has worked and not, it is important to refine current policies using our knowledge of past policies.

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With the analysis on past policy failures, and a foundational understanding of the homelessness demographic, we can theorize possible policies that will ensure more permanent housing for all. This connects to the overall argument that the government policies are not perfect nor helpful to all homelessness people today.

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By analyzing past policies we see a recurring flaw in which policies are too single dimensional, and does not fit every unique homelessness case, resulting in an ever growing homelessness demographic that cannot see help. These demographics and their unique situations are analyzed in the next theme

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11) HOMELESSNESS IN AMERICA: Focus on Families with Children

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11) HOMELESSNESS IN AMERICA: Focus on Families with Children

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- Analysis on past policies and data on homelessness focused on families within the United States
- Statistics made to show the changes and continuities in homelessness alongside policies made
- DQ: "Over the course of FY 2016, homelessness services programs across America provided emergency shelter or transitional housing to 147,355 family households, including 292,697 children under age 18, according to HUD’s Homeless Management Information System (HMIS) data. The total number of people who experienced sheltered homelessness in families over the course of the year declined by 15% between FY 2010 and FY 2016, from 567,334 to 481,410. It is important to note that these figures do not include families fleeing domestic violence who stay in shelters or housing programs operated by victim service providers that are prohibited by law from reporting identifying client information into HMIS. Nationwide, there are approximately 41,300 beds in emergency shelter, safe haven, or transitional housing programs that are dedicated to families fleeing domestic
violence.5"

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12) How “Housing First” Puts Us On A Path to End Homelessness

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12) How “Housing First” Puts Us On A Path to End Homelessness

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- His policy is far more multidimensional and touches upon poverty, substance abuse, accounts for different demographics, etc.
- DQ: 76% reported a decrease in domestic violence

69% reported increased school attendance for their children

63% reported better relationships with family members

53% reported an increase in community involvement

58% reported that the conditions of their neighborhood are better

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10) The Changing Character of Homelessness in the United States

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10) The Changing Character of Homelessness in the United States

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- Published in 1988, so an analysis on homelessness during and before that time period.
- Analyzes homelessness from Queen Elizabeth era to "modern" or 1980s.
- Understanding policies that have not worked throughout history and the policies that have been made allows us to theorize possible policies
- DQ: For over a thousand years of English history, rules, regulations, laws, and statutes were passed and enforced to control the vagrant and the traveling peddlers, tinkers, and "arch-like vagrant persons** in England Wales, Scotland and Ireland. Kings Hothoere and Eadric, who ruled Kent from 673-686, Instituted vagrancy laws which stated "If a man entertain a stranger for three nights at his own home, a chapman (trader or merchant), or any other that come over the march and feed him with his own food, and he then did harm to any man, let the man bring the other to justice, or do justice for him" (Ribton-Turner, 1887, p. 5).

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8) Coming Out and Leaving Home: A Policy and Research Agenda for LGBT Homeless Students

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8) Coming Out and Leaving Home: A Policy and Research Agenda for LGBT Homeless Students

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- Specific demographics of homeless people that policies don't specify or aid: specifically LGBT students
- Also theorizes policies that will aid different demographics, in this case specifically for children that have come out on their identity
- DQ: LGBT teenagers are one of the largest populations among homeless youth but least studied. Their reasons for being homeless are often at odds with other young people's challenges with homelessness insofar as many are forced to leave their families and live on the streets because they have acknowledged their sexual orientation (Cochran, Stewart, Ginzler, & Cauce, 2002; Durso & Gates, 2012; Whitheck, Chen, Hoyt, Tyler, & Johnson, 2004). The result is chat as LGBT youth come out to their families and friends, they frequently encounter rejection and physical and emotional abuse that forces them onto the streets.

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7) Trump’s Homelessness Policy: A move away from Housing First

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7) Trump’s Homelessness Policy: A move away from Housing First

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- An analysis of a more recent policy on homelessness that still applies to today
- Understanding the severity and the different policies that have been set in place regarding homelessness

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6) Resisting Homelessness: Global, National, and Local Solutions

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6) Resisting Homelessness: Global, National, and Local Solutions

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- Attainable policies/solutions on the local, national, global scale
- an analysis on current homelessness and hypothesizing new policies that are more multidimensional
- DQ: National Initiatives, Organize Coalitions, Organizing a

"coalition around common human needs" (Blau 1992:181) will link homeless advocacy to other social change groups. To achieve a more democratic political system responsive to the needs of the less privileged, labor would have to unite with community based organizations and also work harder to

organize the unorganized. In addition, the politics of identity would have to be refashioned with a new vision that can mobilize grassroots organizations around a populist democratic and progressive platform. This will mean moving

from the ideology of individual empowerment to collective empowerment (Wright 1997:317) and direct action.

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5) Transforming Poverty Related Policy with Intersectionality

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5) Transforming Poverty Related Policy with Intersectionality

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- Source analyzes homelessness through an immigrant lens, proposing that current policies are too single-dimensional.
- Relates the correlation between discrimination and the demographic to truly understand homelessness in a lens that is all inclusive.
- DQ: Gopaldas and Fischer (2012) define intersectionality as "a social identity space demarcated by on or more social identity categories that are mutually constitutive and interdependent.' " Thus, each person is positioned at the intersection of multiple social categories, leading to unique experiences of advantages and disadvantages.

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4) Reunifying Families, Cutting Costs: Housing-Child Welfare Partnerships for Permanent Supportive Housing

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4) Reunifying Families, Cutting Costs: Housing-Child Welfare Partnerships for Permanent Supportive Housing

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- An analysis on different causes of child homelessness, followed by a proposition that the government needs to establish a partnership and policy between housing and child welfare agencies that could save over 1 billion dollars annually and provide permanent housing for many more children.
- DQ: Of the many benefits of a partnership between housing and child welfare agencies, the most fundamental is that workers would be able to preserve and reunify 60,824 struggling families and move them closer to achieving permanence and well-being. Beyond that, deficit-ridden local, state, and federal governments stand to save 70% of what they currently spend on the 30% of children who are in foster care due to a lack of adequate housing. The crux of this proposed alliance is that it is realistic, affordable, and achievable to provide housing and support services to keep families together.

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- A deeper analysis on specific demographics: specifically children and women
- DQ: "So what can and should be done to deal with this expanding national crisis? 'One thing we know is that housing is essential, but not sufficient to make a difference for these families,' Dr. Bassuk said. 'We not only need housing, but we also need services for these kids and moms, and we need services for them in the shelters and afterwards.' While some advocates believe that children who experience homelessness should use mainstream mental health and support services, Dr. Bassuk said that does not work. It is unrealistic, she believes, to expect stressed-out homeless families to navigate the fragmented human service system to try to get help for their traumatized children at the same time they are trying to find stable housing and employment.

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2) The Politics of Homelessness in the United States

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2) The Politics of Homelessness in the United States

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- An analysis of systemic homelessness and the flaws within policies to combat them
- The different aspects that cause homelessness: poverty, substance abuse, the challenge to obtain a home, etc.

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1) Homelessness: A Complex Problem and the Federal Response

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1) Homelessness: A Complex Problem and the Federal Response

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- Published in 1985
- An analysis on the severity of homelessness and the government policies made to combat it
- DQ: While there is no single federal agency or program to provide services for the homeless, aid has been provided through different mechanisms. The federal role has been primarily to supplement the more substantial state and local efforts to provide food and shelter. The federal agency providing the most funds directly has been the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Efforts also have been made by the Departments of Defense (DOD), Health and Human Services (HHS), and Agriculture: HUD: the Veterans Administration; and ACTION. Under the Emergency Jobs Appropriation Act of 1983, the Congress included

a provision creating the first national program specifically to aid the homeless. The act authorized FEMA to distribute $100 million to groups providing food and shelter. The Congress also provided supplemental appropriations, including $40 million in November 1983 and another 870 million in August 1984 extending the program into fiscal ver 1985.

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Why should the U.S government refine current policies to aid decreasing family homelessness?

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Why should the U.S government refine current policies to aid decreasing family homelessness?

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(political lens)

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Homelessness is a rising crisis, especially with Covid, however, policies have not been effective in keeping people off the streets. By analyzing current/past policies we can work to refine them and make them more effective.