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Monomer-A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

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Monomer-A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

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Polymer-a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together

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Polymer-a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together

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Condensation Reaction- any of a class of reactions in which two molecules combine, usually in the presence of a catalyst, with elimination of water or some other simple molecule. The combination of two identical molecules is known as self-condensation.

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Condensation Reaction- any of a class of reactions in which two molecules combine, usually in the presence of a catalyst, with elimination of water or some other simple molecule. The combination of two identical molecules is known as self-condensation.

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 The different types of atoms in protein are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur .

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 The different types of atoms in protein are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur .

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Hydrolysis-A chemical reaction in which water is used to break down a compound; this is achieved by breaking a covalent bond in the compound by inserting a water molecule across the bond

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Hydrolysis-A chemical reaction in which water is used to break down a compound; this is achieved by breaking a covalent bond in the compound by inserting a water molecule across the bond

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Monomers-----Amino acids are monomers that make up the building blocks of a protein molecule.There are 20 of them.

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Monomers-----Amino acids are monomers that make up the building blocks of a protein molecule.There are 20 of them.

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Hydrophobic vs Hydrophilic- Hydrophobic molecules and surfaces repel water. Hydrophobic liquids, such as oil, will separate from water. Hydrophobic molecules are usually non polar, meaning the atoms that make the molecule do not produce a static electric field. V.S. Hydrophillic- a molecule or substance is attracted to water. Water is a polar molecule that acts as a solvent, dissolving other polar and hydrophilic substances.

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Hydrophobic vs Hydrophilic- Hydrophobic molecules and surfaces repel water. Hydrophobic liquids, such as oil, will separate from water. Hydrophobic molecules are usually non polar, meaning the atoms that make the molecule do not produce a static electric field. V.S. Hydrophillic- a molecule or substance is attracted to water. Water is a polar molecule that acts as a solvent, dissolving other polar and hydrophilic substances.

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Functions------Proteins have many functions such as the contraction of muscles  tissue, transportation of oxygen in the bloodstream, immunity, control of other proteins, and speeding up chemical reactions. 

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Functions------Proteins have many functions such as the contraction of muscles  tissue, transportation of oxygen in the bloodstream, immunity, control of other proteins, and speeding up chemical reactions. 

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What are the atoms in a carb and what is the atom ratio?Carbohydrates are a class of chemical compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio.

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What are the atoms in a carb and what is the atom ratio?Carbohydrates are a class of chemical compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio.

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Functions of carbs?They provide you with energy for daily tasks and are the primary fuel source for your brain's high energy demands. Fiber is a special type of carb that helps promote good digestive health and may lower your risk of heart disease and diabetes.

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Functions of carbs?They provide you with energy for daily tasks and are the primary fuel source for your brain's high energy demands. Fiber is a special type of carb that helps promote good digestive health and may lower your risk of heart disease and diabetes.

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An amino acid is composed of a central carbon atom which is bonded to a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group (COOH), an amine group (-NH2), and a variable group (–R) that makes each amino acid different. So basically the R group just makes the amino acid special and allows it to differ from other amino acids.

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Peptide Bonds - Amino acids are bonded together by covalent bonds called a peptide bond .

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Peptide Bonds - Amino acids are bonded together by covalent bonds called a peptide bond .

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 Polypeptide--- As the amino acids join together, they create a long chain known as a polypeptide shown in the diagram below. 

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 Polypeptide--- As the amino acids join together, they create a long chain known as a polypeptide shown in the diagram below. 

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4 protein structures-- Primary structure is a chain, Second is when the chain folds into sheets and helices, Third is a 3 dimensional glob that is made of the twisted helices, and Finally Fourth is when multiple of the shapes and chains come together to great a larger glob 

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4 protein structures-- Primary structure is a chain, Second is when the chain folds into sheets and helices, Third is a 3 dimensional glob that is made of the twisted helices, and Finally Fourth is when multiple of the shapes and chains come together to great a larger glob 

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Enzyme---Enzymes speed up the rate of a biochemical reaction — for example, salivary amylase acts on starch found in bread, pasta and rice to break it down into monosaccharides such as glucose. 

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Enzyme---Enzymes speed up the rate of a biochemical reaction — for example, salivary amylase acts on starch found in bread, pasta and rice to break it down into monosaccharides such as glucose. 

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Hormone---- Hormones are biochemical messengers that are released by endocrine cells to control specific processes, such as growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction. The hormone insulin controls the amount of glucose present in the blood.

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Hormone---- Hormones are biochemical messengers that are released by endocrine cells to control specific processes, such as growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction. The hormone insulin controls the amount of glucose present in the blood.

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Types of Proteins in Structural form---       Proteins         Structural:                      collagen- Cartilage,tendons,skin,nails Keratin- forms hair  

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Types of Proteins in Structural form---       Proteins         Structural:                      collagen- Cartilage,tendons,skin,nails Keratin- forms hair  

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HSCUAjZQhXI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EweuU2fEgjw

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Chemical Indicator                     Chemical indicator for Protein Biuret reagent               Negative test is blue     Positive test is purple/violet                 

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Chemical Indicator                     Chemical indicator for Protein Biuret reagent               Negative test is blue     Positive test is purple/violet                 

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Atoms--- These polymers are made up of small building blocks called nucleotides. Nucleotides are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus atoms.

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Atoms--- These polymers are made up of small building blocks called nucleotides. Nucleotides are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus atoms.

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Food examples with carbs.Dairy. Milk, yogurt, and ice cream.Fruit. Whole fruit and fruit juice.Grains. Bread, rice, crackers, and cereal.Legumes. Beans and other plant-based proteins.Starchy Vegetables. Potatoes and corn.Sugary Sweets. Limit these! Soda, candy, cookies, and other desserts.

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Food examples with carbs.Dairy. Milk, yogurt, and ice cream.Fruit. Whole fruit and fruit juice.Grains. Bread, rice, crackers, and cereal.Legumes. Beans and other plant-based proteins.Starchy Vegetables. Potatoes and corn.Sugary Sweets. Limit these! Soda, candy, cookies, and other desserts.

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Monomer---  Nucleotides are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus atoms arranged as three separate molecules (a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate molecule) which have been bonded together.  The structure of the nucleotide is shown below. 

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Monomer---  Nucleotides are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus atoms arranged as three separate molecules (a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate molecule) which have been bonded together.  The structure of the nucleotide is shown below. 

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Structure and Parts---               A nucleotide is made up of three parts: a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base. The four nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.                               5 types of nucleic acids Purines   2 rings            Adenine  A                      Guanine  G               Pyrimidines  1 ring       Cytosine  C                    Thymine  T                          Uracil  U                             

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Structure and Parts---               A nucleotide is made up of three parts: a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base. The four nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.                               5 types of nucleic acids Purines   2 rings            Adenine  A                      Guanine  G               Pyrimidines  1 ring       Cytosine  C                    Thymine  T                          Uracil  U                             

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What is starch?an odorless, tasteless white substance occurring widely in plant tissue and obtained chiefly from cereals and potatoes. It is a polysaccharide which functions as a carbohydrate store and is an important constituent of the human diet.

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What is starch?an odorless, tasteless white substance occurring widely in plant tissue and obtained chiefly from cereals and potatoes. It is a polysaccharide which functions as a carbohydrate store and is an important constituent of the human diet.

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Functions---- Nucleic acids are the genetic material that stores cellular information. 

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Functions---- Nucleic acids are the genetic material that stores cellular information. 

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What is glycogen?A substance deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates. It is a polysaccharide which forms glucose on hydrolysis.

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What is glycogen?A substance deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates. It is a polysaccharide which forms glucose on hydrolysis.

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What is cellulose?An insoluble substance which is the main constituent of plant cell walls and of vegetable fibers such as cotton. It is a polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers.

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What is cellulose?An insoluble substance which is the main constituent of plant cell walls and of vegetable fibers such as cotton. It is a polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers.

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Purines vs Pyrimidines-----                            Purines are larger because they have 2 rings, Pyrimidines are smaller because they only have 1 ring.                                        5 types of nucleic acids Purines   2 rings            Adenine  A                      Guanine  G               Pyrimidines  1 ring       Cytosine  C                    Thymine  T                          Uracil  U                               

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Purines vs Pyrimidines-----                            Purines are larger because they have 2 rings, Pyrimidines are smaller because they only have 1 ring.                                        5 types of nucleic acids Purines   2 rings            Adenine  A                      Guanine  G               Pyrimidines  1 ring       Cytosine  C                    Thymine  T                          Uracil  U                               

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DNA Rules---  A with T: the purine adenine (A) always pairs with the pyrimidine thymine (T)                                 C with G: the pyrimidine cytosine (C) always pairs with the purine guanine (G)

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DNA Rules---  A with T: the purine adenine (A) always pairs with the pyrimidine thymine (T)                                 C with G: the pyrimidine cytosine (C) always pairs with the purine guanine (G)

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RNA vs DNA----- DNA is a double-stranded molecule which is found in the nucleus of the cell. It is the main copy of an organism’s genetic code containing the instructions to create every protein required by the cell. These proteins are then expressed as characteristics or traits in the organism.                              RNA is the nucleic acid molecule which forms the copy of DNA that is used to make proteins. Unlike the DNA molecule, RNA is a single-stranded molecule. There are four types of RNA:  messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and regulatory RNAs.    

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RNA vs DNA----- DNA is a double-stranded molecule which is found in the nucleus of the cell. It is the main copy of an organism’s genetic code containing the instructions to create every protein required by the cell. These proteins are then expressed as characteristics or traits in the organism.                              RNA is the nucleic acid molecule which forms the copy of DNA that is used to make proteins. Unlike the DNA molecule, RNA is a single-stranded molecule. There are four types of RNA:  messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and regulatory RNAs.    

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNASRkIU5Fw

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Ratio Comparison ----              In carbohydrates the Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen is 1:2:1, this is why they are called carbohydrates, carbon and hydrous, which is water. one carbon ,two hydrogen and one oxygen just like water. In lipids the components are the same but the ratio is less for oxygen, so it is 1:2:less than one for C:H:O Lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms, and in some cases contain phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur and other elements.

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Ratio Comparison ----              In carbohydrates the Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen is 1:2:1, this is why they are called carbohydrates, carbon and hydrous, which is water. one carbon ,two hydrogen and one oxygen just like water. In lipids the components are the same but the ratio is less for oxygen, so it is 1:2:less than one for C:H:O Lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms, and in some cases contain phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur and other elements.

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Monomers--- the 2 monomers are glycerol and fatty acids     Lipids are made of glycerol, a three-carbon molecule that serves as the ‘backbone’ for the structure to which the fatty acids are attached. A fatty acid is a long chain of carbon and hydrogen. 

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Monomers--- the 2 monomers are glycerol and fatty acids     Lipids are made of glycerol, a three-carbon molecule that serves as the ‘backbone’ for the structure to which the fatty acids are attached. A fatty acid is a long chain of carbon and hydrogen. 

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Functions of Lipids----- Lipids are used to store energy, as insulation, form cell membranes, and provide the building blocks for hormones such as testosterone and estrogen. 

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Functions of Lipids----- Lipids are used to store energy, as insulation, form cell membranes, and provide the building blocks for hormones such as testosterone and estrogen. 

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Foods that contain Lipids----       fried foods, vegetable oil, butter, whole milk, cheese, cream cheese, and some meats.

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Foods that contain Lipids----       fried foods, vegetable oil, butter, whole milk, cheese, cream cheese, and some meats.

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Polarity of lipids---Most lipids are non-polar (having no charged areas) or only slightly polar, with a very few charged areas.  Lipids are generally insoluble  in water because they have a nonpolar region which is not attracted to water molecules. 

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Polarity of lipids---Most lipids are non-polar (having no charged areas) or only slightly polar, with a very few charged areas.  Lipids are generally insoluble  in water because they have a nonpolar region which is not attracted to water molecules. 

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Chemical Indicators of carbs? Sugars such as Monosaccharides and Disaccharides.  Aqua blue=Negative Results and yellow/green/brick red=Positive Results.

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Chemical Indicators of carbs? Sugars such as Monosaccharides and Disaccharides.  Aqua blue=Negative Results and yellow/green/brick red=Positive Results.

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How to identify a carb from a picture.Carbohydrates can be represented by the stoichiometric formula (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbons in the molecule. Therefore, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1 in carbohydrate molecules. The origin of the term “carbohydrate” is based on its components: carbon (“carbo”) and water (“hydrate”).

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How to identify a carb from a picture.Carbohydrates can be represented by the stoichiometric formula (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbons in the molecule. Therefore, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1 in carbohydrate molecules. The origin of the term “carbohydrate” is based on its components: carbon (“carbo”) and water (“hydrate”).

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Simple Vs Complex Carbs.Complex carbohydrates are present in foods such as bread and pasta. Simple carbohydrates are in foods such as table sugar and syrups. Complex carbohydrates contain longer chains of sugar molecules than simple carbohydrates. The body converts these sugar molecules into glucose, which it uses for energy.

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Simple Vs Complex Carbs.Complex carbohydrates are present in foods such as bread and pasta. Simple carbohydrates are in foods such as table sugar and syrups. Complex carbohydrates contain longer chains of sugar molecules than simple carbohydrates. The body converts these sugar molecules into glucose, which it uses for energy.

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What is a triglyceride?an ester formed from glycerol and three fatty acid groups. Triglycerides are the main constituents of natural fats and oils, and high concentrations in the blood indicate an elevated risk of stroke.

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What is a triglyceride?an ester formed from glycerol and three fatty acid groups. Triglycerides are the main constituents of natural fats and oils, and high concentrations in the blood indicate an elevated risk of stroke.

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What is the phospholipid structure and function for cell membrane?Phospholipids, arranged in a bilayer, make up the basic fabric of the plasma membrane. They are well-suited for this role because they are amphipathic, meaning that they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. Chemical structure of a phospholipid, showing the hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.

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What is the phospholipid structure and function for cell membrane?Phospholipids, arranged in a bilayer, make up the basic fabric of the plasma membrane. They are well-suited for this role because they are amphipathic, meaning that they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. Chemical structure of a phospholipid, showing the hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.

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Structure of a lipid.How to identify a lipid.One type of lipid monomer, a fatty acid, consists of one carboxyl group at the end of a linear hydrocarbon containing at least four carbon atoms. Because hydrocarbon chains are nonpolar, fatty acids with long hydrocarbon chains are mainly hydrophobic (insoluble in water) despite having one polar functional group.

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Structure of a lipid.How to identify a lipid.One type of lipid monomer, a fatty acid, consists of one carboxyl group at the end of a linear hydrocarbon containing at least four carbon atoms. Because hydrocarbon chains are nonpolar, fatty acids with long hydrocarbon chains are mainly hydrophobic (insoluble in water) despite having one polar functional group.

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Lipid Indicators. Sudan III or Sudan IV. Fat loving molecules colored red/orange. Positive result is two layers,top layer is orange-red. Negative result is one layer and the color is evenly distributed.

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Lipid Indicators. Sudan III or Sudan IV. Fat loving molecules colored red/orange. Positive result is two layers,top layer is orange-red. Negative result is one layer and the color is evenly distributed.

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Credits: First 5 done by Nathan and Last 6 done by Peyton

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Credits: First 5 done by Nathan and Last 6 done by Peyton