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a common optical problem that occurs when a lens is either unable to bring all wavelengths of color to the same focal plane, and/or when wavelengths of color are focused at different positions in the focal plane.

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entails the conversion of a continuous gradation of tone to several regions of fewer tones, with abrupt changes from one tone to another

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a form of distortion that occurs when two elements of the signal being processed to form a digital image become indistinguishable from one another.

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Each time an image is saved in this format it is compressed and “non-essential” data is discarded. The result of compression is that an image can suffer from blockiness, mosquito noise (around edges) and color degradation.

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Barrel distortion is caused when the stop appears before the lens. Pincushion is when the stop appears after the lens. A method used to fix distortion is using both the lenses which have pincushion and barrel distortion together.

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APS-C cameras use a smaller area to form the image than traditional 35 mm cameras, and so lenses used on APS-C format cameras have a correspondingly narrower field of view.

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A full-frame camera is a camera with a full-frame sensor. This is an image sensor that's the same size as the sensor of an analog camera. The biggest advantage of a full-frame camera is that it has no crop factor.

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An image sensor is a device that allows the camera to convert photons – that is, light – into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the device.

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Crop factor means that the image is cut out because the sensor is too small to capture the entire image

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the basic unit of information in computer storage and processing.

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an early 20th-century style and movement in art, especially painting, in which perspective with a single viewpoint was abandoned and use was made of simple geometric shapes, interlocking planes, and, later, collage.

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characterized by extreme sparseness and simplicity.

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Pop art, art in which commonplace objects (such as comic strips, soup cans, road signs, and hamburgers) were used as subject matter and were often physically incorporated into the work.

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new and unusual or experimental ideas, especially in the arts, or the people introducing them.

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he principles, ideals, or practice of producing fantastic or incongruous imagery or effects in art, literature, film, or theater by means of unnatural or irrational juxtapositions and combinations

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the action of taking something for one's own use, typically without the owner's permission.

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the repeated exposure of a photographic plate or film to light, often producing ghost images.

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a painting or drawing of an arrangement of objects, typically including fruit and flowers and objects contrasting with these in texture, such as bowls and glassware.

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These photographs are often used for the promotional marketing of a business including website placement, product previews, and business card/marketing material images.

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Aerial photography is the taking of photographs from an aircraft or other flying object

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a diagram consisting of rectangles whose area is proportional to the frequency of a variable and whose width is equal to the class interval.

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Anti-art is a loosely used term applied to an array of concepts and attitudes that reject prior definitions of art and question art in general.

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Assemblage is an artistic form or medium usually created on a defined substrate that consists of three-dimensional elements projecting out of or from the substrate. It is similar to collage, a two-dimensional medium.

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In photography and optics, a neutral-density filter, or ND filter, is a filter that reduces or modifies the intensity of all wavelengths, or colors, of light equally, giving no changes in hue of color rendition.

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Cross processing is the deliberate processing of photographic film in a chemical solution intended for a different type of film.

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The honeycomb grid is a tight structure of a similar shape to the honeycomb made by honey bees. It's affixed to the front of a studio strobe. Or it can be fixed to an off-camera flash. The light shines through the grid and creates a tight beam of light.

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A beauty dish is a photographic lighting device that uses a parabolic reflector to distribute light towards a focal point.

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In photography, a snoot is a tube or similar object that fits over a studio light or portable flash and allows the photographer to control the direction and radius of the light beam.

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A soft box is a type of photographic lighting device, one of a number of photographic soft light devices. All the various soft light types create even and diffused light by transmitting light through some scattering material, or by reflecting light off a second surface to diffuse the light

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The moon makes a great light source at night, but what you cannot see is that many of the considerations that photographers naturally take into account during the day also apply when the sun goes down

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Also known as an "eye light," it's the highlight reflected off the surface of the eye

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In the Curves adjustment, you adjust points throughout an image's tonal range.

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Levels is a tool in Photoshop and other image editing programs which can move and stretch the brightness levels of an image histogram.

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A ring flash is a circular photographic electronic flash that fits around a camera lens.

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is the use of camera movements that change the orientation or position of the lens with respect to the film or image sensor on cameras

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Straight out of camera. Images as shot out of camera; implied is no post processing, slang in photography groups.

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The ambrotype also known as a collodion positive in the UK, is a positive photograph on glass made by a variant of the wet plate collodion process.

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A Polaroid transfer, sometimes known as an image transfer, is a technique used to develop a peel-apart film picture on to a different material, like drawing paper

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is an intaglio printmaking or photo-mechanical process whereby a copper plate is grained (adding a pattern to the plate) and then coated with a light-sensitive gelatin tissue which had been exposed to a film positive, and then etched, resulting in a high quality intaglio plate

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Cyanotype is a photographic printing process that produces a cyan-blue print. Engineers used the process well into the 20th century as a simple and low-cost process to produce copies of drawings, referred to as blueprints.

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The chlorophyll process is an organic alternative photography process akin to the anthotype process. However, instead of printing on the crushed extract of fruit or plant matter, the prints are bleached by sunlight directly onto the surface of leaves using a positive.

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Involves “splitting” the face into two proportional halves, with one side being in the shadow and the other side being in the light.

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Rembrandt lighting is a standard lighting technique that is used in studio portrait photography and cinematography. It can be achieved using one light and a reflector, or two lights, and is popular because it is capable of producing images which appear both natural and compelling with a minimum of equipment.

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Loop lighting is an essential lighting technique for portrait photographers. This lighting pattern will create a shadow that loops down and around the side of the nose, and on the neck and under the chin.

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Broad lighting is a portrait lighting pattern where the portion of the subject's face that is turned toward the camera is lit most brightly. This is the 'broad' side of the face - from camera position it is wider than the 'short' side of the face, the side that is turned away from the camera.

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Short lighting is a classic portrait lighting pattern where the subject is lit from the side of their face that is farthest from the camera. It is a flattering lighting pattern for most faces and has the effect of visually narrowing a wider face.

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A tintype, also known as a melainotype or ferrotype, is a photograph made by creating a direct positive on a thin sheet of metal coated with a dark lacquer or enamel and used as the support for the photographic emulsion

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A static shot in film is a shot that is devoid of camera movement. Also known as a locked-off shot, or an immobile shot. The frame can be filled with the movement of vehicles, characters, props, weather, etc, but the frame itself does not move in a static shot