# data[].attributes.headline
strong stigma behind mental health challenges negative impacts the progress of our nation, less productive ppl who can't get help, lost potential (A)

# data[].attributes.subject
strong stigma behind mental health challenges negative impacts the progress of our nation, less productive ppl who can't get help, lost potential (A)

# data[].attributes.body
"...According to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General, stigma exerts negative effects by causing people to avoid “socializing or working with, renting to, or employing” individuals with mental health challenges, which results in decreased opportunities and resources and, ultimately, low self-esteem, isolation, and hopelessness (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999)." (Cerully, Ann Kase, Collins, Wong, and Yu)

# data[].attributes.headline
mental health isn't something that heals itself. however, PEI initiatives that focus on mental illness stigma and discrimination are helpful, otherwise their health is not taken seriously (A)

# data[].attributes.subject
mental health isn't something that heals itself. however, PEI initiatives that focus on mental illness stigma and discrimination are helpful, otherwise their health is not taken seriously (A)

# data[].attributes.body
"With funds from the Mental Health Services Act (Proposition 63), the California Mental Health Services Authority (CalMHSA) developed and implemented three statewide prevention and early intervention (PEI) initiatives that focus on mental illness stigma and discrimination reduction (SDR), suicide prevention, and student mental health." (Cerully, Ann Kase, Collins, Wong, and Yu)

# data[].attributes.headline
mental health isn't something that heals itself. however, PEI initiatives that focus on mental illness stigma and discrimination are helpful, otherwise their health is not taken seriously->these sites need to be checked in on/monitored for effectiveness (A)

# data[].attributes.subject
mental health isn't something that heals itself. however, PEI initiatives that focus on mental illness stigma and discrimination are helpful, otherwise their health is not taken seriously->these sites need to be checked in on/monitored for effectiveness (A)

# data[].attributes.body
"Additionally, program partners developed resources to help individuals find information and support related to mental illness. As part of the CalMHSA statewide evaluation of the PEI initiatives, RAND evaluated the utilization of these online resources, which were distributed through websites created by program partners." (Cerully, Ann Kase, Collins, Wong, and Yu)

# data[].attributes.headline
there are methods to not only help those who need help get help but also to educate the public and "gatekeepers," otherwise people are invisibly struggling (A)

# data[].attributes.subject
there are methods to not only help those who need help get help but also to educate the public and "gatekeepers," otherwise people are invisibly struggling (A)

# data[].attributes.body
"Under the SDR initiative, PEI activities include a social marketing campaign, educational training, and online resources. Program partners developed a wide range of SDR online resources targeting individuals in positions to influence the lives of people with mental health challenges, known as “gatekeepers,” and the general public." (Cerully, Ann Kase, Collins, Wong, and Yu)

# data[].attributes.headline
it's possible to put out information that people will view and interact with that could help someone or change their perspective on mental health/the internet is powerful, can be used for good (A)

# data[].attributes.subject
it's possible to put out information that people will view and interact with that could help someone or change their perspective on mental health/the internet is powerful, can be used for good (A)

# data[].attributes.body
Key Findings:

More than 650,000 visits were made to CalMHSA-funded SDR online resources.

436,000 visits originated in California, with over 80 percent from three of the largest metropolitan areas—the Los Angeles, Sacramento, and San Francisco areas.

A maximum of 1.1 percent of California’s population may have visited a CalMHSA-funded SDR online resource.

Visitors downloaded more than 66,000 resources and spent an average of two to three minutes on the sites.

# data[].attributes.headline
an example of the internet combined with the right resources educating people on mental health and why it's important, bettering society as a whole (A)

# data[].attributes.subject
an example of the internet combined with the right resources educating people on mental health and why it's important, bettering society as a whole (A)

# data[].attributes.body
"For example, Disability Rights California’s efforts to make antidiscrimination materials available yielded more than 292,000 visits, with more than half a million page views and more than 45,000 downloads of resource materials. Disability Rights California’s website targeted general audiences, so broad reach
is important in judging its success." (Cerully, Ann Kase, Collins, Wong, and Yu)

# data[].attributes.headline
all these attitudes lead to self-stigma, unhealthy for self and others to see (E)

# data[].attributes.subject
all these attitudes lead to self-stigma, unhealthy for self and others to see (E)

# data[].attributes.body
"One of the most frequently reported types of self-stigma is alienation, which is related to subjective experiences of having a “spoiled identity” (Goffman, 1963) or not feeling fully part of society (Brohan et al., 2011; Ritsher, Otilingam, and Gra- jales, 2003). In our sample, Asian-Americans and Latinos surveyed in English were significantly more likely to feel alienated because of their mental health challenges than whites (see Figure 6)." (Wong)

# data[].attributes.headline
fear of social judgement may prevent ppl from talking about their struggles -> even more stigma (E)

# data[].attributes.subject
fear of social judgement may prevent ppl from talking about their struggles -> even more stigma (E)

# data[].attributes.body
"Fear of social judgment, rejection, and discrimination may motivate individuals to conceal mental health challenges (Clement et al., 2015). Nearly 90 percent of Latinos surveyed in English indicated that they would conceal a mental health problem from coworkers or classmates (see Figure 3)." (Wong)

# data[].attributes.headline
findings from figure 4. treatment attitudes -> possible difference with immigrant background (paraphrased) (E)

# data[].attributes.subject
findings from figure 4. treatment attitudes -> possible difference with immigrant background (paraphrased) (E)

# data[].attributes.body
Findings show that 35% of African Americans surveyed "would put off seeking treatment for fear of letting others know. 17% of Asian Americans, 24% of Latinos (English), and 24% of whites answered similarly. Meanwhile, 2% of Spanish Latinos answered yes to this question. (Wong)

# data[].attributes.headline
common belief that ppl can recover from mental illness -> true, but also not representative of more obvious ones (E)

# data[].attributes.subject
common belief that ppl can recover from mental illness -> true, but also not representative of more obvious ones (E)

# data[].attributes.body
"We found that the majority of those surveyed, regardless of racial or ethnic background, believed that a person who seeks treatment for a mental illness can eventually recover and lead a normal life (see Figure 2)." (Wong)

# data[].attributes.headline
belief that mental health impairments mean contributing to society is not a possibility-> further accentuates stigma and shame (E)

# data[].attributes.subject
belief that mental health impairments mean contributing to society is not a possibility-> further accentuates stigma and shame (E)

# data[].attributes.body
"However, on the question of whether people who have experienced a mental illness will ever be able to contribute much to society, we observed notable racial/ethnic differences. Relative to whites (2 percent), a significantly greater proportion of Asian-Americans (12 percent) and Latinos surveyed in Spanish (39 percent) believed that those who have experienced a mental illness are never going to be able to contribute to society." (Wong)

# data[].attributes.headline
mental health treated as something thats not as huge of a deal, not as visible -> further accentuates the stigma (E)

# data[].attributes.subject
mental health treated as something thats not as huge of a deal, not as visible -> further accentuates the stigma (E)

# data[].attributes.body
"Irrespective of race or ethnicity, most people surveyed believe that individuals with mental illness experience high levels of stigma and discrimination (see Figure 1). Across most groups, only a small proportion viewed the public as being caring and sympathetic toward people with mental illness." (Wong)

# data[].attributes.headline
what was considered McClain's normal was suspicious to someone else, the story of so many (D)

# data[].attributes.subject
what was considered McClain's normal was suspicious to someone else, the story of so many (D)

# data[].attributes.body
"It was just one of the many ways that McClain died as he lived. He was helping someone else — his brother, dashing out late at night to get him that iced tea from a nearby convenience store. Elijah was skinny, and he reported he suffered from both asthma and anemia. It was the latter condition that could make him cold enough, even on an August night, to head out in a coat and a ski mask. An unnamed resident along the busy highway near the Aurora-Denver border called 911 because of the ski mask and because the youth was “waving his arms.”' (Bunch)

# data[].attributes.headline
even the "safest" places can be the most dangerous when you're different, no national progress (D)

# data[].attributes.subject
even the "safest" places can be the most dangerous when you're different, no national progress (D)

# data[].attributes.body
"He was being Elijah. He was being different. But “different” doesn’t go over too well in a suburb like Aurora, a place that, according to a deeply reported piece by Yahoo’s Alexander Nazaryan, bills itself as “the Safest Large City in Colorado.”' (Bunch)

# data[].attributes.headline
there may be some who argue that those kinds of violence don't happen-but that's bc of privilege. not everyone has the same experience living in america, those ppl would say that everything is just (when it's not) (D)

# data[].attributes.subject
there may be some who argue that those kinds of violence don't happen-but that's bc of privilege. not everyone has the same experience living in america, those ppl would say that everything is just (when it's not) (D)

# data[].attributes.body
"That’s partly a dig at Denver next door, but also to erase the memory that in 2012, a white madman with crazy red hair walked into the multiplex showing the new Batman flick and fatally gunned down 12 people. The Aurora police calmly arrested James Holmes — who’d had a shotgun, a semi-automatic rifle, and a Glock — in the parking lot without incident that night." (Bunch)

# data[].attributes.headline
the role that racism and other systemic injustices play, in conjunction with mental health, is undeniably terrible (D)

# data[].attributes.subject
the role that racism and other systemic injustices play, in conjunction with mental health, is undeniably terrible (D)

# data[].attributes.body
George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, Ahmaud Arbery: "Each is a senseless victim of systemic racism in the United States of America, and yet there is also a special poignancy in the way that the introverted McClain knew that he was a different kind of soul — and how he was embracing that and making his difference something truly special." (Bunch)

# data[].attributes.headline
being different in any way is too much for our nation at this point ->something needs to be done (D)

# data[].attributes.subject
being different in any way is too much for our nation at this point ->something needs to be done (D)

# data[].attributes.body
"Elijah McClain no longer walks the Earth for three reasons: He was Black. He was “different.” And he was trying to do both in a suburb of Denver with an out-of-control police department that all too often views those things as a criminal offense." (Bunch)

# data[].attributes.headline
last words: apologizing for being different. tragedy. (D)

# data[].attributes.subject
last words: apologizing for being different. tragedy. (D)

# data[].attributes.body
Elijah’s last words — “I have my ID right here. My name is Elijah McClain. That’s my house. I was just going home. I’m an introvert. I’m different. I’m just different, that’s all. That’s all I was doing. I’m so sorry.”  (Bunch)

# data[].attributes.headline
argument no. 3: The role of race in how people with mental health impairments are treated is undeniably strong, especially in the criminal justice system, further perpetuating the stigma that being different, in any way, is harmful to America. 

# data[].attributes.subject
argument no. 3: The role of race in how people with mental health impairments are treated is undeniably strong, especially in the criminal justice system, further perpetuating the stigma that being different, in any way, is harmful to America. 

# data[].attributes.headline
the problem with having an "outfit" for certain kinds of disabilities is that not all are the same nor are they all things that can be "masked" (F)

# data[].attributes.subject
the problem with having an "outfit" for certain kinds of disabilities is that not all are the same nor are they all things that can be "masked" (F)

# data[].attributes.body
"All fantasies of identification are predicated upon the master fantasy that bodies can be definitively identified and individuals placed into clear-cut categories (whether of race, gender, ability, or some other aspect of identity). In cultural texts reflecting the fantasy, as well as their counterparts in legal, medical, and policy discourses, ‘portrayals of ambiguous identification are tolerable only if contained and ultimately resolvable’" (Cheyne)

# data[].attributes.headline
representation can turn bad when the characters start to become unreliable because of their mental health -> perpetuates the idea that they cannot contribute to society (F)

# data[].attributes.subject
representation can turn bad when the characters start to become unreliable because of their mental health -> perpetuates the idea that they cannot contribute to society (F)

# data[].attributes.body
"In asking ‘Whodunit?’ crime fictions aim to identify what a person is and to fix their identity accordingly. Both crime fiction and fantasies of identification are centrally concerned with identificatory processes and driven by the anxiety generated by individuals who might not be what they appear to be." (Cheyne)

# data[].attributes.headline
"The contemporary boom in neurodivergent protagonists is partly a function of specific social changes, as well as ‘the fascination our contemporary culture has with a cognitive difference’ " -> this can be both good and bad (F)

# data[].attributes.subject
"The contemporary boom in neurodivergent protagonists is partly a function of specific social changes, as well as ‘the fascination our contemporary culture has with a cognitive difference’ " -> this can be both good and bad (F)

# data[].attributes.body
"A detective’s disability may prove an obstacle to cracking the case or provide an additional mystery to be solved, as in Anne Perry’s The Face of a Stranger (1990), where the amnesiac protagonist has to piece together his own history as well as solving the case. Such deployments enhance both anticipatory affects and the sense of closure". (Cheyne)

# data[].attributes.headline
example: how representation could be used for good, reduce stigma against those with disabilities (F)

# data[].attributes.subject
example: how representation could be used for good, reduce stigma against those with disabilities (F)

# data[].attributes.body
"The cognitive exceptionality of the neurodivergent investigator, for example, is always integral to their skills as a detective. Literary examples include Karin Slaughter’s dyslexic investigator Will Trent, whose skill lies in looking at ‘how the pieces were put together to make a crime work’ (Triptych 187), and Padgett’s Bo Bradley, who is almost always able to tell if a person is lying." (Cheyne)

# data[].attributes.headline
idea, this is how representation could be good, but on the flip side, could also be romanticized (F)

# data[].attributes.subject
idea, this is how representation could be good, but on the flip side, could also be romanticized (F)

# data[].attributes.body
"It is conventional in crime for the central detective to be in some way exceptional (in terms of intelligence, tenacity, or some other attribute), and disability makes for a distinctive detective, creating the illusion of a unique protagonist." (Cheyne)

# data[].attributes.headline
its possible to change perceptions of ppl with mental health issues bc of their abilities -> can positively contribute to society (F)

# data[].attributes.subject
its possible to change perceptions of ppl with mental health issues bc of their abilities -> can positively contribute to society (F)

# data[].attributes.body
"The exceptional investigatory abilities of the disabled detective are often bound up with their disability, with disability positioned less as an obstacle than as a generative force which encourages or enables alternative (and productive) ways of thinking and working." (Cheyne)

# data[].attributes.headline
methods like a longer prison sentence/more isolation doesn't help our nation as a whole. it means that more people are actually suffering, especially with those with mental conditons (B)

# data[].attributes.subject
methods like a longer prison sentence/more isolation doesn't help our nation as a whole. it means that more people are actually suffering, especially with those with mental conditons (B)

# data[].attributes.body
"I believe, however, that levying longer prison sentences does little to address the root causes of abuse and neglect, and even less to protect survivors, or to ensure they receive a measure of justice. Instead, it employs the same misguided logic that created our system of mass incarceration in the first place…" (Lew)

# data[].attributes.headline
idea, isolating disabled people puts them in the position to be abused/taken advantage of in the first place, detrimental to the progress of our nation (B)

# data[].attributes.subject
idea, isolating disabled people puts them in the position to be abused/taken advantage of in the first place, detrimental to the progress of our nation (B)

# data[].attributes.body
"First, we must end the isolation of disabled people that makes them vulnerable to abuse and neglect in the first place. Violence proliferates behind closed doors. For decades, disability advocates have pushed for access and community integration." (Lew)

# data[].attributes.headline
some may argue that separating students with disabilities allows them to get more support. this may be true in some cases, but as the norm it doesn't help our nation nor allow these ppl to become productive ppl in society (B)

# data[].attributes.subject
some may argue that separating students with disabilities allows them to get more support. this may be true in some cases, but as the norm it doesn't help our nation nor allow these ppl to become productive ppl in society (B)

# data[].attributes.body
"With the 1999 landmark case of Olmstead v. L.C., the Supreme Court set a powerful legal precedent that argues for community-based services.  Yet, more than 20 years after Olmstead, people with disabilities still remain needlessly segregated in separate classrooms, schools, and institutional settings, a situation that urgently needs to change." (Lew)

# data[].attributes.headline
very little institutional protection to protect ppl with disabilities from abuse, and race further exacerbates this -> racial crisis (B)

# data[].attributes.subject
very little institutional protection to protect ppl with disabilities from abuse, and race further exacerbates this -> racial crisis (B)

# data[].attributes.body
"I have seen over the years how our current legal system does little to protect people with disabilities from abuse, and wastes public funds on a system that disproportionately punishes Black and Latino communities, and the disabled individuals within those communities. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, an estimated 32% of individuals in prison, and 40% of those in jail reported having at least one disability." (Lew)

# data[].attributes.headline
actions speak louder than words. just because someone has a disability, especially if it's invisible, does not mean they are incapable of reporting abuse -> misguided notion, they just have a hard time communicating, commonly misunderstood (B)

# data[].attributes.subject
actions speak louder than words. just because someone has a disability, especially if it's invisible, does not mean they are incapable of reporting abuse -> misguided notion, they just have a hard time communicating, commonly misunderstood (B)

# data[].attributes.body
"Finally, we must ensure that when people with disabilities do report abuse, they are met with respect and accommodations for their disabilities by everyone in the criminal legal system, from the police, to prosecutors, to defenders, and the court. I have met many survivors who have told me that when they attempted to report a crime, they were ignored or worse, discredited." (Lew)

# data[].attributes.headline
people with "invisible disabilities," developmental disabilities, are taken advantage of, seen as less capable, and less valid (B)

# data[].attributes.subject
people with "invisible disabilities," developmental disabilities, are taken advantage of, seen as less capable, and less valid (B)

# data[].attributes.body
"According to data collected but not yet published by the U.S. Department of Justice, people with intellectual disabilities are sexually assaulted at a rate seven times greater than nondisabled individuals. We should ensure that people are educated about their right to safe and consensual sex and their right to bodily integrity…" (Lew)

# data[].attributes.headline
the criminal justice system has always had its issues, and RJ's origins stem from a multitude of justice origins (C)

# data[].attributes.subject
the criminal justice system has always had its issues, and RJ's origins stem from a multitude of justice origins (C)

# data[].attributes.body
"These disparate origins have led to a flowering of imaginative alternatives and additions to formal justice procedures and, at the same time, considerable confusion and disagreement about what constitutes the sine qua non of restorative justice. This confusion has led to the term encompassing a continuum from the crudest form of punitive payback through to the softest kind of resolution of trivial juvenile offending." (Strang)

# data[].attributes.headline
some may argue that RJ is rather ineffective because it minimizes certain factors (C)

# data[].attributes.subject
some may argue that RJ is rather ineffective because it minimizes certain factors (C)

# data[].attributes.body
"Indeed, it might be argued that process can sometimes trump values in deciding what is important in RJ (see Braithwaite and Strang 2001). Braithwaite’s (2002) description of an RJ conference—the model that became the subject of the RISE program—usefully operationalises the values and the process." (Strang)

# data[].attributes.headline
what the RJ process is exactly, how it works, and it involves both the victim and the perpetuator (C)

# data[].attributes.subject
what the RJ process is exactly, how it works, and it involves both the victim and the perpetuator (C)

# data[].attributes.body
"Furthermore, a restorative process means: any process in which the victim and the offender, and, where appropriate, any other individuals or community members affected by a crime, participate together actively in the resolution of matters arising from the crime, generally with the help of a facilitator. (UN 2002: 3)" (Strang)

# data[].attributes.headline
the crimes that ppl with disabilities are charged with are generally nonviolent->processes of RJ can work (C)

# data[].attributes.subject
the crimes that ppl with disabilities are charged with are generally nonviolent->processes of RJ can work (C)

# data[].attributes.body
"Some might say the world of RJ practice has been little influenced by this long program of research...Thus, RJ is still rarely used for serious and violent crime (but see, for example, Strang 2014) and instead is usually implemented precisely for those cases where evidence shows it to be least effective and sometimes even counterproductive: trivial offending by juveniles." (Strang)

# data[].attributes.headline
the origins of restorative justice, why it sprung into existence, benefits to crime victims (paraphrased) (C)

# data[].attributes.subject
the origins of restorative justice, why it sprung into existence, benefits to crime victims (paraphrased) (C)

# data[].attributes.body
The term 'restorative justice' has roots in multiple preindustrial traditions of conflict resolution programs; the term came into existence during the mid 1970s in North America. Crime victims noted a strong dissatisfaction with the formal justice system. (Strang)

# data[].attributes.headline
The development of RISE and the significance of its findings for RJ worldwide are the themes of the remainder of this chapter -> the results of it...show good things, possible for ppl with disabilities (C)

# data[].attributes.subject
The development of RISE and the significance of its findings for RJ worldwide are the themes of the remainder of this chapter -> the results of it...show good things, possible for ppl with disabilities (C)

# data[].attributes.body
The juvenile property experiment showed that, across all offenders, court reduced reoffending significantly more successfully than did RJ. This was due to the dramatic backfiring effect of RJ with Aboriginal property offenders; for white offenders, there was no significant difference between court and RJ.

The drink-driving experiment showed that court reduced reoffending better than RJ.

Across all experiments there were significantly higher perceptions of procedural fairness among both victims and offenders whose cases were dealt with by RJ than by court.

In both the property and the violence experiments, victims expressed much higher levels of satisfaction with RJ than with court (see Strang 2002).

# data[].attributes.headline
argument no. 4: The problem with having an "outfit" for certain kinds of disabilities is that not all are the same nor are they all things that can be "masked." Representation can actually become detrimental, emphasizing the need for realistic representation (in books, media, pop culture, etc).

# data[].attributes.subject
argument no. 4: The problem with having an "outfit" for certain kinds of disabilities is that not all are the same nor are they all things that can be "masked." Representation can actually become detrimental, emphasizing the need for realistic representation (in books, media, pop culture, etc).

# data[].attributes.headline
argument no. 2: Many people with intellectual challenges are not able to use their voice or comprehend large matters. Not educating the public and not providing the necessary resources to people with mental health issues to be taken advantage of, creates an unhealthy nation.

# data[].attributes.subject
argument no. 2: Many people with intellectual challenges are not able to use their voice or comprehend large matters. Not educating the public and not providing the necessary resources to people with mental health issues to be taken advantage of, creates an unhealthy nation.

# data[].attributes.headline
argument no. 5: It's possible to put out information that people will view and interact with that could help someone or change their perspective on mental health. The internet is powerful and can be used to further national progress and decrease mental health stigma. 

# data[].attributes.subject
argument no. 5: It's possible to put out information that people will view and interact with that could help someone or change their perspective on mental health. The internet is powerful and can be used to further national progress and decrease mental health stigma. 

# data[].attributes.headline
argument no.1: The stigma surrounding mental health issues contributes to society's downfall, leading to universal misunderstanding and an inability for some to get the help they need. 

# data[].attributes.subject
argument no.1: The stigma surrounding mental health issues contributes to society's downfall, leading to universal misunderstanding and an inability for some to get the help they need. 

# data[].attributes.body
To what extent does our treatment of people with mental health issues contribute to the progress of our nation/democracy?

(Purpose is to convince the public that mental health plays a significant part in criminal behavior, treatment of people with mental disabilities, making a case for why we need to pay  more attention to mental health -- purpose fo .)