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Political situation in England before the Norman Conquest (Perihan)

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Political situation in England before the Norman Conquest (Perihan)

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After the death of Edward the Confessor in 1066, the Normans saw their chance to attack England.

Edward the Confessor had no direct descendant so England was unreigned, but Harrold of Wessex was chosen as the next king. Harald Hardrada, the king of Norway, supported by Harrold of Wessex' brother attacked England and launched his attack on the north east in September of 1066. Harrold of Wessex marched north and Harald Hardrada was defeated.

William, the Duke of Normandy, who claimed that the throne belonged to him, as Edward the Confessor promised it to him, landed on the south in the maintime.

After a 4 day ride Harrold arrived at London and collected all troops he could and took position on Senlac Hill in Hastings on the 14th October 1066.

Harrold standed no chance against the Norman cavallry and archers and got killed in the battle.

On the 24th December 1066 William was crowned the King of England in London.

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A new chapter in British history began with the Norman conquest.

When William´s father Robert I. died William tried to fulfill his will as his successor.William the Duke of Normandy was named the next King of England and the successor by King Edward.In December 1065 King Edward fell into a coma which entailed Englands empty throne.Harold crowned himself on Edwards funeral day.Furthermore William immediately claimed his right to the English throne.When in 1066 the Battle of Hastings broke out William´s army defeated Harolds´s army.Subsequently William the Duke of Normandy ascended the English throne and became the King of England also known as “William the Conqueror“.

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Norman Conquest of England - Consequences (Noah)

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Norman Conquest of England - Consequences (Noah)

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- Harold II (1022–1066), was once credited with bringing in a host of new legal, political and social changes to England, effectively marking 1066 as the start of a new age in English history
- Those Anglo-Saxons nobles who had survived the battels of 1066 had the chance to serve William and retain power and land, but many rebelled over contentious issues, and soon William had turned away from compromise to importing loyal men from the continent
- The idea that a landowner held two types of land his patrimony, the family land which he had inherited, and his extended lands which he had conquered
-  By 1087, eleven of fifteen bishops were Norman, and only one of the other four was English. The church had power over people and land, and now William had power over them
-  Every major Anglo-Saxon cathedral or abbey, apart from Westminster, was rebuilt bigger and more fashionably
- Royal forests, with their own laws, were created
- There was a large decline in the numbers of free peasants, who were lower class workers who could quit their land in search of new landlords
- England was brought closer to events in France and this region of the continent, leading to the Angevin Empire and then the Hundred Years War
- After 1070, Latin replaced English as the language of government.

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Between 1714 and 1837 the british empire was based on commerce, sea power and naval domimance. In the beginning of the 18th century Britain had colonies in North America, many islands in the caribbean sea and in Bengal.In the American war of independence Britain lost the 13 colonies in America in 1783. But they acquired other settlements. They dominated the trade in the Indian ocean with the English India company. Until the slave trade was abolished in 1807 the triangular slave trade was important for the british empire.

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Nils Beyerle, Jan Beyer, Lorin Cinar, Hannah Berthold

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Around 1400 European explorers began mapping new countries in what is known as the age of European Discovery. Britain´s first overseas colony was Virigina, founded in 1607. 1620 the Pilgrim fathers lead to the founding of 13 colonies on the north east coast, which form the basis of modern day USA. These colonies were the beginning of the first British Empire. Virgnia provided raw materials for Britain, the most important one was tobacco. In 1775 the 13 colonies rebelled over the taxes they had to pay Britain. In 1783 they defeated the British in the American War of Independence. Britain lost it's whole Empire (except for a few colonies in the Carribean and parts of Canada )

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Different perspectives on the British rule in India

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Different perspectives on the British rule in India

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After the fateful loss of almost all of its colonies - with the exception of small parts of Canada and minor colonies in the Caribbean - Great Britain was provisionally
without a global empire.

However, after the loss of colonized North America, Britain began to focus on other territories around the world.

This plan benefited from two developments within Europe, on the one hand the complete defeat of Napoleon and the end of the Napoleonic wars around 1815, which enabled Great Britain to quickly become the largest European sea power. Thanks to alliances with other European states, the British trading and naval power was able to operate almost completely globally on water undisturbed. The second aspect that helped Britain to form a new and much larger empire was the industrial revolution that was beginning in Britain, and which enabled Great Britain to build the most advanced and fastest factories. As a result, Britain has been able to produce nearly half of the world's food and increase the quality of its weapons and ships exorbitantly.

India (and other, minor Asian territories), which became the core-part of the 2nd Empire, supplied the British people with a large amount and a wide variety of goods, including cotton, tea, rice, wood and, above all, spices, which was a good of the highest luxury represented within Europe.

Australia and New Zealand: Two different types of colonies were founded there, on the one hand actual colonies in which the indigenous population was ruled over and raw materials were obtained. On the other hand, colonies were also founded in AU / NZ, which served as an extended living space for the British population.

Africa: The first British colonies in Africa were settled in South Africa. These colonies served as anchor-points for merchant or military ships on their way to India, where they could take in food and water or arrange repairs. Later, Europeans went further into Central Africa, which was still largely undiscovered. At that time, Britain was able to secure around 40% of the still undiscovered territory and even could gather the colonies of Germany after World War I.

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Triangular trade began with colonization of America in 1607 and the West Indies in 1623. Chief British ports were London, Liverpool, Bristol and Glasgow. Triangular trade is a historical term, that refers to trade among three ports or regions and countries. The translantic trade is the best known triangular trading system and it operated from the seventeenth until the early nineteenth century by carrying goods, raw materials, cash crops and slaves between West Africa, the Caribbean and American colonies and the European colonial powers. The slaves were transported to the Americans on a sea line, which is called middle passage, were many slaves died of diseases and maltreatment.

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Characteristics of the Victorian era I (Marlene)

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Characteristics of the Victorian era I (Marlene)

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The British Empire was considered a powerful, rich and large empire due to their strong marine power which included trading and commerce overseas. They were and still are very well known for their immense colonial power. Former British colonized countries are e.g India, Australia, Canada and many more. All of these countries still use English as (one of)  their official language. Back then Britain acquired about one fifth of the earth's surface and a quarter of its population.
The Victorian Era strongly profited from the Industrialization even though it took place way before the era.
The industrialization made it possible to create jobs and work especially in factories. That lead to higher wages and greater wealth formed, sadly only affecting the higher social class. Because of the fact that people had more money they had the ability and opportunity to buy more things which made an economic boom occur. Their living conditions automatically rose and got better.
To summarize that, there was a huge progress and development made in the peoples' lives as well as in the economy.

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The second half of the Victorian Era includes public health acts referring to the establishment of sewers,improving of water quality and supplies, checks of food supplies and waste collection.In the following insurances created a rise of life expectancy and increasing living conditions even for the poor people.

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In the second half of the victorian era or the 19th century living conditions for the poor became better. That was reached through the Public Health Acts, which were laws that made cities and towns build sewers organize waste collection, check housing and food supplies and increase sanitation in general.The increase of sanitation led to a higher life expectancy. Moreover the Elizabethan Poor laws of 1601 became cheaper in the city and therefore insurance was more accessable to the public.
Not only did the living condition improve but the British Empire also gained a lot of influence and wealth.
In the later half the British Empire accquired about one fith of the planet's surface and about a quarter of the world's population. It had immense colonial power and indulged in commerce. That is why Britain ecame the commercial and financial capital of Europe.
Actually, remains of this wealth and influence can still be seen. Examples for that are Victorian buildings in cities like liverpool or that english became the international language for communication.

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Margaret Thatcher General Information I (Laeticia)

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Margaret Thatcher General Information I (Laeticia)

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Margaret Thatcher was born and raised in Grantham, England where her family operated a grocery store. Her father was a local business man and a member of the town‘s council which is why Thatcher was introduced to conservative politics in her early years. She went to a local grammar school and studied chemistry at the Oxford University. During her time at university, Margaret Thatcher was very politically active. After college, Thatcher worked as a research chemist in Colchester and later in Dartford. In 1950, she ran as a conservative candidate for a parliamentary seat and lost twice. Two years later, Thatcher started studying law and won a seat in the House of Commons in 1959 representing Finchley. She as well became a member of the Shadow Cabinet. In 1975, Margaret Thatcher was elected to be the leader of her Conservative Party and in May 1979, Thatcher was appointed Btitain‘s first female prime minister. She died on the 8th April 2013.

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Margaret Thatcher General Information II (Lars M.)

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Margaret Thatcher General Information II (Lars M.)

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Thatcher studied chemistry at Sommerville College, and worked as a  chemist, before becoming a barrister. Edward Heath appointed her Secretary for state of education and science in his government (1970-1974). In 1975, she defeated Heath in the conservative party leadership election to become leader of the opposition, the first woman to lead a major political party in the United Kingdom. On becoming prime minister after winning the 1979 general election, Thatcher introduced a series of economic policies intended to reverse high inflation.

(Laeticia already said very much so it was quite difficult to find other information)

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An important event, before Margareth Thatcher's time as primer of Britain, were the beginnings of the EU/EEC.
Directly after the end of the second world war in september 1945, many politicians of european countries supported the idea of forming a community that would unite them to prevent the danger of a new war.
So, not even one year later, in may 1946, Germany and France decided to found the "Coal and Steel Community", which until 1957 also got four other members.
But the british government wasn't really pleased about the new federation. After winning the war they felt like one of the most powerfull countries in the world and didn't want anyone else to get the chance to get the same power. Furthermore they hadn't the need to share more in europe, because their trade was really wide spreaded all around the the world. So Britain declined to join the alliance.
But when the former primer Winston Churchill, who was a big supporter of the community, again became primer in 1951, he made the topic again important, what was an big influence for the time later.
After the "Treaty of Rome" in 1957 the "Coal and Steel Community" turned into the "European Economic Community"(EEC). This made it more interesting for other european countries to become a member.
In the 1960s, the french president Charles de Gaules prevented Britain two times from joining, because he feared for the position of France in the EEC.
In 1973, after de Gaules resigned from his job as president, Britain finally made it into the EEC.
1993 the EEC was changed into the EU that still is there today.

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Margaret Thatcher also known as "the Iron Lady" was prime minister from 1979 to 1990. She was the first and so far only woman at the head of the British Government. Her political mission was to clean up indebted Britain by e.g. privatizing the major industries and transportation companies and reducing social benefits. Her policies led to a splited society. Her economic and social policies were so characteristic that these were given the own name "Thatcherism". Margaret Thatcher was controversial. The consequences of her policies were the mass unemployment (e.g. because she abandoned old industries as coal mining) and the increasing dissatisfaction of British people. She handled a number of conflicts. Her salvation was the Falkland war on April, 1982. The win saved her re-election. The war was like a defining moment for her. In 1984  was an assassination attempt against her. She escaped unhurt. During her term of office she lost a lot of support. Additionally she was unpopular due to her efforts, which had let to protests aswell in her own party. She finally gave up on November 28th, 1990.

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Winston Churchill and Remembrance - Visme is the Swiss Knife for creating Awesome Visual Content and effective story telling.

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Winston Churchill was a descandant of the Duke of Malborough (Grandfather) and was born on November 30th, 1874 in Blenheim Palace. Churchill's father was a famous politician and his mother was a billionaire's daughter from the US. The young churchill grew up wealthy, but he wasn't very popular at home and in school.
He was educated at Bringhton and Harrow, an elite school in Ascot, Sussex. He joined the army at a very young age and followed into his fahter's footsteps attending as MP to the House of Commons  in 1901. Churchill is known for his love for cigars and whisky, but also known for his millitary expertise, affairs (eg. Doris Castlerose) and his self named "Black Dog" and his depressions.

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A problematic icon? Positive aspects (Reda)

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A problematic icon? Positive aspects (Reda)

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.He had a lot of war experience which ultimately led him to victory against the germans in the second world war

.In addition, many liked his stubbornness, which together with the success brought him a good reputation

.last but not least, at that time it was extremely "normal" to see other people in a bad view and to behave like his own race was the best

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A problematic icon? Negative aspects (Malik)

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A problematic icon? Negative aspects (Malik)

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•Winston Churchill was a racist
•Churchill has been criticised for advocating the use of chemical weapons - primarily against Kurds and Afghans
•Churchill has been criticised for his statement's about Gandhi:
"It is alarming and nauseating to see Mr Gandhi, a seditious Middle Temple lawyer, now posing as a fakir… striding half-naked up the steps of the Vice-regal Palace," Churchill said of his anti-colonialist adversary in 1931
• Churchill has been criticised for the Bombarding of Germany:
During the hohle WW2 Churchill let Bombard Germany and many civilian diet

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Neither the First nor the Second World War should be brushed off as political follies. The real war was not a matter of which country took what position, but a matter of men who lost their lives willingly in the hopes that their legacy would outlive them. Their legacy? A world in which their children would not have to fear an unjust regime, a world in which peace would reign supreme. It is not the ideologies that we should honour, nor the legacies of the politicians that lead the war, but of the soldiers and civilians that fell in order for us to live in peace. The red poppy is a simple way to keep their memories alive.

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UK caught between the EU and US 09/12/2020 Content I • Britain and the United States of America (History of Great Britain -> 21st Century) • Stereotypes based on the British point of view • Politics • Economy UK/US 1773-1918 H UK/US 1773 Boston Tea Party First move against America

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The whole conflict started with the "Boston Tea Party" in the year 1773. The "Tea Party" was basically a protest from a group of colonists against the tea taxes. As a protest they threw cargoes of three tea ships into the Boston harbor. Those were all actions leading to the American War of Independence (1775-1783). Like the names says, the purpose of this war was to make America independent of Britain. This was officially signed on the 4th of July 1776, making America an own state. After the declaration of Independence and also at the beginning of the 19th Century the Relations between the US and the UK did not change. In 1812 America declared war on Britain in order to gain the freedom of the seas. In response to that the British raided Washington and set fire to the presidential palace (today the White House). Both parties negotiated a peace settlement in the year 1815. In the American Civil War (1861-1865) Britain remained in a neutral position even though the southern states assumed they would get the help from Britain but the government of the UK decided to remain neutral because they didn't support the slavery of the southern states. At the beginning of the first world war (1914-1918) the UK tried to bring America, which had a great fleet at that time, on their side. Alongside Germany the UK used Propaganda as a method to hopefully get the neutral America on their side. In the end America joined forces with the UK against Germany not because of the Propaganda but because Germany had sunken a British ship with American people on it. With that action America had declared war on Germany in 1917 and helped to defeat Germany and bringing the war to an end.

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Britain is generally critical of both American and European politics.
Critical of America because of making statements supporting peace and national independence while carrying out military actions. Also critical of Europe for example by making rules which restrict the freedom of citizens.
However, one needs to point out that Britain´s culture is made out of principles that shaped Europe like the French Revolution. It lead to new marked political and cultural formations. Shaped by ideals of social equality and new political reforms.
When it comes to economy, Britain has extraordinary bilateral relationships with Japan and China. That means that two states recognize one another as sovereign states and agree to diplomatic relations.
Britain also has increasing economic relationships to Asia.
Britain´s future relays on new generations, but it is seen as successful because of great universities and a high level of education.

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Stereotypes, Two types of Europe and torn apart (Simona)

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Stereotypes, Two types of Europe and torn apart (Simona)

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Stereotypes:
Britains see the French as sophisticated, the Germans as competent and the Italians as sexy. Moreover Scandinavian countries are held up as models by the left and right in British politics. Spanish and Croatia they see as holiday destinations.

Two types of ,,Europe'' :
When you think about Europe than you think on one hand of holidays and exotic locations, complete with balmy heat and beautiful food. On the other hand there is the European politics, which represents some overhelming technocratic monstrosity and taking care of the wishes of the public.

Torn apart:
British people do not really know where they belong to. They are split opinions on belonging to America or to Europe. America and Great Britain share the same language, but due to its geographical location it makes more sense that Great Britain belongs to Europe.