# data[].attributes.body
Are stereotypes discriminative notions based off of opinion, or accurate notions based off of observation?

# data[].attributes.body
Is reverse discrimination a necessary evil to obtain ethnical equality in college admission and job employment processes?

# data[].attributes.body
1. I've learned that Cinco de Mayo is not Mexico's independence day which is on September 16 and dates back to 1810

2. Cinco de Mayo is the anniversary of the Battle of Puebla which occurred in 1862.

3. Americatakes advantage of the holiday and oversells it.

# data[].attributes.body
While scrolling through the R1's on the cohorts page I noticed that none of them were from the opposite side of the issues addressed. Everyone pretty much agreed on the views expressed in the D1's they responded to. Though they agreed in their responses they mentioned their reasoning at an angle different than what was mentioned in the D1's they responded to while supporting the argument of the individual which they were responding to. This added to the person's argument and strengthened it. However, what was overlooked was the possible negatives the positives may have regarding the issue at hand. Even so I was able to see where they were coming from with the reasoning used to supoort their opinions.

# data[].attributes.body
I chose this quote because it corresponds with the image i used above. Globally there have been many changes made to combat discrimination. However there are still many more countries whose economy relies on slave trade, and labor to support their central government, which is often typically comprised of the countries elites. I believe that without any outside help, the current situation in those countries will remain. Which is why in order to end discrimination i t would have to be a worldwide movement.

# data[].attributes.body
Our global community has come a long way in helping to eliminate discrimination, but we still have far to go.
-- Robert Alan Silverstein

# data[].attributes.body
I chose this image because it clearly represents what we are despite our skin. We engage in ridiculous debates about civil rights for individuals of different complexions and ethnic backgrounds though we're descended from the same origin. For centuries there have been many successful reforms to bridge the gap, however the system is flawed. We still have quite far to go until we construct a near flawless system of equality and respect for one another as humans while disregarding ethnicity as an excuse not to move forward.

# data[].attributes.body
Why It's unnecessary.

1. Affirmative Action belittles the achievements of minorities by giving them a chance to succeed with no acknowledgement of their accomplishments.

2. Those who are amongst the majority groups deliberately designate themselves as minorities to take advantage of benefits provided by affirmative action.

3. Though illegal ther are quotas used to defend against affirmative action policies.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
pros cons affirmative action advantages disadvantages reverse discrimination equal opportunity employment education business

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Pros and Cons of Affirmative Action " Phil for Humanity

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The advantages and disadvantages to affirmative action. The pros and cons of affirmative action in employment, education, and business.

# data[].attributes.body
Why It's unnecessary

1. Minority groups use affirmative action as an excuse and entitlement to an advantage in employment and college admission processes.

2. Affirmative Action gives an unfair advantage to minorities over students who may be more qualified.

3. Affirmative Action may make minorities feel like they're being undermined to have to rely on it to gain a chance at succeeding.

# data[].attributes.body
It depends on the college and the state it's located in. Some states have no affirmative action policies, but colleges within states that do have them may interpret their affirmative action policies a bit more strictly or loosely than others. However, There have been cases in which the minority with the lower Gpa. and less activities has been favored over the slightly more qualified applicant, which has resulted in lawsuits against colleges because the applicant who was more qualified was not accepted due to an affirmative action policy. I think that should answer your second question as well.

# data[].attributes.body
I really like your research and I think it's very in-depth I just have a few questions about your topic

A. With affirmation action is everyone equally qualified or will a colored person with a 3.5 Gpa. and 3 activities be more favored than a white person with a 3.6 and 5 after school activities? I'm just curious

B. And in regards to work and colleges what conflicts has it caused?

# data[].attributes.body
Why it's necessary.

1. Disparities in higher education are still prevalent though the gap in education has slightly closed.

2. More than half of the babies in the nation are of color

3. Diversity helps not only colored people, but all who experince diversity, it's essential to see and learn from other groups through personal experience.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Supreme Court will begin hearing arguments today in Fisher v. University of Texas, a constitutional challenge to race-conscious admission policies at colleges and universities. If the Court bars the use of race in admissions, it will erase 50 years of progress and threaten universities' attempts to make college campuses more diverse and inclusive. Conservatives hope that this case will overturn the Court's 2003 ruling in Grutter v. Bollinger, which allowed schools to use race as one of the many factors in achieving racial diversity in their institutions. Such a ruling, however, would adversely impact students on college campuses and would go against our nation's founding principles of fairness and equal opportunity.

As a nation we have come a long way in terms of inclusiveness-in 2008 we elected our first African American president-but our work is far from done. It's important that as a country we continue to expand opportunities for all to ensure that we are giving everyone a fair shot.

Here are 10 reasons why diversity on college campuses is crucial for all students.

1. Our nation is changing, and our higher education institutions need to reflect this diversity. More than half of all U.S. babies today are people of color, and by 2050 our nation will have no clear racial or ethnic majority. Communities of color are tomorrow's leaders, and we need to better prepare our future workforce.

2. While communities of color have made great strides in closing the education gap, disparities in higher education remain prevalent.According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2009 about 28 percent of Americans older than 25 years of age had a four-year college degree. That same year only 17 percent of African Americans and 13 percent for Hispanics had a four-year degree.

3. It's in our national interest to invest in our future workforce. People of color today make up about 36 percent of the workforce. According to Census Bureau projections, by 2050 one in two workers will be a person of color. As our nation becomes more diverse, so too does our workforce.

4. Diversity in the workforce fosters innovation and competitiveness in business.Studies consistently show that diversity drives innovation and fosters creativity. In a Forbes survey, 85 percent of respondents said diversity is crucial for their businesses, and approximately 75 percent indicated that their companies will put more focus during the next three years to leverage diversity to achieve their business goals.

5. Fortune 500 companies agree that diversity is good for the bottom line.More than 60 leading 500 Fortune companies-including Coca-Cola, General Electric, Hewlett-Packard, Intel, Johnson & Johnson, and many others-came out in support of race-based admission policies in an amicus brief to the Supreme Court in the Grutter v. Bollinger ruling.

6. Diversity is a national security issue.In the past, our U.S. armed forces have argued that a highly qualified and racially diverse officer corps is essential to the military's ability to provide national security. A top Army personnel official states that, "Diversity adds to the strength of the military as a force." In Grutter v.Bollinger a number of high-ranking officers and civilian leaders of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps urged the Court to uphold the limited consideration of race.

7. Diversity on campus benefits all students.Diversity on college campuses isn't just a benefit for the brown and black students. Learning with people from a variety of backgrounds encourages collaboration and fosters innovation, thereby benefitting all students. Research shows that the overall academic and social effects of increased racial diversity on campus are likely to be positive, ranging from higher levels of academic achievement to the improvement of near- and long-term intergroup relations.

8. The implications of race-neutral policies in educational opportunities are detrimental to the next generation.Admission polices that do not consider race are predicted to decrease representation of students of color at the most selective four-year institutions by 10 percent. Given that our future workforce is projected to be nearly half people of color, it is necessary that universities create a fair process for expanding opportunities to all students.

9. Research show that race-neutral polices simply don't work.Scholars have already debunked the myth that a class-based admission system is an adequate replacement for a race-based admission policy as a means of creating greater levels of diversity. A study conducted by the University of California, Los Angeles, School of Law found that after using a class-based admission system, enrollment of African Americans and American Indians fell by more than 70 percent. A wide breadth of research concludes that race-conscious practices are necessary in some capacity to achieve a level of diversity that encompasses our diverse nation.

10. The majority of Americans support race-conscious policies in higher education.A CBS News/ New York Times poll in 2009 shows that the majority of Americans are in favor of promoting diversity on college campuses through race-conscious policies-including the Asian American population, a group that is inaccurately speculated to benefit from the ban of such practices. An Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund poll found that 75 percent of Asian Americans voters in Michigan rejected Michigan's Proposition 2, a 2006 state referendum seeking to ban race-conscious policies.

As our nation becomes more diverse, it is crucial that institutions of higher education reflect this diversity. Our growing communities of color are America's future, and it is important that we not only prepare people of color as future leaders, but that we also expose all students to diversity in education so that America's students are more competitive in an increasingly global economy.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
10 Reasons Affirmative Action STILL Matters Today

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
If the Supreme Court decides against the use of race in college admissions, it will erase many years of progress for campuses trying to be more diverse and inclusive. The Supreme Court will begin hearing arguments today in Fisher v. University of Texas, a constitutional challenge to race-conscious admission policies at colleges and universities.

# data[].attributes.body
Why it's Necessary

1. Race and privilege are covertly encoded in the educational systems.

2. None of us earn our positions independently because of our social circumstances.

3. The affect of inequality omits educational opportunities, and prevents social advancement.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
College admissions officers across the country will soon be sorting through endless piles of applications. They will consider students' academic achievements and extracurricular involvement, among other things. But in nine states, including my home state of Michigan, these officers will be prohibited from using race as a factor in admission decisions.

Since the Supreme Court upheld a voter referendum banning the use of race in university admissions earlier this year, many have hailed this last onslaught against affirmative action as an important step toward meritocracy in higher education. But there is decidedly more to college admissions, race, and privilege than meets the eye.

To contextualize this, I often consider a game I played as an undergraduate known as Star Power. Each of the players began the game with an equal number of gold stars, but the stars were randomly assigned different values. The object of the game was to trade stars to see who ended up not with the most stars, but with the most points.

While we hail higher education as the great equalizer, disparities in university admissions reveal staggering race-based inequalities.

In the end, it was obvious that those players who ended the game with the most points were also the ones who started the game with the most points. In the discussion following, those of us who began the game with stars of lower value complained that we felt invisible and frustrated. Those who began with more points (and ultimately won) didn't understand the problem. They had simply played by the rules and gotten-or stayed-ahead. It wasn't their fault that they won the game. In reflecting on that conversation, I now realize that directing our anger at individual players for winning the game missed a more important point: The game was rigged before we started playing.

Similarly, in the current debate about race and privilege in American higher education, to ask if individual students "deserve" their college admissions or academic achievements misses the point. Instead, it is more accurate and fruitful to talk about historical and structural factors that systematically award some applicants higher value, while simultaneously dismissing and excluding others.

President Lyndon Johnson summarized this in 1965: "You do not take a person who, for years, has been hobbled by chains and liberate him, bring him up to the starting line of a race and say, 'You are now free to compete with all the others,' and still justly believe that you have been completely fair." As we debate and reflect on race and privilege in our society nearly half a century later, Johnson's words still ring true.

While we hail higher education as the great equalizer, disparities in university admissions reveal staggering race-based inequalities. A recent report by researchers at Georgetown University, for example, found that "more than 30 percent of African-Americans and Hispanics with a high school grade point average (GPA) higher than 3.5 go to community colleges compared with 22 percent of whites with the same GPA." This finding points out that the racial disparities in higher education are not linked to merit or personal achievement, but systematic exclusion and discrimination.

And while most of us are quick to distance ourselves from such findings and underscore our firm belief in meritocracy, mutual respect, and egalitarianism, the causes and effects of racial disparities extend well beyond the convictions of individuals. Race and privilege are covertly encoded in our educational systems-from students' high school reputations to their letters of recommendation to their parents' alma maters. These facts effectively add up to more difficult (and discriminatory) admissions processes for students of color.

The effects of these inequalities last throughout individuals' lifetimes, affecting opportunities for employment and social advancement. According to the College Board, "the unemployment rate for individuals with at least a bachelor's degree has consistently been about half the unemployment rate for high school graduates." Thus, excluding students of color from higher education has far-reaching social, political, and economic consequences.

More importantly, the effects of these inequalities are inherited across generations. A recent study at Brandeis University followed families over a 25-year period found that the wealth gap between white and black families tripled between 1984 and 2009. Although some may be tempted to attribute these disparities to personal attributes or individual choices, this study found that pre-existing privilege (measured, in part, by parental education) was the primary driver of this increased divide. Adults without higher education face difficulties in finding employment, and their children face difficulties breaking into higher education. The effects are perverse, cyclical, and underscore the importance of affirmative action for current and future generations.

For those of us not fortunate enough to be born with privilege, racially conscious admissions policies remain a small but necessary step toward equal access to opportunities historically limited to the most privileged among us. Undoubtedly, reaching a state of equality is a huge task to be accomplished over many generations. Yet achieving true equality necessitates shifting the public conversation about race and privilege. Instead of dismissing racism and assigning blame, we should recognize that none of us earn our position independent of our social circumstances. Instead of hoping that meritocracy is an inevitable social end, we should work actively to eliminate sources of palpable disadvantage in our society.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Affirmative Action Is Still Needed in Higher Education

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
College admissions officers across the country will soon be sorting through endless piles of applications. They will consider students' academic achievements and extracurricular involvement, among other things. But in nine states, including my home state of Michigan, these officers will be prohibited from using race as a factor in admission decisions.

# data[].attributes.body
Who: Minority groups ( women, African Americans, Hispanics Asians, etc.)

What: Civil Rights movement of 1960's

When: 1960s- Present-day

Where: United States initially

Why: To obtain equal rights for minorities

# data[].attributes.body
Affirmative Action - Policy or an action which favors those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education. It is also known as positive discrimination.

Affirmative action is a result of the civil rights movement in an attempt to provide equal opportunities for minority groups who have often faced discrimination. The initial policies of affirmative action were to increase opportunities for African Americans in terms of employment and education. There have been Executive orders signed by previous presidents which required companies and schools to adopt affirmative action policies as they would not only increase opportunities for minority groups, but also diversify the majority ruled educational systems and job markets in America.