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1939
April 1- Franco announces the end of war

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1939
April 1- Franco announces the end of war

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Francisco Franco had ended the war once he had controlled all Spanish territory. During the Final Offensive, he was able to occupy Almeria, Murica and Cartagena and had finally seized all of the territory. The Republicans were defeated and soon the United States had recognized the Nationalist government. The Republicans had lost because they had no unification and they did not have a military leader. They were fighting amongst themselves and could not agree on one set goal to follow.

Influence- The end of the war led to the United States recognizing the Nationalist government. It had also created a Non-Aggression Pact with Portugal and a treaty of friendship with Germany. The Nationalists arrested thousands of Republican soldiers and civilians. 150,000 soldiers were captured in the final offensive and were moved to concentration camps. Franco had many prisoners and executed many of the Republican prisoners after the war.

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1939
February- Barcelona falls to Nationalists

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1939
February- Barcelona falls to Nationalists

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The Nationalists target Barcelona after they took over Catalonia from the Republicans. This was a six-pronged attack that took over Borges Blangques, surrounded Tarragona and reached the outskirts of Barcelona. The Republican army was struggling and was weak at this point from many of the other battles that took place. They could not hold their ground in Barcelona and decided to retreat to Girona, their last place for defense.

Influence- This was the point in the war where the Nationalists knew that they were about to achieve victory. They conquered most of Republican influenced places and broke through their defenses. This was the climax of the war because they were preparing for their Final Offensive in Madrid.

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1938
September-October- Nationalists captured rest of northern Spain

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1938
September-October- Nationalists captured rest of northern Spain

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The Republicans struggle to maintain their cities as each battle they fail to gain more land. The Battle of Teruel belonged to the Republicans at the beginning of the battle but was taken by the Nationalists. This battle and the Battle of the Ebro secured the northern area of Spain to the Nationalists. This meant that the Nationalists were close to victory and only needed to capture Catalonia, Barcelona and Girona.

Influence- The capture of the northern area of Spain helped secure the victory of the Nationalists. The Republicans are struggling to maintain their ground and are slowly being pushed into a corner. The loss at Teruel and Ebro led to the attack on Catalonia, Barcelona and Girona. After the attack on Girona the war would end and the Nationalists would claim their victory.

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1938
July- Republican offensive on the River Ebro fails

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1938
July- Republican offensive on the River Ebro fails

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The Battle of the Ebro was the longest and largest battle of the Spanish Civil War.

The Republicans initiated this battle in order to distract the Nationalist armies that were advancing towards Valencia. The Nationalist had more manpower and equipment than the Republicans. The Republican army was destroyed and their air force was no longer able to assistant them. The Republicans were still able to stop the Nationalist’s assault on Valencia and inflict huge losses on the Nationalist army.

Influence- This battle halted the Nationalist’s forces headed towards Valencia and gave the Republicans more time. It prolonged the war for several months but the Republicans still lost the civil war. Their army was heavily damaged and the Nationalists had too many resources and assistance from other countries.

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1937
July- Republic offensive to break the siege of Madrid to the west fails at
Brunette

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1937
July- Republic offensive to break the siege of Madrid to the west fails at
Brunette

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After the capture of Bilbao, the Republicans wanted to attack Brunette in order to

divert Nationalist forces from the north. This was to satisfy communist demands and also wanted to prove to Russia that the Spanish possessed military initiative. The Republicans failed to cut the Extremadura road but still held from the Nationalists. The Republicans did not takeover Brunette and their army received a heavy loss.

Influence- the Battle of Brunette enabled the Nationalists to acquire trade from Germany. The Republicans had many casualties during the battle which weakened their army and led to more offensives that would fail. They did not achieve their main goal and had to retreat from Brunette.

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1937
June 19- Fall of Bilbao to the Nationalists; end of Basque independence

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1937
June 19- Fall of Bilbao to the Nationalists; end of Basque independence

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What was left of the Basque forces had fallen back to the city of Bilbao. This was the last of the Basque force that the Republicans have. Bilbao was defended by a series of fortifications called the Bilbao’s Iron Ring. It was a good defense during World War I but modern warfare weapons can easily break its defenses now. The ring was breached by the Nationalists and soon took over the city days later after their initial attack.

Influence- All of the Basque forces was taken over by the Nationalists and the Republicans had no control over them. This affected them in 1939 because under Franco’s control, restrictions were put on them. Basque political groups and expressions of Basque culture were prohibited. They couldn’t even speak the Basque language anymore. Their independence had been stripped away from them by Franco and the Nationalists.

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1937
May 17- Juan Negrin forms new government

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1937
May 17- Juan Negrin forms new government

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Manuel Azana had appointed Negrin a Prime Minister of Spain after Largo was dismissed. His new government’s goals were to fortify the central government, to reorganize and fortify the Republican army and to impose the law and order in the Republican area. He wanted to cool down the revolution inside the Republic and break the international isolation of the Republic in order to get the arms embargo lifted. He also wanted to normalize the position of the Catholic Church inside the Republic.

Influence

Negrin had launched a series of offensives such as Brunete and Belchite in order to halt the Nationalist offensive in the North. This new government had also eliminated the military situation in the Republic. He had offered peace negotiations and absolute independence of Spain but Franco had denied all of the attempts at peace.

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Largo Caballero became the head of a coalition government in the Republic in September 1936. The war had generally increased the popularity of the communists and the Spanish Communist Party numbered around 400,000 members by October 1037. They wanted victory in the war and to strengthen the Second Republic, causing the may Days in Barcelona. This consisted of street fighting with communists and socialists on one side and the anarchists and POUM on the other. As the result of this fighting, Caballero was forced to resign and was replaced by Juan Negrin.

Influence The communists were able to choose their leader and spread in the Republic. Negrin had brought an authoritarian regime to the Republic and lasted until March 1939, when there was a military a coup in Madrid. Communism had spread in the Republic which Franco did not want spreading to the rest of Spain.

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1937
April 26- German Condor Legion bombs and destroys Guernica

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1937
April 26- German Condor Legion bombs and destroys Guernica

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The German Condor Legion went and bombed the Basque town of Guernica. The town was defenseless and the bombing had killed 1,600 people. The purpose of the attack was a wider Nationalist advance in the area and was also designed to support Franco’s forces already in place. There were multiple raids on the city which decreased the city’s defenders’ will to resist which allowed the Nationalists to overrun it. They took over the city but three quarters of the city was destroyed from all of the bombing.

Influence This bombing had created distress in the world and inspired many artists. Pablo Picasso had painted the notorious event called Guernica which is an iconic image of the Spanish Civil War. It shows the carnage of the bombing and was recognized across the world. This famous painting also is one of the most powerful anti-war paintings in the history of art.

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1937
April- Franco unites Carlists, fascists and monarchists into one movement

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1937
April- Franco unites Carlists, fascists and monarchists into one movement

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After the death of Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera, Manuel Hedilla sought to take control of the Falange. Franco hat sought to take control of the movement as well as part of his move to control the National faction. Franco announced a decree of unification of the National political movements. This caused the Falange and the Carlists to become a single movement. He unified all of his political movements in order to have one clear goal and to have organization so that people would cooperate unlike the Republic.

Influence Both the Falangists and the Carlists were mad at the decision at first. The Falangists saw their ideological role as being usurped by the Catholic Church. The unification had also made Franco distance the party from fascism and declared that the Falange does not consider itself fascist. This changed the Falange’s perspective from the anticlerical tendencies of de Rivera and promoted National Catholicism.

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This was the Nationalist’s attempt to encircle Madrid. This is where the Italians greatly assisted the Nationalists because the army was primarily comprised of Italian Corps of Volunteer Troops. This was their fourth offensive on Madrid and Franco wanted to aim at closing the pincer around the capital. Although they won at the Battle of the Jarama River, the soldiers were exhausted and the Italians had to take over. The Republicans were able to recapture the cities of Gajanejos and Villaviciosa de Tajuna. Soon the Republican Army came out victorious in this battle.

Influence The victory of The Battle of Guadalajara boosted the Republican army greatly. It also lowered the morale of the Italian army and Franco had announced his intention to dismantle the Italian field army in Spain. This meant that Italy was no longer going to aid The Nationalist which was only a minor setback for them.

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1936
October 29- Soviet intervention begins; German and Italian planes bomb Madrid

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1936
October 29- Soviet intervention begins; German and Italian planes bomb Madrid

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The Nationalists were aided by Germany and Italy which assisted them in winning the war. German and Italian planes had bombed Madrid where the Republicans were. It was key to take over Madrid and Hitler and Mussolini were willing to aide Franco. Mussolini helped because it would be in line with his anti-communist/socialist/democratic outlook and he wanted to expand his influence in the Mediterranean. Hitler helped because he wanted to stop the spread of communism as well as Mussolini.

Influence- This greatly influenced the outcome because the Nationalist had major support from two powerful countries. German and Italy’s support made the Nationalists even harder to defeat for the Republic. The Republic did not have much foreign intervention which made them lack in power and supplies. This is another reason why the Nationalists had won the civil war.

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1936
October- Republic incorporates militias into new Popular Army

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1936
October- Republic incorporates militias into new Popular Army

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The Republic had incorporated the anarchist militias into their army. This was their only real defense because they lacked a strong military leadership. Additionally, the communists did not want to work with the anarchists. The Basques refused to be led by a central command structure as well. The Basques defended only their own territory and even some loyal army officers were not trusted by the Republic. The Republic plan was to fight a series of local conflicts rather than to have one clear overall campaign.

Influence- Although the Republic had the militias for defense they did not have a great army to battle with. They had no leadership which had led to their defeat in the war. If the communists and the anarchists were able to get along and unify they might have had a better chance at winning the war. The Popular Army was not enough to defeat the Nationalists even though they attempted to unify.

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1936
October 1- Franco becomes head of Nationalist government and supreme military
commander

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1936
October 1- Franco becomes head of Nationalist government and supreme military
commander

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Franco was first in leadership of 30,000 soldiers in the Spanish army of Africa. He led this army and had some military power. His rise of power started when General Jose Sanjurjo died on July 20th, 1936 and had to be replaced. Emilio Mola was the military leader of the north. Once Mola died from an airplane crash, Franco was the next to become the general of the national army and head of state. Franco was then able to have full control of the Nationalist military and guided all of the operations.

Influence- Franco leading the Nationalists secured their victory in the war. He was able to unite the people who supported him unlike the Republic and was supported by other countries such as Germany. This support and his military leadership helped him achieve victory in the Civil War.

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1936
September 13- Largo Caballero forms a new Republican government

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1936
September 13- Largo Caballero forms a new Republican government

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Largo Caballero was chosen to replace Giral as prime minister and war minister. He brought two left-wing radicals, four anarchists and two right-wing socialists. He

concentrated on winning the war and stated that he was not fighting for socialism but for democracy and constitutional rule. Although he was in power, Largo Caballero did not pursue is policy of social revolution.

Influence- Largo Caballero introduced changes that upset the left in Spain. This included conscription, the reintroduction of ranks and insignia into the militia, and the abolition of workers’ and soldiers’ councils. He also established a new police force, the National Republican Guard.

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The right-wing CEDA was planning for a coup in order to get the Popular Front out of power. Azaña knew the coup was going to occur but failed to stop it. The conspirators made contact with the Falange and the Carlist group. The coup’s detailed were discovered later on and they started it on July 17 instead of July 18 in Morocco.

Influence The coup was able to spread to the mainland and took over northern Spain and parts of Andalusia. It did not successfully take over the main industrial areas and the rebels did not take over Madrid. This also caused half the army to remain loyal to the Republic.

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1936 September 5- “Death of a Loyalist” photograph by Robert Capa

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1936 September 5- “Death of a Loyalist” photograph by Robert Capa

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The “Death of a Loyalist” was photographed by Robert Capa and depicts a Republican

soldier getting killed on the battlefield. This photo depicts the horrors of the Spanish Civil War. This is considered the best photo from the Spanish Civil War although there were any controversies circling around it whether it was staged. The photo is indeed authentic and sent a powerful message to those who saw it.
Influence It showed the horrors of the war to the citizens and to everyone who saw the photo around the world.  Many photos were taken
during this time but this one was the most famous out of all.

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1936
February- Popular Front government elected

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1936
February- Popular Front government elected

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The right wing slowly lost its control after the economic and political situations were deteriorated. During the elections in February, the Popular Front had won. This front was comprised of anti-fascists which were various left-wing groups including the socialists and the communists. This was the final attempt to uphold democracy and the government wanted to restore the reforms of the 1931-33 regimes (The Left Wing). Caballero’s socialists did not join the government and the right would not accept the restoration of reforms.

Influence Once the Popular Front was in control, the right-wing CEDA was in distress. Military officers were planning for a coup as soon as the Popular Front gained power. The main goal of the coup was to murder a popular CEDA leader on July 13 1936. This was one of the immediate causes of the Civil War.

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Azaña had attempted to create land reforms but in January 1933, guards set fire to houses in the village of Casas Viejas in an attempt to smoke out a group of anarchists. He killed twenty-five people and this lost the left-win Republic working-class support. It had also made socialists to withdraw support from Azaña and he soon resigned.

Influence The resignation of Azaña led to the Right Republic’s reign. The Left-Republic had lost most of their supporters and was unable to continue in power. The Right-wing would stay in power until 1936 when they Civil War begins because the Left-Wing gained control again.

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1931-
The King abdicates and the Second Republic is established 

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1931-
The King abdicates and the Second Republic is established 

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After King Alfonso was replaced by General Primo de Rivera in 1923, De Rivera attempted to establish an authoritarian right-wing regime. He was unable to solve Spain’s economic problems and did not bring long-term political stability so he resigned in 1930. After elections showed support for the San Sebastian Pact coalition of parties, the King went into voluntary exile. The church and the army did not intervene to save the King from exile and a velvet revolution took place. This velvet revolution led to the establishment of the Second Republic.

Influence The fall of monarchy and the establishment of the Left Republic brought Manuel Azaña to become the new President. The government declared a new constitution and stated that Spain was a democratic republic of workers of all classes. Although this was created, civil conflicts and violence still occurred and reforms were created that were seen by attacks by the right-wing groups such as the church and the army.