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Class affect on child hood -aiden spooner 

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Class affect on child hood -aiden spooner 

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•The economic class into which a child is born has a major impact on their experience of childhood.  Hecht’s study of Brazilian street children highlights this by making a distinction between the ‘nurtured’ and the ’nurturing’ child.  The former are the offspring of the wealthy, for whom childhood is a time when they are looked after (nurtured) – by parents, teachers and servants.  The ‘nurturing child’ is the offspring of the poor, for whom childhood is largely spent looking after others (nurturing) – parents, siblings and wider kin.  The nurtured child is one who draws upon family capital while the nurturing child is one who contributes substantially to that capital.

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Gavin S. on Family Breakdown, Permeable Family, and Divorce Rates

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Gavin S. on Family Breakdown, Permeable Family, and Divorce Rates

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- The New Right believes a full nuclear family is the only socially productive form of family. When a family breaks down, it loses social effectiveness and instead draws on the institutions around it for support. The children involved are more likely to become deviants and rebel against laws, an obvious issue.
- The idea of the permeable family is a postmodern look at family structures. It details that families are able to mold with the changes it meets, from breakdown and reconstitution to childbearing and death. There is no set structure in society; each structure serves its purpose, even and especially when family roles are negotiable. - Laws have made it easier for divorce to occur. The Divorce Law Reform Act of 1969 is one such law. The process is a lot easier, with the reasoning for divorce no longer needing to be blamed on one partner; now divorce may happen if any kind of breakdown occurs.
Secularisation has increased, lessening the religious significance of events. Marriage was once a very religious ceremony, but modern times have disregarded that more and more. Marriage, when religious, forbade divorce; nowadays divorce is looked upon by only few as a sacrilegious event.
Women have as of late been more financially stable when on their own. Originally, they had to find a man with a job to keep stable, but now they have more independence. They have more career opportunities, enabling more financial stability without having to marry for it.

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---Over the past 50 years, changing patterns of childbearing can be summarized in terms of:
1. A decline in birth rates, from around 30 live births per 1,000 in 1900 to around 10 in 2010
2. A decline in family size from an average of 3 to 1.6 children, although it has risen slightly over the past decade
3. An increase in the average age at which women have their first child
4. Births outside marriage now account for nearly half of all births

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-- 3% of all women and 2% of all men in the U.K. face violence at the hands of their partner. Women are more likely to be assaulted than men. Women are seen as the weaker gender and the patriarchy takes advantage of this idea. Men think its easier for them to get away with domestic violence.

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The Factors Affecting Divorce Rates- Dion Durden

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The Factors Affecting Divorce Rates- Dion Durden

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1. It is easier. Divorce act of the 1960's
2. The secularization. Since people don't value marriage then people don't care about getting divorced.
3. More people. The more people alive the more likely you are to have a divorce.

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------Reasons for increased cohabitation
1. Reduced social pressures to marry
2. Lower levels of stigma attached to living with someone without being married
3. The wider availability of contraception/abortion

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New right approaches argue that family and relationship diversity is undesirable because it is confusing to individuals and can lead to ’moral anarchy’. It further says that families should have uniformity, in that it provides social, economic and psychological stability, family continuity, and successful primary socialization

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Gavin S. on Old Age in Other Societies and Social Age

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Gavin S. on Old Age in Other Societies and Social Age

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- Elderly in nomadic tribes are not commonly tolerated. Older ages in those societies were often viewed as hinderances and a weak link in the group. Nomads prefer to move their home from place to place, so if a member is slowing them down, they will tend to want to remove them.
However, pre-industrial settlements will treat elderly with respect. Life is about enjoyment and survival where they’re concerned, and the older someone is, the longer they’ve survived. People will want to talk to the elderly and respect their decisions in the matter of living longer, so they have a high status.

- Social age is not only how society puts a value on chronological age, but it is part of a development of one’s self-image. Social age is blatantly more significant due to how much of society uses it over chronological age. Society keeps track of chronological age, but gauges rights and responsibilities by the person’s social age.

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The conflict interpretation outlines how the costs of family outweighs the benefits. The three main issues that conflicts sees with the family are that it is psychologically destructive, socially oppressive and exploitative of women, and it is a violent and abusive institution. This really highlights the dark side of the family in the potential abuse and mistreatment of children and women primarily. Therefore, it is very up to the interpretation to determine weather family is more beneficial or more costly.

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Childhood is a social construct. Childhood is different for many people around the world. Some places don't have a concept of childhood and children work at a very young age. While in other places have children take time to grow and develop. Another reason childhood is a social construct is because the concept of childhood has change overtime and at one point it was no a thing.

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Pre-industrial tribal societies differed from their industrial counterparts in 3 ways:
1. Children were given more responsibility and accorded more rights.
2. Adult-child relationships were closer, less authorization and more supportive.
3. Children were encouraged to explore their sexuality.

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Elderly's Positions Have Changed Overtime- Dion Durden

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Elderly's Positions Have Changed Overtime- Dion Durden

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The elderly's position in society have changed greatly overtime. Back in Nomadic times, elderly were regarded as hinderances and then exiled or executed. Later when times became more settled, elderly were sources of knowledge and could teach important skills to survive so they were regarded highly. Now in more modern times the elderly's value is more based upon what society values. If the society values wisdom and knowledge then the elderly have a higher value, however in a society like America the value of the elderly is completely dependent on how much money they posses.

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Childhood is considered to be a social construct because, Archard (2004) argues that every human society has developed a concept of childhood, but societies differ in their definitions of childhood and, by extension, adulthood.  If childhood was a simple biological category, we would expect every society to see it in a similar way.  The fact that they do not suggests that childhood is socially constructed rather than biologically determined

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The family benefits will not outweigh the costs in terms of:
-domestic violence
-child abuse

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Statistically, there has been a decline in live births, even taking into account the significant increases that followed the two World Wars. The changing pattern of childbearing can be summarized by a couple main points. A filling birth rate from 30 in 1000 to 10 in 1000.  A decline in family size from 3 children to 1.6 children. Finally, there is an increased age in which women have their first child as well as more children outside of marriages.

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In the past 40 years divorce has become more common. There are 3 main factors that contribute to the increase in divorce, this includes legal changes, economic changes and the process of secularization. People used to have to find a reason to get a divorce that was reasonable to the court. Without a reason that could only really be adultery there was no way to separate from a partner except death. Divorce also has less economic benefits especially for women. Women no longer feel the need to marry a man or his money due to more financial options being available.

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Kyle- Changes in gender equality with conjugal roles

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Kyle- Changes in gender equality with conjugal roles

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Evidence for this can be seen in:
1.Increased male housework
2.Decreased female housework
3.Men devoting more time to childcare
4.The family group becoming more home-centered.

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The family benefits outweighs the cost in the sense of:
-the family isn't a perfect institution but the family plays an important stabilizing role for both the individual and society.
-Functionalists believe it is the best we have in terms of fulfilling the range of needs and functions.

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There has been an overall decline in birth rates over the years. This could be due to several factors such as an increased age of women having their first child. Also, there has been an average decline in the number of children in the family. It has also been deemed socially acceptable to not have children at all and this has added to the decrease in childbirths.

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carson- marital changes/ Group 1, Group 2

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carson- marital changes/ Group 1, Group 2

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Group 1-
---The general decline can be explained

by demographic changes rather than a change in people’s behavior
--- The more people there are in this age range, the more marriages there are likely to be

Group 2-
--- A second set of explanations focuses on wider influences on  people’s behavior
--- Women now have more career opportunities, which allows them greater

financial independence.  As a result, there is less economic pressure for them to marry

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Children growing up  in other forms of relationships - Alexis

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Children growing up  in other forms of relationships - Alexis

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The new right states that if a child lives in household other than the nuclear family they claim the child will be poorly socialized. They claim that when a child grows up in a single parent home, especially a single mother, that the child will not be raised properly. That they will have half of what they need missing(the role of a mother or father) and that they will suffer for this. They also do not like queer couples for the same reason.

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Danielle: The Social Construction Of Age

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Danielle: The Social Construction Of Age

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-Age groups reflect different cultural assumptions about appropriate behavior and these assumptions affect individual perceptions of age

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Kyle- Significance of social age over Chronological

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Kyle- Significance of social age over Chronological

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‘chronological age is less significant than social age’ in postmodern societies. In ways of the Aborigines, at age 13, after spending 6 months in the australian wilderness, are they accepted into adulthood.  Whereas 13 is still quite young, this rite of passage is the crossing point between child, and adult.  Secondly, In jewish culture boys have the Bar mitzvah for boys once they turn 13 and the Bat mitzvah for girls once they turn 12.  This is a large stepping stone to becoming an adult as it is another rite of passage, that shows your age socially, through the event milestone, rather than the actual chronological age of the child.

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Gavin S. on the Construction of Childhood and the Role of Children in Society

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Gavin S. on the Construction of Childhood and the Role of Children in Society

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- Childhood has proven to be viewed in different ways culture to culture. Different societies see children in different ways, yet if it were a biological idea then everyone would view them the same way.
Additionally, the idea behind childhood has shifted since it was first discovered. Pre-industrial societies almost ignore the idea of kids and just treat them like young adults, yet along the path of modernisation that changed. Now, kids are granted protection and personal psychological development. The society and its needs dictate how children are viewed, as childhood is a social construct.

- Children have a complicated place in society. They are granted the protections of adults to keep their innocence, but are also expected to understand the responsibilities of adults. It is stated that children need adults to protect them, but should also have little influence from adults to keep their development innocent. This contradiction causes an uncertainty in the roles of children and adults alike.

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This has to do with the social construction of childhood and how different children all experience childhood differently. The main reason that boys and girls are treated so differently is because parents assume that their children are psychologically different based solely off of their gender. For example, painting the same child as both Beth and Adam, researchers were able to conclude that regardless of how the child behaves, people will treat children differently only based on their gender tied to their name. Parents will often expect women to be more domestic and have more of a bedroom life while parents expect men to go out and play and have less restrictions with curfew and who to hang out with and when. Finally, children who cross the boundaries of their gender norms are subject to negative sanctions like bullying and ridicule by society possibly.

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The new right do not support cohabitation because it goes against the nuclear family structure. Cohabitation can be any form of a relationship living together. The new right only support white, straight, married couples with two children. When a couple chooses to live together before marriage they break these unwritten “rules.” There are more couples living in cohabitation now because the rates of marriage have gone down.

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They suggest that in modern industrial societies children are seen as :
-objects of concern requiring adult protection
-lacking moral consciousness
-aware of and accountable for their actions

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Childhood Isn't a Natural Thing- Dion Durden

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Childhood Isn't a Natural Thing- Dion Durden

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The meaning of Childhood has changed overtime. It has changed from being treated as mini adults to being treated as a vessel of innocence that should be protected from the harsh reality of the world. The types of child has also changed overtime, changing from the delinquent child (introduced in the early 19th century) to the psychological child (introduced in the late 20th century). This change over time proves that childhood isn't rooted in biology. Another indicator that childhood isn't a biological thing is the differences between cultures experiencing childhood. The aboriginies people go through the woods in order to become a man while people in America do no where near something like that. However, in addition to cross cultural differences there is also differences within cultures. Things like gender, class, and ethnicity all effect how a child experiences childhood, therefore further proving the point that childhood isn't a natural thing since it changes.

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Divorce has only been legal for sixty years. The number of divorces have raised from 3000 in 1921 to 127000 in 2009. Those numbers continue to raise as the years go on. This is because divorce has become more accepted in out society.

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Divorce:
-An increase in affordability, economic aid, and secularization have increased divorce rates
-Risk factors, according to Clarke and Berrington (1999) identified young couples, populations with a high proportion of married couples, and short courtships as risk factors for divorce
-Individuals look to fulfill romantic and confluent love through marriage

New Right:
-The nuclear family is the best equipped foundation for social relationships to be built on
-They provide psychological and emotional benefits to the members, which in turn benefit the larger society
-Discourages single parenthood
-Family diversity can lead to moral anarchy
-Cohabitation, according to Morgan (2000) suffers from a higher likelihood to fracture, higher likelihood of abuse, and possibility of divorce

Postmodernists:
-The postmodern theory focuses on individual psychological stability
-Globalization has led to increased choice and uncertainty about identities
-Stable family relationships provide emotional and psychological benefits, where focus is oriented towards other family members
-Adults put their partner and children ahead of themselves, and they play family roles based on domestic labor
-In exchange, they generate "psychic income"

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The difference of social positions of the elderly in society- Aiden Spooner 

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The difference of social positions of the elderly in society- Aiden Spooner 

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When a couple lives together as if they were married but they are not.  This concept has become more popular due to the fact that it has become socially acceptable not to get married or to get married at a later time. It is also easier to get out of a cohabitation situation than a marriage situation if it doesn't work out.

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What the family group does benefits powerful groups.The family helps maintain and produce social inequalities. People have to work to provide for family members this acts as a stabilizing force.Financial and moral responsibilities needed to create a family lock people into a capitalist society.

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Marxism Conjugal Roles // Isabella Garcia

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Marxism Conjugal Roles // Isabella Garcia

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1. Political Economy - making indicates where power lies and found men made most important financial decisions. Major decision making in dual-earner families relate to whose work has greatest priority. Women likely to be “trailing spouse” revealing male occupations greatest opportunity
2. Moral Economy - values and norms relating to conjugal roles and responsibilities of different family members. The female partner can exercise high levels of power through organizing family resources and behaviors
3. Emotional economy relates interpersonal relationships to “affective power.” If someone loves you, this gives you power. It can shift depending on who loves the other the most: partner who loves the least can use this to exert power over one who loves the most.
- families involve power struggle which can lead to domestic abuse (verbal or physical)

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---Marxist analyses focus on families as  social spaces involving complex conflicts and power struggles.
1. The political economy centers on the economic aspect of family life.
2.The moral economy refers to the values and norms relating to the conjugal roles and responsibilities of different family members.
3.The emotional economy relates to interpersonal relationships and affective power (If someone 'loves you' this gives you power).

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-Argue that female histories and experiences are too diverse and fragmented for all women to have common interests as a sex class.
-Contemporary families, therefore, develop around a gender understanding in which conjugal roles are based on rational choices about 'who does what and when'.
-Reclaiming femininity from men.
-Argue that conjugal roles are about how different men and women construct and negotiate their lifestyles and identities.
-Should not underestimate a woman's urge to be closely involved in the nurture and care of her children, nor should we disrespect women for making such choices.

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- rejects claim that any single theory can explain position of women in society. The social position of different groups of women varies, so it’s futile to construct a theory that explains position of ALL women
- key to change conjugal roles is understanding how gender is performed
- men and women don’t have essential natures (former as aggressive and competitive, latter as compassionate and nurturing)

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Tessa- The Relationship Between The State and Feminism

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Tessa- The Relationship Between The State and Feminism

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Carson- Neo Functionalism on conjugal roles

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Carson- Neo Functionalism on conjugal roles

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---Swenson offers a different interpretation of conjugal roles.  He focuses on adults,  including lone parents, as providers of a safe, stable family environment for primary socialization.
----Parents give their children a. knowledge of both expressive and instrumental relationships and it does

not matter which partner provides which.
---- Women can provide instrumental values and men expressive values or vice versa depending on conditions in the family.

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Danielle - The Managerial State
-The role of the state involves managing the development of family groups and relationships
-it’s the states job to set behavioral boundaries
-family policy is built on a general assumption of ‘privacy’

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Tessa- The Relationship Between the Family and the State

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Tessa- The Relationship Between the Family and the State

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-   Prior to industrialization the reliance on the state by the family was not as large as it was following the industrial revolution. As the structure of the family changed the structure of the economy changed. It was realized that the structure of the family can have an impact on the relationship with the state. For instance, with a divorced parent family structure, stress can be put on the children, causing their education to suffer, this can further lead to an unproductive member of society, that is relying on benefits from the state, while not providing for the economy.

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-Sees the patriarchy as the primary source of male domination within the family.
-Women should exploit the 'values of femininity'.
-Women should embrace the power of reproduction gives because for Stanworth (1987), it is 'the foundation of women's identity'.
-Sees the patriarchal structures and practices of the family itself as the source of female oppression.
- The phrase 'a housewife is a parisite' because she is forced to depend on men for her social existence.
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Danielle - Grandparents
-they represent a valuable resource to families in regards to kids
-they provide financial support

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As conjugal roles in in the upper class moved to become more equal this 'trickled down' to the  lower classes. Proof of this change can be seen from increased male housework, a decrease in female housework, and men devoting more time to childcare. The New Man identity became popular during the 1980's, While men began to take on a greater share of domestic work. Along with the New Man identity the New Father became more widespread. The New Father was someone who took on the role of a responsible but still caring father.

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It refers to the separation of roles within the household based on the individual's gender.
----The new man is an  identity that developed when men began to take on a greater share of domestic work
--- The New Father  someone who combines a traditional masculinity with being‘ a good, caring and responsible’ father

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- sees male patriarchy as primary source of male domination within family
- biology essential gender difference:
• Women experience pregnancy and forced to depends on men creates ‘culture of sex discrimination’
• ^ If technology can free women from biology dependency (having children outside a womb) then gender difference will be eliminated and male powers of discrimination will disappear
• (2nd argument) women should exploit ‘values of femininity’ (what misogyny can do for you). They should also embrace power of reproduction because it’s the true foundation of women’s identity
- “Housewife is a parasite” because forced to depend on men for social existence. Solution to gender inequality is either abandonment of patriarchal form or matriarchal structures and conjugal roles that exclude men (lesbian relationships)

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Women:
-clean
-cook
-emotional
-take care of children
Men:
-work
-provide
-no emotion
-fixing things around the house

These roles where given because society deemed they were the best fit. However, this is inaccurate. The truth is that because women and men were raised to meet these roles, this is why they “fit” into them. Women and men can do the same jobs and roles, just are not given equal opportunities.

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-Is based on the idea of equality and opportunity.
-Considered a 'softer' form of feminism.
-Promotes 'practical and realistic' ways of creating a gender balance within the family.
-The idea that men and women can compete equally in both private and public domains.

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Danielle - Families
-family is emotional based
-during pre industrial times family was a more self-contained unit
-The families have always been a social place in which children are born/raised
-teaching the children values and norms has been more applied
-family roles are changing ( education, medical care)
-families have shifted from production to consumption

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• gender inequalities in conjugal roles in capitalist societies based on Marxist ideas
• Marxist argue women suffer from two forms of economic exploitation: patriarchal (unpaid domestic laborers who’s work benefits men) and capitalist (paid employees whose labor profits for ruling class)
• Female exploitation will continue as long as capitalism remains. They can be exploited in employment (in public) as paid employees and in private

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The state/country controls the morals of its citizens by the rules it creates. The government indirectly and directly tells its citizens what to think when it comes to equal rights. Same-sex marriage was not legal in every state until 2015. This means that the law was dictating how it’s citizens should think and feel about equal rights.

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- Pre-industrialization: Prior to industrialization the structure of the family was largely based on the idea of a kinship network. The idea behind the kinship based family structure was to have the opportunity to work, while having other people to help raise the children in the household. Not only this, but larger families were used to maintain family businesses and lifestyles, such as a family farm.
- Post- industrialization- Following the industrial revolution the structure of the family began to change, along with the roles within the family. As families began to move across the country to gain work, the size of the family began to decrease. This allowed for a new structure of the family to take place, the nuclear family. The creation of the nuclear family provided balance within the household, and allowed for more support from the state.

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Children are connected through their relationship to their parents. To adults kids are seen as:
- Objects of concern requiring care and protection from their parents.
-autonomous possessors of rights who deserve similar levels of freedom as adults.
- lacking moral consciousness
In a pre-industrial society children were seen as little adults and an economic asset to the family.

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Danielle - Feminism
Liberal: equality of opportunity
Marxist: equality in economy
Radical: remove patriarchy
Post-feminist: argues for equality but against one-for-all theories

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Danielle - conjugal roles
- societies pass through different stages of industrialization, gender roles and gradually converge through a process
-upper class tend to move towards more equal : new man, new father

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-the family is a crucial part of the state
-the state controls the legal norms the family must follow
-family is shaped by state
-“the path of least resistance” is what the family should follow
-the state shaped the families moral values
-the family is a public institution that is supported by the government, who’s a private institution

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- From the new right perspective, family structures and relationships such as single parenthood can only be sustained with government support – something that encourages a dependency culture

- Economic – without state support this ‘family choice’ could not exist.

- Moral – its existence depends on the tolerance of those who eventually pick up the bill for women who choose to have children outside of marriage.

- Single parenthood, therefore, is considered both immoral and unproductive. It produces poorly socialized, dysfunctional children who go on to live adult lives dependent on state benefits, crime or both.

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-Grandparents was once considered an economic and emotional drain on family resources.
-The new role of grand-parenting in modern societies that is new.
-Grandparents now provide childcare to working parents.
-Grandparents also provide more financial support to families.
-Grandparent's roles are open for negotiation.

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Parental roles:
Are not fixed and unchanging.  They often provide clear behavior guidelines for family roles.  This could be how the mother often does domestic labor such as taking care of the children and cooking and cleaning.  Meanwhile the father is more of an economic provider and does domestic work in the home like repairs.
Child roles:
They used to be an economic provider and now they are more of an emotional provider and can provide more stability in the home.  Children are also not held to the same standards as adults because they still need to go through more development.
New Man:
This is where the men begin to take on more domestic responsibilities.  There is also the idea of the new father which is where it combines a traditional masculinity and being a good, caring, and responsible father.  According to McMahon the idea of the new man is a fantasy that most men have little interest in.
Domestic Violence:
More domestic violence is seen against women however domestic violence does occur against men. There are a number of domestic violence cases the go unreported. According to Kirkwood this could be due to several reasons. 1. The victim's low self esteem, 2. Economic or psychological dependence on the perpetrator, 3. Fear of further consequences.

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Parents:
-parents roles are not fixed and unchanging
-parent roles are influenced by societal expectations and individual interpretation of meaning of parenthood
-primary socialization

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Families are influenced and shaped by a family ideology. The role of the state involves managing the development of family groups and relationships. It is the job of the state to set behavioral boundaries such as encouraging marriage while discouraging single-parents.

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The development of the grandparent role has drastically changed from an emotional drain to a more involved role in the family. They were once considered economic and emotional drain, however, they represent a new valuable resource for families, in relation to childcare. They can be especially resourceful to lone parent or single parent families as work pressures parents to have less time for children, therefore, grandparents can have an emotional role for their grandchildren. As a negotiation, most grandparents want to help out but don’t necessarily want to provide full time care for their grandchildren as they are no longer considered a “door mat.”

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-emotional attachments hold more value
-the length of childhood as been stretched
out so who is considered an adult has
changed
-how adults raise children has changed
as well