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This video explains what empathy is and goes into context about the roles empathy can play. This ties into "To Kill a Mockingbird" because the video explains what Scout was missing when people would when they felt a certain way.

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The article "How to Improve Perspective Taking", talks and explains how perspective taking can be useful and what it is. This is connected to the novel because there is multiple ways the characters show how perspective taking can change the thought of someone and how they see things.

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Here's a question: what key skill will improve the outcomes of all types of negotiation whether you are buying a car or trying to sort a contentious issue at work?

You might think it's getting all your arguments clear and well-rehearsed and then sticking hard by them. Yes, it's good to be clear on your own point of view. But surprisingly, research shows that better outcomes will result from negotiations for those with a greater capacity for what's termed 'perspective-taking': seeing the situation from the other person's point of view.
What is 'perspective-taking' and why is it effective?
According to researchers Galinsky et al, 2006, perspective-taking is the ability to consider the world from another person's viewpoint and anticipate or imagine the emotions, perceptions and motivation of another.
In their research, participants engaged in various negotiation processes - one was in the sale of a gas station, the other between job recruiter and candidate. One group of participants were primed to perspective-take by being told to try and understand what the other side was thinking, what their interests and purposes were. A control group were invited to simply focus on their own role.
Results: the perspective-taking group achieved better outcomes both for themselves and in terms of each side being satisfied with the outcome of the negotiation. "Perspective takers achieved the highest level of economic efficiency, without sacrificing their own material gains" (Galinsky et al., 2008)

As a one of the four Active Constructive skills identified in the Conflict Dynamics Profile, perspective-taking can encompass a number of associated behaviours:

Trying to understand how things look from that person's perspective, putting oneself in their 'shoes'

Asking questions to invite the other person to explain the reasons behind their views

Acknowledging the other person's viewpoint

Communicating to them that they understand their perspective

The benefits include gaining increased knowledge about the situation or about other interpretations of the situation. This in turn will open up more options that can be explored and that would make for more mutually agreed solutions. Most importantly, perspective taking also has the effect of making the other person feel you are taking his or her concerns seriously and leads to them feeling more understood and acknowledged.
Perspective-taking and empathy
Interestingly, Galinsky et al (2006) differentiate between perspective-taking (trying to imagine what the other person is thinking) and empathy (trying to imagine what the other person is feeling). They conclude from their studies that the former will produce better outcomes than the latter, particularly in competitive or strategic negotiations. Too much empathy for one's partner negatively impacted on the individual gains in one of studies. However they postulate that empathy does have a key role in situations where emotions might be running high or where the negotiating partners have a long-term relationship.
What reduces our capacity to perspective-take?
Yet it can be difficult to engage in this kind of behaviour. In particular, if a situation causes us to be annoyed, frustrated or angry with someone, the ensuing physiological stress response has the effect of narrowing our focus. We start to think more about self-survival. Our cognitive capacities to see for example the 'bigger picture' are therefore reduced.

It also diminishes our willingness to want to explore what the other person's viewpoint. For this reason, when I'm coaching people in conflict, I always preface this question by telling them that it's for their own benefit. Taking the time to explore and try to understand the other person's 'side of the story' will enhance their own decision-making.

Another interesting finding from the research is that people in a stronger power position have a lower ability to understand how others see, think, and feel. In a series of studies conducted by Galinsky et al, 2006, (one of which is described below), they concluded that "power leads individuals to anchor too heavily on their own vantage point...[and is an] ...impediment to empathy". They postulate is that power is associated with unrestrained pursuit of goals and can lead to viewing others in terms of qualities that will help achieve their own goals and inhibit their consideration of the 'humanity' of others (their concerns, emotions and individuality).

You can try this simple test with a colleague or a friend. Ask them first with their dominant hand to snap their fingers five times. Then with the same hand, as quickly as they can, draw a capital E on their forehead. They will either draw it like the picture in the left, so that you can read it and indicating perspective-taking or on the right, demonstrating a self-oriented direction, showing a lower tendency to adopt another person's perspective. So paradoxically, the more we are anchored in our own sense of power, the less effective our influencing and negotiating powers will be.
How to improve perspective-taking skills:

1. Approach the conversation with a curiosity stance - "I wonder what is motivating them to think/act like this"

2. Use open questions to draw out underlying interests and needs beneath positions

3. Reflect on your own situation and see what weaknesses you can identify.

4. Visualise yourself in the other person's place. Try to imagine what the other person is thinking, what might be motivating them, what might be important to them.

5. It can be useful also to try and consider what they might be feeling although Galinsky's research above found empathy (trying to imagine the other's feelings as opposed to their thinking) can reduce one's own individual gains from a negotiation.

6. Paraphrase or summarise back to them what you think it is they are trying to communicate

7. Demonstrate your intentions to perspective-take by acknowledging (not agreeing) with their viewpoint.

While it might not be our immediate tendency, particularly in a contentious conversation, the research is unequivocal on the benefits of trying to understand the 'other side of the story'.

In the words of Henry Ford "If there is any one secret of success, it lies in the ability to get the other person's point of view and see things from that person's angle as well as from your own..... "
References:
Why It Pays to Get Inside the Head of Your Opponent: Galinsky, Maddux, Gilin, White, Psychological Science, 2008.

Power and Perspectives Not Taken: Galinsky, Magee, Inesi & Gruenfeld, Psychological Science, Vol 17, No. 12, 2006.

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How to improve perspective-taking in negotiations or 'difficult' conversation

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Here's a question: what key skill will improve the outcomes of all types of negotiation whether you are buying a car or trying to sort a contentious issue at work? You might think it's getting all your arguments clear and well-rehearsed and then sticking hard by them.

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This video shows irony because in the video there is a fire extinguisher that is on fire and a cake that is decorated with a Canadian flag and has an American flag in the cake. In the Novel, Calpurina is a black woman who is showed as a mother figure to Scout and Jem.

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This video by MSU Extension goes into detail about children not knowing how looking from a different perspective can change the effect of the situation. In "To Kill A Mockingbird", Atticus explains to Scout that you won't understand how the person you are talking to feels unless you can visualize or look at the situation from their point of view.

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In this picture, you can see Sam figuring out that from Tom's view, he can't see the yellow ball. In "To Kill A Mockingbird", the quote   " You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view--...-- until you climb into his skin and walk around in it" (Lee, 39). This quote is an example of perspective taking because in most situations you don't understand what is happening or how someone is feeling until you are put into that situation or looking from their view.

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This video represents empathy because Christmas is the best time of the year, we never truly look whats around us, how we sometimes take advantage of certain items we have. There’s many people who can’t have the privileges we have and can’t have Christmas with there family or friends. This connects onto "Kill a Mockingbird" because Scout would take advantage of being who she was, she never accepted that were all human doesn't matter what race we are.

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This video/article describes how it was ironic that she gave birth to her baby on the same day on memorial day. This ties into "To Kill a Mockingbird" because in Chapter nine Scout is hanging out with her family and her Uncle explains new clothes that he got. Scouts response is "That's nice." there was no other context to her response because she was uninterested in what he was saying.

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NASHVILLE, Tenn. (WTVF) - In the same week where Hurricane Dorian is painstakingly moving slowly across the Bahamas, a woman by the name of Dorrean was also in the long run thousands of miles away in Nashville.

For 20 hours, Dorrean Grant was in labor at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Her life couldn't be filled more with irony when she labored to deliver her first child on of all days, Labor Day.

"I would say being at Vanderbilt all night in labor was very difficult but definitely worth it. It was a blessing to be able to bring her in on Labor Day even though I was supposed to be resting of course," Grant jokingly told NewsChannel 5.

Weighing 7 pounds and 16 ounces, Grant gave birth at 7:37 a.m. to a healthy baby girl, Genesis Serenity Morton. The Michigan mother had the support of her parents and boyfriend, Martavious Morton, whom she credited for helping her through her pregnancy.

"Catering to all her needs to make sure it was an easy pregnancy and labor for her. I've been excited and that excitement has built and grown," Morton said.

Even though she had only been a mother for two hours, Grant told NewsChannel 5 she is more excited than nervous about her bundle of joy.

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Mother named Dorrean labors on Labor Day in Nashville

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NASHVILLE, Tenn. (WTVF) - In the same week where Hurricane Dorian is painstakingly moving slowly across the Bahamas, a woman by the name of Dorrean was also in the long run thousands of miles away in Nashville. For 20 hours, Dorrean Grant was in labor at Vanderbilt University Medical Center.

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This picture shows different forms of moral education. During the book, Calpurnia is teaching Jem and Scout, mainly Scout, these rules, especially respect.

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This video explains empathy because this video shows us how to be empathetic to people even if its difficult. This young man lived in a shack for most of his and after all his hard work he is rewarded with kindness and respect from the teachers and staff that he helps out before and after school. This connects with "To Kill a Mockingbird" because Atticus and Calpurnia show kindness and life lessons to Scout even though she is bratty and rude to them.

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Student who lived in shack cries when teacher rewards his kindness

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This NewsELA article is talking about how students were given 10 stickers but there was one student without any. The students who had stickers had to sneak them in to an envelope with out their parents knowing. This showed the students that sharing is a great moral to learn. This is connected to "To Kill A Mockingbird" because during part one, Calpurnia teaches Scout that it doesn't matter how your guest eat their food or what they look like, you treat them with respect.

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Newsela | Children's books with human characters can make a big difference

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Reading books with people as the main characters can make a big impact on a child's generosity and willingness to share.

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This video explains how to teach moral education and what is. In "To Kill A Mockingbird", Calpurnia stands up to people who are at her church that were being rude to Scout and Jem. When this happens you can see that Calpurnia is teaching the children to stand up for themselves and not to let people hurt you.

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In this article, it is talking about helping a child get through the death of a loved one. I connected this to when Calpurnia became a mother figure for Scout and Jem, teaching them how to do certain things and use their manners.

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Most young children are aware of death, even if they don't understand it. Death is a common theme in cartoons and television, and some of your child's friends may have already lost a loved one. But experiencing grief firsthand is a different and often confusing process for kids. As a parent, you can't protect a child from the pain of loss, but you can help them feel safe. And by allowing and encouraging them to express their feelings, you can help your child build healthy coping skills that will serve them well in the future.

Kids grieve differently

After losing a loved one, a child may go from crying one minute to playing the next. Their changeable moods do not mean that they aren't sad or that they've finished grieving; children cope differently than adults, and playing can be a defense mechanism to prevent a child from becoming overwhelmed. It is also normal to feel depressed, guilty, anxious, or angry at the person who has died or at someone else entirely.

Very young children may regress and start wetting the bed again or slip back into baby talk.

Encourage a grieving child to express feelings

It's good for kids to express whatever emotions they are feeling. There are many good children's books about death, and reading these books together can be a great way to start a conversation with your child. Since many children aren't able to express their emotions through words, other helpful outlets include drawing pictures, building a scrapbook, looking at photo albums, or telling stories.

Be developmentally appropriate

It is hard to know how a child will react to death or even if they can grasp the concept. Don't volunteer too much information, as this may be overwhelming. Instead, try to answer their questions. Very young children often don't realize that death is permanent, and they may think that a dead loved one will come back if they do their chores and eat their vegetables. As psychiatrist Gail Saltz, MD, explains, "Children understand that death is bad, and they don't like separation, but the concept of 'forever' is just not present."

Older, school-age children understand the permanence of death, but they may still have many questions. Do your best to answer honestly and clearly. It's okay if you can't answer everything; being available to your child is what matters.

When discussing death, never use euphemisms. Kids are extremely literal, and hearing that a loved one "went to sleep" can be scary. Besides making your child afraid of bedtime, euphemisms interfere with their opportunity to develop healthy coping skills that they will need in the future.

Whether or not to attend the funeral is a personal decision that depends entirely on you and your child. Funerals can be helpful in providing closure, but some children simply aren't ready for such an intense experience. Never force a child to attend a funeral. If your child wants to go, make sure that you prepare them for what they will see. Explain that funerals are very sad occasions, and some people will probably be crying. If there will be a casket, you should prepare them for that, too.

Keep in mind that even the best-prepared child might get upset, and their behavior can be unpredictable. "Kids will not behave in a way that you might want or expect," Dr. Saltz notes. "If you decide that a funeral is not the best way, there are other ways to have a goodbye." Planting a tree, sharing stories, or releasing balloons can all be good alternatives for providing closure to a child.

Discussing an afterlife

The idea of an afterlife can be very helpful to a grieving child, observes Dr. Saltz. If you have religious beliefs about the afterlife, now is the time to share them. But even if you aren't religious, you can still comfort your child with the concept that a person continues to live on in the hearts and minds of others. You can also build a scrapbook or plant something that represents the person you have lost.

Don't ignore your own grief

Children will often imitate the grieving behavior of their parents. It is important to show your emotions as it reassures children that feeling sad or upset is okay. However, reacting explosively or uncontrollably teaches your child unhealthy ways of dealing with grief.

Children find great comfort in routines, so if you need some time alone, try to find relatives or friends who can help keep your child's life as normal as possible Although it is important to grieve over the death of a loved one, it is also important for your child to understand that life does go on.

Some specific situations

For many children, the death of a pet will be their first exposure to death. The bonds that children build with their pets are very strong, and the death of a family pet can be intensely upsetting. Don't minimize its importance or immediately replace the dead pet with a new animal. Instead, give your child time to grieve for their dog or cat. This is an opportunity to teach them about death and how to deal with grieving in a healthy and emotionally supportive way.

The death of a grandparent is also a common experience for young children, and it may bring up many questions, such as, "Will my mom be next?" It is important to tell your child that you will probably live for a long time.

After the death of a parent, children will naturally worry about the death of the remaining parent or other caretakers. Reassure a child that they are loved and will always be cared for. It is a good idea to rely on family members during this time to help provide additional nurturing and care. Dr. Saltz also recommends therapy in the case of a significant death, such as the death of a parent or sibling. "Therapy provides another outlet for talking when a child may feel like they can't talk with other family members because they are grieving as well."

Treating serious problems

If you notice that your child seems unusually upset and unable to cope with grief and loss, they may have something called adjustment disorder. Adjustment disorder is a serious and distressing condition that some children develop after experiencing a painful or disruptive event. It is a good idea to consult your child's doctor if you feel that your child isn't recovering from a loss in a healthy way.

How can I help a child grieve the loss of a parent?

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Helping Children Deal With Grief - Child Mind Institute

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Tips for families dealing with grief, from what parents should say to how they can help kids express their emotions in a healthy way.

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In this video, a mother and daughter are explaining how they cope with the loss of their father/husband. This is connected to the novel because it explains how they got through without having the father figure. While in the novel Scout and Jem grew up without a mother figure until Calpurnia was there but she wasn't the same.

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Bereavement: Coping with grief after the death of a parent | NHS

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In this video of "Home Alone" this explains how it is ironic that a small boy can think of ways to defend himself in a very short amount of time. Making traps for people who  plan on breaking into his house. This connects on "To Kill a Mockingbird" because Calpurnia was very educated because she was able to teach Scout how to be a good person even if she didn't appreciate the help.

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Home Alone (1990) - Booby Traps Scene (3/5) | Movieclips

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In this article, it explains how both parents play a crucial role in a child's development. In part 1 of "To Kill A Mockingbird", Scout and Jem lost there mother at a young age. Scout grew up with very little to no empathy because she never had her mother and her father always took Calpurnia's (their cook) side when Scout and her had a conflict.

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As children grow and mature into healthy adults, a crucial part of their development is learning how to form intimate relationships. Despite the often-awkward first experiences that are a normal part of adolescence and young adulthood, these experiences lay the groundwork that will, in many cases, eventually lead to long-term sexual relationships, marriage, or starting a family.

Still, the roots of a child's ability to form interpersonal relationships begins early in life and often depends on the quality of the relationship that children have with their parents. According to attachment theory, young children need to form a strong attachment to at least one primary caregiver who can provide the unconditional love and support that allows them to form develop necessary relationship skills as they grow older. Though this caregiver is most typically the mother, researchers have long recognized that both parents play a critical role in helping children develop healthy personalities and the ability to become intimate with others.

But what happens when a child loses one or both parents before reaching adulthood? Along with the inevitable problems dealing with grief and loss, can being deprived of a parent at an early age affect the kind of intimate relationships children form after becoming adults?

Based on attachment theory, researchers suggest that children dealing with prolonged grief from losing a parent are vulnerable to long-term emotional problems due to their failure to resolve their sense of loss. This can include being prone to symptoms of depression, being more anxious and withdrawn, showing more problems in school, and demonstrating poorer academic performance than non-bereaved children.

Also, for many of these children, this can mean later difficulty in the developmental experiences necessary for successful intimate relationships. Still, while prior studies have examined single-parent households and the impact it has on later relationship problems in children, they often focus on parental loss through divorce or separation rather than death. Actual research looking at the impact of parental death on later relationship problems has been relatively limited up to now.

To address this gap, Beverly Lim Hoeg of the Danish Cancer Society Research Center and a team of Danish researchers recently published the results of a comprehensive research study in the journal Developmental Psychology. Using Denmark's Central Population Register as well as the National Fertility Database, Hoeg and her colleagues collected data on more than 1.5 million individuals to identify a final sample of 35,682 men and 33,691 women who had all lost a parent before the age of 18.

They also collected information on later relationship status, educational background, relationship issues, and medical history over a 14-year period to study changes over time. Data from the non-bereaved individuals were also collected to provide a control group for the study.

Results showed that men and women who had lost a parent before the age of eighteen were at a significantly higher risk of marital separation than non-bereaved men and women. They also appear more likely to enter common-law relationships rather than marriages.

The researchers also found some surprising results when looking at gender of the deceased parent (whether children were more affected by the death of a mother than a father) and age at which the child lost a parent (whether younger children were more affected by death than older children). With both factors, no significant difference in later problems turned up, which contradicted what the researchers had been expecting based on previous research and on attachment theory itself.

One factor that did seem to play a role in later relationships involved the cause of a parent's death. Children who lost a parent to suicide seemed significantly more likely to experience relationship problems later in life than children who lost a parent for other reasons. This is consistent with previous research showing that losing a parent to suicide can leave children especially vulnerable to later emotional problems due to the stigma surrounding suicide.

In addition, as Hoeg and her co-authors point out, whether or not children develop later problems often depends on the surviving parent and how well they can help their children overcome grief and learn to move on with their lives. With time and emotional support from the surviving parent, children are often able to adapt to the loss of a parent and develop new attachments to other people in their lives. Psychologist John Bowlby referred to this process as "attachment reorganization"; children who are unable to form new attachments typically develop later problems as result.

As we can see from studies such as this one, losing a parent at an early age can have long term consequences that cannot be ignored. This is why family counseling can be so important after a parent's death, especially if the loss is unexpected or traumatic, such as with suicide or violent death. Given that an estimated five percent of all children in Western countries experience parental loss before the end of their teenage years, the need for effective treatment programs to help bereaved children and their parents cannot be underestimated.

Along with focusing on how children cope with death, such counseling also needs to provide support for the surviving parent. Given that the parent is often left devastated by the loss of a partner, both emotionally and financially, the process of recovering after this kind of loss can also disrupt efforts to help their children cope effectively.

One successful example is the Family Bereavement Program (FBP), which is specially designed for families of children aged 8 to 16 who have lost a parent. Through a series of group treatment sessions, children and their caregivers can learn a wide range of coping skills that can help them deal with many of the issues surrounding a parent's death. Numerous studies have shown that the FBP can be extremely successful in helping children and their surviving parent improve their relationship skills and learn to move on with their lives together.

Unfortunately, financial realities and lack of available programming nearby often means that many bereaved families are left to cope on their own, with only their families or friends providing support. As the work of Hoeg's team and other research studies show, the long-term consequences of losing a parent at a young age can persist well into adulthood-which is why it is essential that bereaved children and their surviving parents get the help they need to deal with this loss.

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As children grow and mature into healthy adults, a crucial part of their development is learning how to form intimate relationships. Despite the often-awkward first experiences that are a normal part of adolescence and young adulthood, these experiences lay the groundwork that will, in many cases, eventually lead to long-term sexual relationships, marriage, or starting a family.