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-Collision/Electrocution with power lines, aversion therapy is used to condition condors with a mild shock with mock power lines
-Lead poisoning from lead exposure from carcasses by hunters, the number one cause
-Condors pick up micro trash left by humans and feed them to the chicks, killing them.
-Illegal hunting of Condors
-Disturbance of habitat by human development such as housing, oil and gas production, large solar and wind plants.
(The photo below is an xray of lead poisoning in a condor)

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-A punnet square is a diagram used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment. (picture)
-Chondrodystrophy or CD is a general term that refers to a disorder that interferes with the body's normal development (lethal dwarfism). CD is recessive
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- Condor DNA is collected to determine the sex of a condor. Scientists need to use DNA to determine the sex because condors are mono gametic, meaning you cannot determine the sex at first glance.
- They can take the DNA from anywhere off the condor's body to test it.
- Condor DNA can also be collected to breed them and increase the population.
- Condor DNA is also used to find the different types of condors
- DNA from the egg membrane, feathers and blood  be is mostly collected.
(the picture below shows a condor with a label, showing how when they breed condors, they track them and release them back into the wild)

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-Gel electrophoresis is a method for separation and analysis of macromolecules and their fragments, based on their size and charge.
-a method for sorting DNA fragments by size
-gel is composed of agarose, a derivate of seaweed(algae)
-This treatment makes the proteins unfold into a linear shape and coats them with a negative charge, which allows them to migrate toward the positive end of the gel and be separated.
-Gel electrophoresis can be used to determine the sex.
-Males will have one band and females will have two bands.
-When it separates DNA, the molecules are separated based on their size and electric charge.
-Female birds have two different size of gene on the Z and W chromosome.
-Male birds have two of the same size of gene on their z chromosomes.
(The picture below shows the 2 different bonds, 1 bond is ZZ which is a male and 2 bonds is ZW which is a female.)

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PCR stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction. PCR is the process of making millions copies of DNA this process takes 118 min.This process has steps to it Denaturation, Annealing, Elongation and repeat. Thermocyclers are a tool used for PCR that changes the tempature for each step to be executed properly.
(the picture below shows the steps of the PCR steps)