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The League of Nations was the first intergovernmental organization that was established after World War I in order to try and maintain the peace. Unfortunately the League failed miserably in its intended goal: to prevent another world war from happening (WWII broke out only two decades later). The idea was for the League of Nations to prevent wars through disarmament, collective security and negotiation. It was also involved in other issues such as drug trafficking, arms trade, and global health. Although the League disbanded during WWII, it was replaced with the United Nations, which is still going strong today.

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The Pact of Steel, or formally the Pact of Friendship and Alliance between Germany and Italy, was an agreement between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany signed on May 22, 1939, by the foreign ministers of each country and witnessed by Count Galeazzo Ciano for Italy and Joachim von Ribbentrop for Germany. There are two parts in the Pact. The first section was the formal text which said that the two would continue helping each other, while the second, the two agreed to make their military and economy policies to be the same way. It was said to be a "Secret Supplementary Protocol".

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The Sudetenland crisis began in February 1938 when Hitler demanded self-determination for all Germans in Austria and Czechoslovakia. Shortly after, Austrian Nazis rioted and invited Hitler to invade, which he did in March, declaring Anschluss. It was clear that Hitler wanted to do the same in Czechoslovakia. The Sudeten Nazi Party was causing strikes and riots. This was a direct threat to Czechoslovakia, which would lose its industrial areas and defendable frontiers. Chamberlain hinted that an invasion of Czechoslovakia would ‘possibly’ involve other countries. Tension ran so high that, in May 1938, the Czech government mobilized its army, thinking that the Germans were about to invade. In June 1938, the German Sudeten Party did well in the Czech national elections. It held talks with the Czech President Beneš, but these broke down in September. The Czechs were free to fight if they wished, but they would have no support. They chose not to fight. In October 1938, Hitler marched into the Sudetenland unopposed.

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The German-Soviet Aggression Pact was signed in August 1939. Under this pact, Germany and the Soviet Russia agreed not to take any military action against one another.

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The four year plan aimed to

· Increase agricultural production

· Achieve self-sufficiency in the production of raw materials

· Continue strict government regulation of imports and exports

· Increase military production at the expense of consumer production

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Most closely associated with British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, it is now widely discredited as a policy of weakness. In March 1938, he annexed Austria. At the Munich Conference that September, Neville Chamberlain seemed to have averted war by agreeing that Germany could occupy the Sudetenland, the German-speaking part of Czechoslovakia - this became known as the Munich Agreement. Appeasement was popular for several reasons. Chamberlain - and the British people - were desperate to avoid the slaughter of another world war. Britain was overstretched policing its empire and could not afford major rearmament. Its main ally, France, was seriously weakened and, unlike in the First World War, Commonwealth support was not a certainty. Many Britons also sympathized with Germany, which they felt had been treated unfairly following its defeat in 1918. Hitler was undeterred by appeasement. In March 1939, he violated the Munich Agreement by occupying the rest of Czechoslovakia. Six months later, in September 1939, Germany invaded Poland and Britain was at war.

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The Rhineland was a part of German territory that was demilitarized and served as a buffer between Germany and the western powers. Germany  As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was "forbidden to maintain or construct any fortification either on the Left bank of the Rhine or on the Right bank to the west of a line drawn fifty kilometers to the East of the Rhine". The Treaty also stated that any violation of the Treaty would be considered a hostile act.

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In 1936, the Spanish Army revolted against the government. There were 2 groups the Nationalists and the Republicans. The Nationalists were made up of the army, Catholics, and other conservatives. The Republicans were made up socialists, republicans, anti-church people, and communists. Italy and Germany backed the Nationalists and the USSR supported the Republicans. Britain and France tried to stop things by suggesting an arms embargo which Germany and Italy both agreed to but secretly continued to support the civil war.

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Collective security, system by which states have attempted to prevent or stop wars. Under collective security, an attack on any one of the states is an attack against all of them. Collective security arrangements have always been conceived as being global in scope distinguishing them from regional alliances such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Both the League of Nations and the United Nations were founded on the principle of collective security.

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Anschluss refers to the German annexation of Austria. This was one of the first major steps towards Hitler’s Greater German Reich which would include all ethnic Germans and all the territories that Germany lost with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. In February 1938, Hitler demanded that a Nazi Party member be appointed as minister of public security and have all jailed Nazi party members released.