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1.What is informed consent?
After being informed of all the directions that need to be studied, and knowing what they were involved in, they volunteered.
2.Why is it essential?
Because this is a voluntary act on the part of the participants, they need to be made aware of what the experiment entails and the risks and benefits to be assumed.
3. What are the main concerns of the consent process? What are the solutions?
Need to provide comprehensive and complex details
Reads at a level beyond the ability of most participants
Uses scientific vocabulary as well as information that is difficult to understand
Need to give participants more time and space
4. Where is the line between an informed consent and coercion? Explain and provide an example?
Participants should not be forced to take part in a research project; they should be asked if they wish to do so, and no personal decisions should be made, such as a doctor telling a patient that they need to be hospitalised, but not telling them for what reason they must be.
5.Can you withhold information from your research participants or give them false information in order to carry out your research? How far you can go? Search google for 'overt and covert participant observation’ and discuss advantages and disadvantages of each option in terms of ethics.
Advantages of openness: reaching out to participants' questions in a genuine manner
Overt disadvantages: waste of time Information is not convincing
Covert Pros: more efficient
Disadvantages of concealed: ethical issues Failure to obtain their informed consent

# data[].attributes.body
1) What is informed consent?

Someone agrees to participate in a scientific study after learning about its entails, risks, and benefits of it.

2) Why is it essential?

If participants did not understand the consent process or are confused, it will discourage participance. Furthermore, helping participants understand the content of the experiment helps them make more informed choices in the experiment. The study shows that participants who understand their role are more likely to complete the study rather than drop out.

3) What are the main concerns of the consent process? What are the solutions?

Be prepared to explain the experiment to potential interviewees and answer their questions：

First, the investigators themselves must understand the materials and details of the experiments in order to explain the experiments to potential interviewees. Ask yourself questions about the ethics and rationale and purpose of the experiment so you can better explain it to potential interviewees.

Second, make an oral script. The oral script should include your self-introduction,  who gave me permission, and the purpose of the experiment. In the end, the interviewee should be asked what the potential interviewees want to know.

Third, make sure the informed consent form is understandable, without some complex terminology.

Be familiar with the clinical environment:

Improve your own clinical volume and familiarity

Familiarize yourself with the recruiting environment in advance. If you need a private chat space, you may need to apply to the clinic in advance.

Be respectful to the potential interviewees and their families:

Relax the patient with 40 seconds of empathic language and active listening

Avoid burdening patients when they visit their doctor

Potential interviewees are not customers:

Invite instead of pitch， and provide all the information they should know in a healthy way.

4) Where is the line between informed consent and coercion? Explain and provide an example.

Informed consenting participants should be aware of the entails， risks, and benefits of the experiment. For example, if a doctor asks a patient to participate in a study without telling him whether the study will affect his health, this will be a mandatory consent.

5) Can you withhold information from your research participants or give them false information in order to carry out your research? How far you can go? Search google for 'overt and covert participant observation’ and discuss advantages and disadvantages of each option in terms of ethics.

Sometimes we can. It depends on the situation because both choices have their own advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages of active research: assess the activities better

Disadvantages of active research: The presence of the researcher may change the behavior of the interviewee; will be likely to lose objectivity

Advantages of covert research: The subject's behavior will be more realistic

Disadvantages of covert research： More likely to violate the interviewee's privacy

# data[].attributes.body
What is informed consent?
- Informed consent is one of the founding principles of research ethics. Giving informed consent means a participant is willingly agreeing to participate in the research having been informed of all the details and understanding the purpose of the research.
Why is it essential?
- Since participating in research project is a voluntary act, informed consent ensures that the participant is knows and understand every aspect of the trial and all the benefits and risks associated with it. Informed consent improves data integrity by enabling transparent communication between the researcher and the research participant.
What are the main concerns of the consent process? What are the solutions?
- Concern 1: Excessively complex and lengthy consent document written at a highly difficult reading level using specific technical terms. As a result, people can get discouraged to participate in the research.
- Concern 2: There is only one approach to the informed consent process which may not be suitable for different research studies.
- Concern 3: Not being able to provide the ideal condition for the participants to engage in meaningful discussions about the research
- Solution 1: Preparing to explain the study objective and design in simple and understandable words to potential participants
- Solution 2: developing an introductory verbal script that informs the participant about the researcher.
- Solution 3: Creating an optimum condition for the participants to ask questions about the study
Where is the line between an informed consent and coercion? Explain and provide an example.
- An informed consent provides an opportunity to voluntarily do something being informed of all the details whereas coercion is when tactics like intimidation, threats and violence are used to force an individual to do something.
example. If somebody agrees to work for a company knowing and understanding the aims, benefits and risks of working at the company - informed consent
Forcing a child to work as a factory worker - coercion
Can you withhold information from your research participants or give them false information in order to carry out your research? How far you can go? Search google for 'overt and covert participant observation’ and discuss advantages and disadvantages of each option in terms of ethics.
If the research objective requires the participants to be informed of the research process, then the process should be disclosed to them. If the study requires to withhold the information, then it should not be revealed.
- Overt : The research participant are made aware of the fact that they are being observed.
> Advantages: more ethical because of the lack of deception, the participants are less likely to withdraw, easier to take notes and record it, easier to ask difficult questions
> Disadvantages: requires a lot of time, lack of objectivity and reliability, bias
- Covert: The research is carried out secretly with the researcher fully participating in the social groups without informing them.
> Advantages: gain access into social groups who would otherwise not consent, objective, naturalistic, flexible approach
> Disadvantages: deception, the researcher being forced to be involved in criminal and dangerous activities

# data[].attributes.body
1. What is informed consent?
Informed consent means that the conductor of a research will tell the participants all the deatils of this research and consult them carefully whether they are willing to join in.
2. Why is it essential?
This is an important part of the ethics of social science.If the researcher stop doing the informal consent,the participants' human rights will be threatened because they are treated like an object instead of a human.Besides,it may lead to some problems on participants'safety .
3. What are the main concerns of the consent process? What are the solutions?
main concerns:
(1). There are so many information to explain to the participants and it's very hard to help them totally understand it.
(2). Some of research have to make deception,but it's not ethical to do that.Making a balance between them is very hard.
solutions:
(1).Try to simllify the information about the research and tell them the most important parts immediately.Do not use too many professional words and be nice when talk with them.
(2).Consulting a professional organization will be a good choice.Beside you can find some lawyer to check whether you might against the laws.And make sure that there's no serious risk on participants.
4.Where is the line between an informed consent and coercion? Explain and provide an example?
Informed consent means that the paticipants must know everything that may influence them in their daily life.It's conductors' obligation to do that.E.g  Tere's a research related to student's effiency influenced by the noise. The conductor should tell the participants the risk that some noise maybe  cause their unhappiness and people who is afraid of noise should not take part in it.
5. Can you withhold information from your research participants or give them false information in order to carry out your research? How far you can go? Search google for 'overt and covert participant observation’ and discuss advantages and disadvantages of each option in terms of ethics.
That depends,because there are some  research focus on sensitive topics.It's impossible for you to get correct information if you still give them informed consent.
Basically,you cannot against the law,your research cannot make serious damage to the participant's.Besides,it should be ethical.
overt participant observation
advantages:All the information are open to everyone.It can promote the aim of the research because everyone can feel they are a part of it.
disadvantages:It's not suitable for all kinds of research.Because people will not always tell you the truth in some sensitive topic.
covert participant observation
advantages:Everything is conducted when the partcipants are unknown.The researcher can get the most reliable information because no one will tell the lies.
disadvantages:It may lead to uneathical problems.It revals some sensitive problems,people may feel uncomfotable after they know that they are being watched.They might think their human rights and privacy are violated.

# data[].attributes.body
1. What is informed consent?
-Informed consent can be defined as the act of a person voluntarily agreeing to participate in a research when he or she has been fully enlightened on all aspects of the study and fully understands what the involvement entails, knowing all the risks and benefits of the research.

2. Why is it essential?
- Informed consent is essential because it creates trust and understanding between the two parties or the two sides and it reduces the risks and increases the safety of the two sides.

3. What are the main concerns of the consent process? What are the solutions?
- (a) long overwhelming details of information.
-(b) use of a lot of scientific words and complex information people might not understand.
-(c) poor environment for important discussions for implied consent.

SOLUTIONS
-provide adequate information that participants are able to fully understand
-create time and space or arrange meetings for participants to avoid poor environments for communication.

4. Where is the line between an informed consent and coercion? Explain and provide an example?
- Consent means the participant is giving permission for them to do as they please while coercion sometimes may be forced or use threats for something. E.g. influencing a participant to participate in a sampletest without informing the participants of the side effects of the sample is coercion while informing participant of the side effects is consent.

5. Can you withhold information from your research participants or give them false information in order to carry out your research? How far you can go? Search google for 'overt and covert participant observation’ and discuss advantages and disadvantages of each option in terms of ethics.
ADVANTAGES OF COVERT
- Researchers will have easy access to information because no one knows they're actually looking for information.
- Researchers will get the real results since people wont know  that research is taking place they will act themselves.
DISADVANTAGES OF COVERT
- Its hard to take notes without getting caught and if you take notes after some information would be forgotten
- No informed consent.

ADVANTAGES OF OVERT
- Researchers will easily note down their observations
- informed consent
DISADVANTAGES OF OVERT
- Results might not be a hundred percent true because participants may change their behaviour.
-Time consuming

# data[].attributes.body
1. Informed consent is issued when a person voluntarily agrees to participate in a research study after having been informed of all aspects of the study and having complete understanding what their participation entails and the associated risks and benefits to participating.

2. Informed consent from participants is essential to confirm that they understand the full procedures of the study and the foreseeable consequences of withdrawing from the study and is vital to ensure that the study conforms to its ethical norms of ensuring the researcher is held accountable to the public and promotes the aims of the research with avoided error.

3. The main concerns of the consent process:

-excessively comprehensive and lengthy amount of detail provided in the informed consent, written at a reading level beyond the capacity of most potential participants ---> using simplified, easily comprehendible language whilst delivering the informed consent process can help aid participant's understanding.

-if the consent process is not delivered in a language that is easily understood by potential participants can lead to confusion and hinder understanding and discourage participation --> ensuring the informed consent process is delivered by multilingual people can help minimise the risks of miscommunications.

-informed consent process is sometimes treated as "one size fits all" - may not be suitable for all types of research studies

4. Coercion undermines the voluntariness of potential participants' decision whether to enroll in research and, therefore, is frequently inconsistent with valid consent by hiding crucial information from the participant or forcing individuals to participate against their will. E.g. influencing a participant to undergo a cosmetic procedure without disclosing the potential side-effects of the procedure.

Informed consent however,  ensures there is allocated sufficient time both to communicate a thorough explanation of the study and to give the prospective participant adequate time to consider the information before making a decision on participation without any external pressures or disclosed information.

5.  Overt observation :this is where the group being studied know they are being observed.

Advantages: researcher can behave normal/ easy to record notes/ researcher is outsider doesn't need any special knowledge if taking part, helps to produce valid data and is particularly useful when studying unfamiliar situations, groups and cultures about which we know little before we start the research.

Disadvantages: time consuming may take years to complete/ large amount of data/ researcher needs to be sociologically trained, success of research depends heavily on the personal skills and characteristics of the lone researcher.

Covert observation :this where the group being studied does not know they are being observed, or where the research
goes 'undercover'.

Advantages:Gaining access, especially to closed groups, is much easier because the researcher does not have to seek permission, high in validity

Disadvantages :Covert research does not allow for the participants to give informed consent, because it involves deception. There is also the issue of privacy being violated.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Informed consent can be defined as a granted permission from potential participants to researchers concerning the obtainment of certain information in the research. However, participants must be well informed about the aim and process of research and other necessary factors in order to voluntarily consent. They should not be influenced by other factors, such as money or threat, to participate, the consent must be made by their own free will.

2. It is significant because without it, it could disrupt the research process and aim, even leading to false research study. It is due to the circumstances that if participants are not well informed, they might resent the research later and  withdraw, subsequently disrupting the research. However, if they were influenced by money or threat, they might give false information about their performance to the researcher.

3.

Participants might get overwhelmed with the excessiveness and complexity of research information.

certain settings with disruptive environment, such as the clinic full of sick patients, is not preferable to conduct in-depth informing process to prospective candidates.

Solution: Simplify the information effectively and accurately to explain & to choose a quiet, yet professional, sites to conduct a recruitment for prospective participants.

4. Informed consent is less persuasive than coercion. It is more of providing information of the research, and it is up to the prospective participants to decide. However, with coercion, it is more of an advertisement and persuading them to agree to participate on the research. With informed consent, it is up to them to decide, but with coercion, the burden is on the recruiter to persuade them to say yes.

One effective example would be the difference between providing information to prospective participants about the research of obesity [informed consent process] and advertising with a poster "Take the online survey and win $75" [coercion].

5. The reveal of the extent of research study depends on the aim of the research. If the aim requires participants awareness, research process should be revealed greatly, otherwise, it can not be.

Advantage of overt:
easy for researcher to note down their observation.
Disadvantage of over:
as people are aware, they might change their behavior in fear of creating a bad impression, which negatively degrades the validity of the research information. They might act in unethical way in fear of appearing as unethical to the researcher's eyes.
Advantage of covert:
benefit from in-group bias
Disadvantage of covert:
lack of informed consent

# data[].attributes.body
1. Giving informed consent means a participant voluntarily agreeing to participate having been informed of all aspects of the study and having a full understanding of what the participation entails, and the risks and benefits to participating.

2. Effective informed consent prevents later study withdrawals or misunderstandings about the study, more completed studies

3. Main concerns:
- Amount of detail provided in the process is excessively comprehensive, lengthy and complex
- The informed consent process is sometimes treated as a “one size fits all”
- Clinics do not always provide the ideal setting to engage in meaningful discussions with potential participants
- Common misconception among new research trainees about the process
Solutions:
- Be prepared to explain the study to potential participants
- Be familiar with the clinical environment
- Be respectful of patients and family
- Remember potential participants are not customers

4. Coercion is selling the study to potential participants in order to get them to say yes and get their signature on the consent form. However, informed consent should not be used as a sales tactic, as the goal is to supply potential participants with the information they need. An example is asking participants to participate in an observation study but not giving them full details of how the study will be conducted.

5. Advantages of overt: ask difficult and investigative questions, use other methods alongside it, participants may be more willing to tell you things as they do not consider you 'one of them'
Disadvantages of overt: time consuming, difficult to repeat, not always representative
Advantages of covert: gaining access to specifically closed groups, participants are less likely to act differently
Disadvantages of covert: ethical concerns
Although overt methods may be harder and more exhaustive, it is more ethical and reliable.

# data[].attributes.body
1. What is informed consent?
-Permission granted in the knowledge of the possible consequences, typically that which is given by a patient to a doctor for treatment with full knowledge of the possible risks and benefits.

2. Why is it essential?
-It creates trust between doctor and patient by ensuring good understanding. It also reduces the risk for both patient and doctor.

3. What are the main concerns of the consent process? What are the solutions?
-The main concerns may includes: (1) disclosure of information (2) competency of the patient to make a decision (3) volunteer nature of the decision. And the solutions may includes: provide additional explanation of information presented by the doctor; and giving patients information or fact sheets that can be taken home.

4. Where is the line between an informed consent and coercion? Explain and provide an example?
-Consent means you're giving permission with no hang-ups. Coercion means a person is participating to placate a situation. The example is that the hospital may ask volunteers to test for a medicine without telling them the disadvantages of this medicine.

5. Can you withhold information from your research participants or give them false information in order to carry out your research? How far you can go? Search google for 'overt and covert participant observation’ and discuss advantages and disadvantages of each option in terms of ethics.
-Advantages of overt: it enables the researcher to build some kind of rapport with the participants because the researcher, from the very beginning, is open and honest about the intentions of his/her research.
Disadvantages of overt: Time consuming, Hawthorne effect, and difficult to repeat.

Advantages of covert: It does not disturb the normal behaviour of the group so there is higher validity.And it allows the observer to dig deeper into the groups' behaviour.
Disadvantages of covert:  it raises a number of ethical concerns. If people are unaware that they are the objects of sociological study, they have not given informed consent. It might be possible, in some cases, to get consent after the study has taken place, or to receive general consent.

# data[].attributes.body
What is informed consent?

- Participants that are fully informed with risk and benefit. And they have to voluntarily to participate.

Why is it essential?
- It is related to morality, consents should be morally accepted by people.

What are the main concerns of the consent process? What are the solutions?
- One of the concern of the consent process is scientific terms or medical jargons are hard to understand, to solve the problem, using some plain language to help participant to understand it well.

Where is the line between an informed consent and coercion? Explain and provide an example.
- When the person is not voluntarily agree on the consent, but force to do, then it is coercion. Example. Doctor tells you to participate in the therapy without your agreement and signed of the contract.

Can you withhold information from your research participants or give them false information in order to carry out your research? How far you can go? Search google for 'overt and covert participant observation’ and discuss advantages and disadvantages of each option in terms of ethics.
- Sometime you would withhold information from your research, however, you should give an alternative explanation to it.
- Advantages for overt: no ethical issues or problem
Disadvantages of overt: not fully valid information
Advantages for covert: higher validity
Disadvantages of covert: ethical issues