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It is a person who operates on a ship, a member of a crew in a boat.

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A traders is a person who buys and sells goods. She can barter.

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An explorer is someone who travels to places about which very little is known, in order to discover what is there.

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To start, Vikings did barter or paid with precious metals, therefore by the weight of the metal. They plundered all the European coasts up to Spain, and Italy.
Vikings were called in three different ways : as pirate-explorers, brigand-traders or seafarers

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Vikings traded with Native Americans after their discovery of America.

—> They bought many furs from Sames, they had a large slave trade in Denmark. On the side of Baghdad and Byzantium : Vikings exchanged spices, wine and crockery.

—> You know that the Vikings did a lot of trade but they also plundered in foreign villages.

—> They created trading posts in the invaded regions to open new trade roads with Africans and Indians, before Marco Polo.

—> Vikings specialized in the trade of luxury goods, such as amber, fur and walrus ivory. These goods interested the nobility and wealthy European merchants.

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— Naviguer = sail

— Comptoirs de négoce = trading counters

— Sailors = marin / matelot

— Traders = commerçant

— Produits de luxe = luxury goods

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https://view.genial.ly/623099a7686bf600111ce5c9/interactive-content-pirate-treasure

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The Vikings were great explorers and traders, si they travelled a lot. In the year 1000, the Vikings travelled from Iceland to southern Groenland. Then to the North East of North America. Later thé Vikings travelled allong the Norwegian coast to Denmark. Then with the help of their shallow boats, they could were able to cross rivers and Russian lakes in an easterly direction to reach Byzantium. They will also go to Normande and Paris. An event to upset the trade and the usual Vikings routes. With the arab conquest in 780, the Vikings trade in the Méditerranéen was slowed down and the West ans the East were no accessible. The Vikings will then heard for the Northern countries.

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The viking introduced a democratyc  gouvernement the viking didn't have a central gouvernement whit à King who decides everything and write a law

The Vikings were divided into small clans and each clan had a leader, the yarl.  A Democracy was exclusive to men of the clan . Democracy only worked if all men were in favour of a decision exemple if a man was to be killed everyone had to agree of is death

But  The Vikings were the most egalitarian and respect full people with women

The role of the chief the yarl was a role from father to sonThe yarl did not always call for democracy, exemple  during the raids he was the only one to have the decision And no one should impose themselves

Democracy was very well organised and every man could give his ideas like ragnar

Democraty was really present in the Thing.

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Diapo

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Amazingly Simple Graphic Design Software – Canva

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The Norse mythology is known for its peculiar conception of the world. Indeed, the Vikings believed in a Four-phase based world, the presence of nine different realms and of Valhalla

Yggdrasil, the tree of Life holds nine realms within itself. Asgard and Vanaheim, the realms of the Gods and Goddesses, Midgard, the mortal realm, Jotunheim was considered specific to the Giants or Frost Giants also referred to as Devourers. According to the Vikings, Alfheim was the land of the Higher elves, Svartalfheim of the darwes or the Black elves depending on the beliefs, whereas Nilfeim was the realm of ice and mist and Muspelheim the realm of Chaos. The last of the nine realms is Hel, the place of despair and punishment where those who didn't die in battle go.

The Vikings sought the help of the gods trough prayers and the use of runes which are specific to Odin. They called on the latter for his great wisdom, on Thor for protection during battle and on Freya for guidance. We can also think about Loki, the god of Mischief and Njörd, god of oceans. But gods and godesses weren't the only entities Vikings believed in. Indeed, there were also Giants called Devourers, and Dwarves that were spiritual beings and not little grumpy men. They also believed in Elves and Land spirits called landvaettir.

We told you a bit about it before, but for the Vikings, there are four phases the World has to go through. The first one is the creation of the very World we live in, the second is the moment when Time started ticking, the third is the end of Worlds, the Ragnarök and the last is the arising of sea creatures.

Here are some interesting facts about how Norse mythology used to impact the Vikings.

We told you earlier about Valhalla and its importance to these people. So, they would, understandably, spend a lot of their time on funerals and related rituals. The Vikings both buried and cremated their bodies. When of their chieftains died, they would also sacrifice an enslaved girl so he would be accompanied in death.

Sacrifices were actually a pretty big part of the Vikings beliefs. Indeed, Odin was associated with hangings and so human sacrifices were performed to honour him.

While travelling on their famous longboats, if the sailors were to see land, they had to take down the dragon prow off of their boats so they would not scare the land spirits away.

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Vikings dominated parts of Europe for over 600 years. They come from mainly nordish countries. They were really democratic people and based on law, they had full of rules and requirements that they had to respect. No national kings existed but there were still jarls who took care of making them exercise. Each individual had a role, there were :
-landowners and magnats
-farmers
-slaves
So there were 3 broad social classes :
- the nobles called jarls
-middle class called karls
-slaves called thralls

Each lands were different than the others in terms of social rank.

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The woman began in childhood by learning to practice household arts and agricultural practices, to follow the rules of her family, to know the moral laws and to serve the interests of the clan. In this sense, the woman was the soul of a society of which her husband was only the arm, because she was the guardian of the family traditions that she teaches to her children.In the vikings society there are different types of women. First there is the slave women The slave woman is called ambátt they devoted themselves to unskilled work, but also to the heaviest work. They ground wheat and salt, and they performed manual tasks. On a farm, they could also participate in activities such as plowing or planting crops. Slave women also often cared for children.Then we have the middle class woman. They had to get married, have children, raise them, take care of older people and take care of the house. They prove their importance by creating clothes for everyone in the house. So they collected the fabrics they needed to design their clothes. women could also earn a living starting with their family or on their own.However, it has been found that noble women were mostly from the aristocracy, at the head of large houses or farms. They had the keys of the pantry and warehouses controlled the supplies.The servants they had in their service gave them more time to take care of themselves and enjoy moments of leisure, a rare and exceptional thing in the life of women in the Viking Age.Finally, in the Viking time, women had masculine features. Their female and male faces were more alike then than they are today.

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The woman began in childhood by learning to practice household arts and agricultural practices, to follow the rules of her family, to know the moral laws and to serve the interests of the clan. In this sense, the woman was the soul of a society of which her husband was only the arm, because she was the guardian of the family traditions that she teaches to her children.In the vikings society there are different types of women. First there is the slave women The slave woman is called ambátt they devoted themselves to unskilled work, but also to the heaviest work. They ground wheat and salt, and they performed manual tasks. On a farm, they could also participate in activities such as plowing or planting crops. Slave women also often cared for children.Then we have the middle class woman. They had to get married, have children, raise them, take care of older people and take care of the house. They prove their importance by creating clothes for everyone in the house. So they collected the fabrics they needed to design their clothes. women could also earn a living starting with their family or on their own.However, it has been found that noble women were mostly from the aristocracy, at the head of large houses or farms. They had the keys of the pantry and warehouses controlled the supplies.The servants they had in their service gave them more time to take care of themselves and enjoy moments of leisure, a rare and exceptional thing in the life of women in the Viking Age.Finally, in the Viking time, women had masculine features. Their female and male faces were more alike then than they are today.

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As impressive as the viking's accomplishements as warriors and raiders were, their accomplishements as settlers and explorers were equally magnificient. They are the first europeans who discovered north america ( vinland) and greenland. Along the way they became the first peopke to establish sizeable settlements in Iceland and other Nort Atlantic islands, and also colonized the territories their warriors conquered throughout northern europe. These explorations and settlements have had a decisive impact upon these places that persists even today.

Men, women and chlidren lived in settlements throughout Scandinavia, typically these were along the coast of the sea or a fjord, this is where the land was most suitable for farming, along with good opportunities for fishing and transport. Most of the best known settlements were situated in Norway because of the easy access to transport by longboats.

Norse migrants settled in many islands that are now part of Scotland, including Shetland and the Hebrides. As it was closer to Scandinavia, Shetland attracted families rather than just male settlers who were attracted to frontier settlements elsewhere.

Today, there are stille places with Nordic names that can be found all over the UK, but especially in and around Yorkshire which shows the presence of Vikings settlements before. They even are studies who showed that vikings may had established in North America.

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The compass is an invention that was really considerate by the scientist either the Vikings or the Chinese invented the compass. the magnetic compass first were used in map to calculate the length between two lines. the compass was made of lodestone, you can find that kind of stone in the Scandinavian water. thanks to that tool the Vikings did many trips that no one ever didThe second type of compass that they made was known as the solar compass. It was a very specific object because it was used in water to lead them and compensate the pitch effect so their calculations are not falsified

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You maybe already know that But Vikings invented longboats we’re all aware about their talents in navigation but they invented something revolutionary the keel. this invention is located under the boat and recovers the surface that touch the sea of it. this inventions is the reason why their boats was so resistant and so stable thanks to this invention the Vikings boats could sailed in deep sea and rivers which was a big prose against their enemies. The shield is also a part of the foreseeing Vikings inventions list. it was a very particular sort of shields they were made of flexible wood that would absorb the impact on the battlefield. The Vikings’s shield were round and when the warrior didn’t use it as a protection they would often use it to protect themselves from the wind during long trips on boats. Now let’s talk about science Vikings were great navigators and needed some gadgets to find one’s way. first of all the Sunstone. we already saw this invention in the series but it actually existed. the Sunstone is a calcite which is a stone that you can find in sedimentary rocks if you want one. it’s a translucent stone that helps them to polarise the lights so they can sail in the right direction even on a cloudy weather. this helped them to sail really far at the time

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 To make these voyages the Vikings needed good ships. The Longship was the racing warship of the Vikings. It was usually about 25m/ 80ft long. The longest ever discovered was at Roskilde. It was 35m long. The largest ships would carry more than 60 fierce warriors. Because the boat was very shallow it could sail up to almost any beach or sail miles up shallow rivers. Each side had holes for oars, and a single mast in the middle carried a large, square sail.  The Vikings thought a great deal about their ships. If you were incredibly rich ,,, when you died ... your ship would be buried with you! There are stories told 

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 To make these voyages the Vikings needed good ships. The Longship was the racing warship of the Vikings. It was usually about 25m/ 80ft long. The longest ever discovered was at Roskilde. It was 35m long. The largest ships would carry more than 60 fierce warriors. Because the boat was very shallow it could sail up to almost any beach or sail miles up shallow rivers. Each side had holes for oars, and a single mast in the middle carried a large, square sail.  The Vikings thought a great deal about their ships. If you were incredibly rich ,,, when you died ... your ship would be buried with you! There are stories told 

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It has only got one room. We are lucky as there are many trees nearby so we were able to build the walls from wood.  We covered the roof with turf to keep the heat in winter.

Around the walls are the benches where we sit or sleep. We cover them with skins or fur. We can't afford to have beds.

The fire in the middle keeps us warm and at night gives us light. There's a hole in the roof to let out the smoke.

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the Helmet

A Viking warrior's head dress was a helmet made either of leather or metal. Both fitted snugly on the head. The last thing a warrior would want was a loose helmet blocking his vision. Metal helmets were conical in shape and were mainly worn by the king's warriors.

Some leather and metal helmet designs often included a reinforcing strip of metal along the center seam. This piece extended down over the nose for additional protection. Some designs included a goggle-like protection around the eyes too. Whether it was made of metal or leather, Viking helmets did not have horns as often pictured in movies, cartoons or fictional books. Horned helmets would have been extremely cumbersome in battle.

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Weapons were a very valuable part of the personal belongings of all free Viking men. Each warrior likely owned a spear, an axe or two, a sword and a knife. Of these, the sword and axe were the most important. They were most often used in close fights. A Viking man carried a sword everywhere he went, even to the toilet.
While the sword was the Vikings warrior's prized possession, the weapon identified most closely with him was the battle-axe. The Vikings were the only fighters across Europe to use an axe. There were two types; one that could be thrown and one that was wielded by the warrior. The latter was quite heavy and had a handle up to 1.5 metres long. Both axes were feared by their enemies. One blow was usually deadly because of the power behind its swing or throw. A well-placed hit with the battle axe meant instant death.

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The Viking warrior's shield was round, made of wood and trimmed with leather. It had a round metal bump in the middle of the outer side to protect the hand that held it from behind. Most Viking shields were round, however triangular shaped ones were found in some parts of England.

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The Vikings practically invented the blitzkrieg or surprise attack. There would be no warning before they struck. They sailed quickly into a port and then robbed, and killed everyone in their path until their raid was finished. Then as quickly as they arrived, they departed. The battle was often over before the enemy had a chance to react.

If the Vikings faced an enemy waiting on shore for their attack, the first battle tactic used was fear. Their dragon-headed ships, blood-red stripped sails and berserker warriors probably frightened even the bravest enemy. This tactic proved so successful, the government of Paris paid the Vikings in silver coins not to attack and gave them part of France, now called Normandy, as their own land.

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| The ships had one large square sail. In bad weather it was lowered over the ship and fastened down like a tent to protect the men inside. | Viking ships were called Longships. | A big longship would be about 30m long and could travel at up to 32km per hour. It would have about 32 oars.
| The Vikings carved the prow of their ships into elaborate shapes such as the head of a dragon or another animal.  |  | The gaps between the planks of the ships were made waterproof by filling them with sheep's wool dipped in tar.
| The ships had names which reflected the shape of their prows, like "Long Serpent", "Snake of the Sea" and "Horse of the Home of Ice". | When there was no wind oars were used to row the ship. | The Viking ships were among the first to have a keel. This helped them to cut through the water very fast and made them very stable in rough weather.

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|  | The Vikings believed that there were many different gods that lived in a place called Asgard. Each god was responsible for a different thing such as war, travel or home. |
|  Odin , also known as Woden, was the god of war. He rode an eight legged horse and he often doubted himself and would spend too long trying to decide whether or not to do things. |  | Thor , was god of thunder and the most popular god. He had the qualities Vikings thought most important: strength and determination.
|  |  |
| Freyja , was the goddess of love and war. She could turn herself into a bird by putting on a magic falcon-skin.
Loki , was half god, half fire spirit. He caused the other gods lots of trouble.

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·       They made fire with a mushroom , the « amadouvier » , growing on threes.

They boiled it in urine during one week before hammering it to make  « fire paste ». They used this to set fire to enemy villages

·       They used combs for their hair, made with bones and they liked to customize them with engravings

·       Hygiène ,

They were using tweezers , razor blades and they took a bath per week and  they changed their clothes quite often, finally they were cleaner than we thought

·       The keel , at the bow of the boat, this part allowed to stabilize and keep upright the boat , they were decorated with wooden sculptures

·       The sunstone

It is a Calcite stone , used to polarize sunlight and was helpful in overcast weather to direct boats on the sea

·       The longships

A forward thinking invention, most efficient boats for their time because they were swift, flexiblesand could navigate on The sea and rivers , they were made with wood , really resistant

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Short with 1 syllable words
The body : leg, skin
Objects : bag, ball, knife, window, skirt
Verbs: are, call, hit, take
Related to animals : reindeer, gosling, crab, bull, wing, fish, egg
Nature and landscape : bark, root, sky

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The Vikings were peoples from Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, and Sweden) from about 700 AD to about 1100. This period is called the Viking Age. Vikings travelled great distances in their longships, as traders, settlers and warriors. Many of the Vikings were tall and had red or blonde hair and beards. Villages on or near any coast in early medieval Europe lived in great fear of Viking attacks. Some of the countries most affected by Viking raids were Britain, Germany, France, Spain and Italy.

The word viking seems to have two uses. The word vikingr, taken from rune stones, meaning a man who has gone with other men on a military journey. Viking is a word for the journey itself. The word did not seem to include those who went on peaceful trading journeys.

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Three different groups of Vikings can be identified. They took three different, sometimes overlapping, routes.

Danes raided England, Gaul, and followed the Atlantic coast of Europe south into the Mediterranean to Italy.

Swedes went eastward into the Baltic Sea. They followed the Volga and Dnieper Rivers south as far as the Black Sea. One group, called the Rus', founded the settlement of Kiev. They called it Russland (later known as Russia).

Norwegians raided England but preferred Ireland and Scotland. They also traveled to Greenland and about the year 1,000 AD landed at a place they called Vinland (North America).

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·       Any place that ends in –by, Derby or Grimsby for example, comes from Old Norse meaning a ‘farmstead or ‘village’.

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On the 8th of June 793, Norse raiders attacked the holy island  of Lindisfarne, off the Northumbrian coast, in an event that is generally accepted as the start of the Viking period of British history. The monastery on Lindisfarne had been established by Saint Aiden in the early 7th century, and grew to be an important centre of Christianity in Anglo-Saxon Britain. Although the attack on the Holy Island was not the first time that Vikings had targeted Britain, it is notable due to being an assault on the holiest site in the kingdom of Northumbria and, arguably, AngloSaxon Britain. The raiders laid waste to the island, slaughtering the monks that lived there, and stealing vast quantities of treasure. The island was probably targeted due to being both remote and wealthy, although Christian commentators at the time  proposed other explanations. Alcuin, a Northumbrian scholar who was working as a tutor in the Frankish kingdom, wrote to both the bishop of Lindisfarne and the Northumbrian king. His letters expressed upset at the attack but also questioned whether it was ‘the outcome of the sins of those who live there’.  The religious community on Lindisfarne survived the attack of 793, but Viking raids on monasteries and other religious sites  in Britain continued for many years. Consequently, some of the best examples of early medieval religious metalwork have been found in Scandinavian graves from the time. From the middle  of the 9th century the Norsemen began to see Britain as a place for colonisation rather than plunder. Within a few decades they had established an area of independent rule known as the Danelaw, the legacy of which can be seen in many place names in the North of England and the East Midlands

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A large section of England was under Danish Viking control from the year 878 to 954 at its largest around half of England under a regime known as the Danelaw.

Both English and Scandinavians lived in the area of the Danelaw and through extensive interaction and intermarriage the culture of the area became heavily Scandinavian influenced

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Le « thing », terme dérivé du vieux norrois þing, se réfère aux anciennes assemblées qui se tenaient dans les pays d'Europe du Nord, suite à la dissémination de notre patrimoine scandinave. On a décrit les things comme le berceau viking de la démocratie car leur naissance constituait la première tentative d'introduire un système représentatif permettant de régler les différents sur une place publique neutre, de façon non-violente, plutôt que par des querelles sanglantes.

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What role did women play in Viking history?

Women are said to have had a stronger position in Viking society than in most other parts of Europe. They usually had the right to divorce, and if their spouse passed away, they would inherit his estate and retain ownership of his belongings. They had partial legal protection against sexual harassment. A woman was respected as the head of the farm when her husband was away, which he could be for a long time. Today’s fascination with Viking culture is not only based on their image as relentless seafaring warriors, but also a result of their way of life and role in developing a new and more modern society.

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In the tales of the Vikings and other early people of Scandinavia, Valhalla was a heaven for warriors. Scandinavia is a region of northern Europe. Its tales are known as Norse mythology.

Valhalla was a vast banquet hall. It had at least 540 doors and a roof made of shields. The powerful Norse god Odin ruled over Valhalla. He allowed only warriors who had died bravely to go there.

Female spirits called Valkyries watched over battlefields. They brought dead heroes to Valhalla. The warriors of Valhalla ate the flesh of a boar (pig) that was butchered every day and then magically came back to life.

It was said that the dead warriors would enjoy Valhalla until the end of the world. Then they would rise again to fight against evil giants and demons in a final battle called Ragnarök.

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Skis

Though the oldest known skis, dating to between 8000 and 7000 B.C., were discovered in Russia, and the first written reference to skiing comes from China’s Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D. 220), we have the Vikings to thank for inaugurating the Western tradition of skiing. Even the word “ski” comes from the Old Norse “skío.” Ancient Norsemen skied across their snowy homelands for both recreation and transportation purposes, and the Norse goddess Skaoi and god Ullr were often depicted on skis or snowshoes.

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COMBS
Though their enemies considered them unkempt barbarians, Vikings actually bathed more frequently than other Europeans of the day, taking a dip at least once a week—preferably in a hot spring. Bristled combs, often made from the antlers of red deer or other animals they killed, are one of the objects most commonly found in Viking graves. In fact, though comb-like devices existed in other cultures around the world, Vikings are often given credit for inventing the comb as the Western world knows it today. Tweezers, razors and ear spoons (for scooping out wax) are among the other grooming objects turned up in excavations of Viking burial sites, proving that even longhaired, bearded Viking warriors took their personal grooming very seriously.

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Sagas

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Sun Compass and Sunstones

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Goods

Organized trade covered everything from ordinary items in bulk to exotic luxury products. The Viking ship designs, like that of the knarr, were an important factor in their success as merchants.[242] Imported goods from other cultures included:[243]

Spices were obtained from Chinese and Persian traders, who met with the Viking traders in Russia. Vikings used homegrown spices and herbs like caraway, thyme, horseradish and mustard,[244] but imported cinnamon.

Glass was much prized by the Norse. The imported glass was often made into beads for decoration and these have been found in the thousands. Åhus in Scania and the old market town of Ribe were major centres of glass bead production.[245][246][247]

Silk was a very important commodity obtained from Byzantium (modern day Istanbul) and China. It was valued by many European cultures of the time, and the Vikings used it to indicate status such as wealth and nobility. Many of the archaeological finds in Scandinavia include silk.[248][249][250]

Wine was imported from France and Germany as a drink of the wealthy, augmenting the regular mead and beer.

To counter these valuable imports, the Vikings exported a large variety of goods. These goods included:[243]

Mjölnir, hammer of Thor, made of amber (Found in Sweden)

Amber—the fossilised resin of the pine tree—was frequently found on the North Sea and Baltic coastline. It was worked into beads and ornamental objects, before being traded. (See also the Amber Road).

Fur was also exported as it provided warmth. This included the furs of pine martens, foxes, bears, otters and beavers.

Cloth and wool. The Vikings were skilled spinners and weavers and exported woollen cloth of a high quality.

Down was collected and exported. The Norwegian west coast supplied eiderdowns and sometimes feathers were bought from the Samis. Down was used for bedding and quilted clothing. Fowling on the steep slopes and cliffs was dangerous work and was often lethal.[251]

Slaves, known as thralls in Old Norse. On their raids, the Vikings captured many people, among them monks and clergymen. They were sometimes sold as slaves to Arab merchants in exchange for silver.