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-Some were nomadic; moving based on food & weather
-No livestock, therefore limited farming with no wheeled vehicles that could be pulled by animals.
-No metal tools or machines, and no gunpowder yet until the Europeans came later.
-Only had large canoes & rafts, that couldn’t travel across oceans.

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-Didn’t view land for economic gain, some families “owned” land from  village leaders for seasonal use.
-Some tribes claimed some areas of land for hunting, but unclaimed land was free to use.
-Not many gathered large amounts of riches, but instead social status w/ a tribe or kinship group was valuable/important.

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1607: Jamestown, the first successful English settlement in America.

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-Head-right system through the Virgina Company, gave 50 acres to every person going to the Chesapeake area.
-Pilgrims trying to separate from the church founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and The Mayflower Compact established laws.
-Colonist moved westward as more came to America.

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-Native Americans lost their land, often with no payment. Wars started as they tried to protect their land, but the colonists had anger numbers, more advanced weapons, and desease immunities which lead them to often win.

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-Slavery grew and indentured servitude decreased,  and some states, usually northern, were against slavery.
-Rhode Island was unlike most of the New England colonies as it allowed religious freedom.
-In the Middle Colonies there was little farming except for some cash crops.

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1676-1677: Led by Nathaniel Bacon in Virgina against the Governor William Bacon. They wanted a more rigid system of slavery.

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1754-1763: French &Indian War (French vs. British) British wanted to stop the French expansion in America. They fought for control over the Ohio Valley and Canada. The Iroquois fought with the British and the Mohawk and Algonquin fought with the French.

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1783- Treaty of Paris: French gave British their land. A spark of the Revolutionary War because with Britain’s sole authority which lead to no salutary neglect & heavy involvement in the colonies.

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Proclamation of 1763: Settlers were not to go past the Appalachian Mountains, and it prohibited the purchase of land to the east of that from Indians, and all land to the west was to be under military control.

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1769: The Spanish begin building missions in California.

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Land Ordinance of 1785: A standardized system in which settlers were able to purchase undeveloped farmland in the west. This earned revenue for the Federal Government. It organized the distribution of land into townships, setting aside space for public education in the 16th section of each.

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Northwest Ordinance of 1787: A way for new states to be admitted to the Union.

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1794: Battle of Fallen Timbers, President Washington doubled the US troops in Ohio and General Anthony Wayne lead, as he wanted to take control over the area north of the Ohio River; from the Native Americans. With the Americans power they were defeated and with the Treaty of Greenville, they gave up most of Ohio. This treaty later was ignored and settlers moved further into Ohio and Indiana.

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1800: The US purchases the Louisiana territory from France, although it had been ceded to Spain in 1762. Napoleon bought the territory with hopes of re-establishing his empire, but sold to the US to fund his military as war with Britain was sure to come.

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1803: The Louisiana Purchase, $15 million overseen by President Jefferson, 800,000 square miles from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains.

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Lewis & Clark, sent by President Jefferson, explored ceded land from the Louisiana Purchase. They were guided by Sacajawea, and created 140 maps, and documented dozens of plants and animals species.

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1814: Treaty of Ghent, ended the War of 1812, Britain hoped to build an Indian nation n the Midwest to maintain influence. This lead many tribes to fight with the British. This treaty also secured the US’s western boarder and defeated residing tribes in the area.

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1820- Missouri Compromise, above this line (the 36 30 line) were free states except Missouri, and below were slave. Repealed by Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854.

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1823: The Monroe Doctrine was a policy by President James Monroe making it so that Europe could no longer colonize the Americas.

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1830: The Indian Removal Act allowed President Jackson to negotiate treaties to remove native Americans from their land, but the Worcester v. Georgia (1832) declared the Cherokee Indians as a sovereign nation, therefore not being able to be removed, but Jackson allowed the forced removal of all tribes east of the Mississippi. This created the Trail of Tears were Native Americans were forced to migrate to Oklahoma from Georgia, over 4,000 Cherokee died.

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The Underground Railroad helped free hundreds of slaves, the term first used in 1831, and it continued to work during the Civil War.

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1840s-1850s: Railroads became much larger and begins to flourish.

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1845: Manifest Destiny, stating the it was inevitable and justifiable that the US expand throughout the continent, and they were the chosen people by God. Term by John O’Sullivan.

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1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo & Gold Rush begins, with the end of the Spanish-American War the US gained land in the West where James W. Marshall discovered gold in California. This lead to California becoming a state in 1850, and over 300,000 people moving to California.

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The Oregon Trail had a length of 3,000 kilometers, and was a trail used by many throughout the 1800s. It was first used in 1834.

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1845: Annexation of Texas, which led to the Mexican-American War under President James Polk.
1846-1848: Mexican-American War
1849: California Gold Rush

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Compromise of 1850: 5 bills passed by the US Congress on which new territories from the Mexican-American War should be slave and which should be free.

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1852: Uncle Tom’s Cabin byHarriet Beecher Stowe showed the realities and harshness of slavery.

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1854: The Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed the settlers within a state to decide if they allowed slavery, this overturned the Missouri Compromise and led to the Bleeding Kansas violence, leading towards the American Civil War.

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1860: Secession of the Confederate States of America was led bu Jefferson Davis after the election of President Abraham Lincoln, where 11 states seceded from the US, but where never viewed as a legitimate sovereign nation.

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1861-1865: American Civil War, between the Northern and Southern states of the US, fought over the argument around slavery under President Lincoln.

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The Homestead Act of 1862: Allowed any American, including freed slaves, to be able to claim 160 free acres of federal land, 1.6 million indícale claims were approved, which added up to almost 10% of the governments property, or 420,000 square miles.

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1865: 13th Amendment; abolished slavery and involuntary servitude except for as a punishment for a crime.
1868: 14th Amendment; anyone born in the US was a citizen.
1870: 15th Amendment; all citizens are given the right to vote.
1877: Reconstruction Ends

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This came after the Pacific Railroad Act in 1862 chartered the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads to build it together.

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1869: The Transcontinental Railroad was completed, linking Promontory Point, Utah to the eastern states.

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The Great Migration was the movement of 6 million African Americans migrated to the urban North from the rural South, especially during WWI. This did lead to many racial tensions and riots following the war.

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The Dust Bowl was when the Southern Plains had severe dust storms due to an extreme drought. During the Great Depression and Dust bowl, many from Oklahoma moves to California, Oregon, and Washington for work and assistance, becoming known as “Okies”. The large amount of migrants overwhelmed the states and many lived in tents, and cars.

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1942: President FDR issued  Executive Order 9066 which called for the establishment of military zones along with incarceration of Japanese-Americans in internment camps. 120,000 were relocated and this caused major racial tensions and violated the Japanese-Americans basic freedoms in America.

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The Bracero Program allowing workers form Mexico to work in America during WWII to fill in for those serving in the war. About 44,000 came to America during the war, which infuriated those who returned to war with their jobs filled, and caused the Zoot Suit Riots, the attack of young Mexican-Americans.