# data[].attributes.body
Odysseus's ordinary world is his home "...on the peaked sea-mark of Ithaca" (Homer line 210). Odysseus is a very well known brave warrior. He has a wife, Penelope, and a son, Telemachus.

# data[].attributes.body
Odysseus's call to adventure was when he was sent to fight in Troy, "he plundered the strongehold on the proud height of Troy" (Homer 4-5). Odysseus tried to refuse the call by saying he doesn't want to leave his family in Ithaca. Athena convinced him to go to Troy.

# data[].attributes.body
Odysseus' main mentor was Athena.  Athena helped him in the Trojan War and the Cyclops, "And now I pondered how to hurt him worst, if but Athena granted what I prayed for" (Homer 263). Another mentor was Circe,  she told him his future, "Circe foresaw us and shared with me, so let me tell her forecast then we die with our eyes open" (Homer 687). His final mentor is Tiresias who also told him his destiny and how he could make it home, "Make fair sacrifice to Lord Poseidon: a ram, a bull, a great buck boar; and turn back, a carry out pure hecatombs" (Homer 663).

# data[].attributes.headline
Crossing the Threshold (Land of the Dead)

# data[].attributes.subject
Crossing the Threshold (Land of the Dead)

# data[].attributes.body
Odysseus crossing the the threshold is when he visits the underworld, "... My neckbone, buckled under, snapped, and my spirit found this well of dark" (Homer 592).

# data[].attributes.body
The first test was the Battle of the Ciciones, "the main force of Cicones. This was an army, trained to fight on horseback" (Homer 52). Athena helped Odysseus fight in this war. The Greek value shown is death because Odysseus and his men prayed for the lost.

# data[].attributes.body
The Lotus Eaters test was very strange, the people there had no desire to leave and only wanted to eat the lotus flowers, "... but those who ate this honeyed plant, the Lotus, never cared to report, nor to return: they longed to stay forever" (Homer 97). Odysseus showed courage because he went back and grabbed his men and tied them to the ship.

# data[].attributes.body
The Cyclops test is when Polyphemus was introduced and Odysseus and his men were faced with a test. Odysseus and his men were showing hospitality but Polyphemus did not respect their Greek values. Odysseus prayed to Athena for help and she gave him intelligence. They ended up stabbing his eye and got away from the cave. Odysseus then yelled, "Let it be your father Poseidon Lord, to whom you pray" (Homer 63). Odysseus violated a Greek value by showing excessive pride.

# data[].attributes.body
Odysseus' test on Aeolia was Aeolus, the god of the winds, gave their ships a gift, " a sack containing all the winds except the favorable west wind" (Homer). Odysseus and his men came within eye distance of Ithaca but his men made a crucial mistake and opened the bag of winds. It sent them back to Aeolia where Aeolus said the gods are destesting them.

# data[].attributes.body
The Lasetrygonians test was when Odysseus and his men ended up on the island of canniballs. These creatures are cannibals and hey violate the Greek value of hospitality. While visiting there, they found themselves in a bad spot, "These creatures destroy all of Odysseus' ships except the one he is sailing in" (Homer 531).

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Laestrygonians or Laestrygones ( Greek: Λαιστρυγόνες) were a tribe of man-eating giants from ancient Greek mythology. They were said to have sprung from Laestrygon, son of Poseidon.

According to Thucydides (6.2.1.) and Polybius (1.2.9) the Laestrygones inhabited southeast Sicily. The name is akin to that of the Lestriconi, a branch of the Corsi people of the northeast coast of Sardinia (now Gallura).

Odysseus, the main character of Homer's , visited them during his journey back home to Ithaca. The giants ate many of Odysseus's men and destroyed eleven of his twelve ships by launching rocks from high cliffs. Odysseus's ship was not destroyed because it was hidden in a cove near shore. Everyone on Odysseus's ship survived the incident. "His soldiers, with a dozen ships, arrive at 'the rocky stronghold of Lamos: Telepylus, the city of the Laestrygonians'."

Lamos is not mentioned again, perhaps being understood as the founder of the city or the name of the island on which the city is situated. In this land, a man who could do without sleep could earn double wages; once as a herdsman of cattle and another as a shepherd, as they worked by night as they did by day. The ships entered a harbor surrounded by steep cliffs, with a single entrance between two headlands. The captains took their ships inside and made them fast close to one another, where it was dead calm.

Odysseus kept his own ship outside the harbor, moored to a rock. He climbed a high rock to reconnoiter, but could see nothing but some smoke rising from the ground. He sent two of his company and an attendant to investigate the inhabitants. The men followed a road and eventually met a young woman on her way to the Fountain of Artakia to fetch some water, who said she was a daughter of Antiphates or Antiphatus, the king, and directed them to his house. However, when they got there they found a gigantic woman, the wife of Antiphates who promptly called her husband, who immediately left the assembly of the people and upon arrival snatched up one of the men and killed him on the spot, presumably then eating him (as it states in the Odyssey that he only met with the men with the intention of eating them). The other two men, Eurylochus and Polites, ran away, but Antiphates raised an outcry, so that they were pursued by thousands of Laestrygonians, who are either giants or very large men and women. They threw vast rocks from the cliffs, smashing the ships, and speared the men like fish. Odysseus made his escape with his single ship because it was not trapped in the harbor; the rest of his company was lost. The surviving crew went next to Aeaea, the island of Circe.

According to historian Angelo Paratico the Laestrygonians were the result of a legend originated by the sight by Greek sailors of the Giants of Mont'e Prama, recently excavated in Sardinia.

Later Greeks believed that the Laestrygonians, as well as the Cyclopes, had once inhabited Sicily.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Laestrygonians or Laestrygones ( Greek: Λαιστρυγόνες) were a tribe of man-eating giants from ancient Greek mythology. They were said to have sprung from Laestrygon, son of Poseidon. According to Thucydides (6.2.1.) and Polybius (1.2.9) the Laestrygones inhabited southeast Sicily.

# data[].attributes.body
In this test, Circe turns Odysseus' men into swine. Odysseus commands her to turn them back. Circe states that to turn them back, he has to go the the Land of the Dead and consult with Tiresias. When coming back from Tiresias, Polyphemus got what he wished for, "under strange sail shall you come home, to find your own house filled with trouble: insolent men eating your livestock as they court your lady" (Homer 649).

# data[].attributes.body
In this test, Odysseus has to show bravery because he made his men tie him up and he would hear the Sirens but his men would have beeswax in, "I carved a massive cake of beeswax into bits" (Homer Line 708).

# data[].attributes.headline
Test 8: Passing the Scylla and Charybdis

# data[].attributes.subject
Test 8: Passing the Scylla and Charybdis

# data[].attributes.body
When approaching the sea monsters, Odysseus shows great leadership by letting them know he will make sure they are fine. He told them to pray to Zeus. Odysseus sent them towards Scylla to stay alive, "...Scylla strikes... six of my best men from the ship" (Homer Line 809). Tiresias told them how to overcome these monsters. A Greek value violated was courage because the men were scared.

# data[].attributes.body
After Odysseus' foolish men ate the Cattle of the Sun God, Zeus strikes their boat and all of his men drown except himself. The wind pushed him back towards the monsters but he proves himself to Zeus by surviving the monsters. 9 days later, he arrived in Ogygia, "nine days I drifted in the open sea before I made shore, buoyed up by the gods" (Homer Line 989). Calypso lives on this island. He escapes by receiving a boat from the Phaecians by telling his story.

# data[].attributes.headline
Allies: The Phaecians, Telemachus, and Eumaeus

# data[].attributes.subject
Allies: The Phaecians, Telemachus, and Eumaeus

# data[].attributes.body
Odysseus' first ally was the Phaecians. They helped Odysseus by giving him a safe return home after he told them his very long journey and his story, "The next day, young Phaecian noblemen conduct him home by ship" (Homer). His next ally was Telemachus when he returned home. Telemachus helped him fight the suitors by Athena giving him intelligence and hiding all of the weapons except two shields, two swords, and two spears, "At that point round up all the armor, lances, gear of war left in your hall, and stow the lot away back in the vaulted storeroom" (Homer Line 1135). Odysseus' last ally is Eumaeus, Telemachus asked Eumaeus is he would help fight , Eumaeus ends up agreeing, "Aided by Athena, Odysseus, Telemachus, Eumaeus, and other faithful herdsmen kill all the suitors" (Homer Line 1537).

# data[].attributes.body
When Odysseus returns home, he comes to find his only enemy throughout his journey, the Suitors, "...There were Suitors eating his cows, holding his wife captive, and planning to kill his son" (Homer). Athena disguises him as a beggar to go up and confront them without knowing it is Odysseus.

# data[].attributes.body
Odysseus' Ordeal was his men had came across the Cattle of the Sun God. They would be punished if they ate them and they did. When Odysseus woke up he could smell the cattle being cooked, "Come, we'll cut out the noblest of these cattle for sacrifice to the gods who own the sky" (Homer 868). The greek value violated in this episode was hospitality, "Come, we'll cut out the noblest for sacrifice to the gods" (Homer Line 868). They did not respect Odysseus' rules even though he told them not to and they ate Helios' cattle.

# data[].attributes.body
Odysseus' supreme ordeal was going to fight the suitors in his home. Odysseus fought with his son Telemachus, and Eumaeus. Athena helped Odysseus by disguising him as a beggar, "a beggar, by my looks" (Homer Line 1123). Previous to this, Antinious violated the greek value of hospitality by bashing a chair on Odysseus' shoulder, "The stool he let fly hit the man's right shoulder on the packed muscle under the shoulder blade" (Homer Line 1228).

# data[].attributes.body
Odysseus' journey home was very easy due to the Phaecians. They, "conduct him home by ship" (Homer). Odysseus told the Phaecians the story in return of safe travels home. He also revealed to the Suitors who he really was.

# data[].attributes.body
Odysseus' whole entire desire was to, "regains his family and his kingdom" (Homer). The Greek value of fathers is showed when, "Odysseus is reunited with his father" (Homer).

# data[].attributes.body
Odysseus' first heroic trait showed was bravery when he made his men tie him up and gave them beeswax, "I carved a massive cake of beeswax into bits" (Homer 708).  This shows bravery because Odysseus sacrificed himself. The second heroic trait showed was great leadership, "he plundered the stronghold on the proud height of Troy" (Homer 45). Odysseus led his men to fight in Troy. The last heroic trait shown was inteligence, "At that point round up all the armor, lances, gear of war left in your hall, and stow the lot away back in the vaulted storeroom" (Homer line 1135). Another example of inteliigence is, "My name is Nohbdy: Mother, Father, and friends call me Nohbdy" (Homer 315). This shows how Odysseus is displaying intelligence.