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Safe sleep, Temp control, Bathing, Changing nappy, Cord care, Dressing, Heel prick test, Nail care

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Baby_Care_Workshop_UK - edited down slides

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https://padlet.com/aliceastonfamilies/tt1ab8dp3z3z

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https://padlet.com/rachelcummingsnct/resources

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The Bump Class

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Stomach strengthening exercises can make a real difference. They improve circulation, ease backache and make joints stronger. All of which helps you to feel at your best.

Doing pelvic floor muscle exercises (Kegels) from early pregnancy onwards can stop those accidental wees in late pregnancy and within six months of childbirth. Pelvic floor exercises can also prevent prolapse, which is where the pelvic organs drop down into the vagina (Hay-Smith and Dumoulin, 2006; Hay-Smith et al, 2008; Pelaez et al, 2013).

What is the pelvic floor?

Your pelvic floor is the layered muscle that stretches like a hammock from the front of your pelvis to the bottom of your backbone. Pregnancy and childbirth puts a strain on these muscles (NHS Choices, 2017).

"It is quite common to leak wee when coughing, sneezing or straining during pregnancy if you have weak pelvic floor muscles. It's known as stress incontinence."

Stress incontinence can carry on after pregnancy yet doing pelvic floor exercises can help reduce or help you avoid having this issue (Boyle et al, 2012; NHS Choices, 2017).

If you're young and not experiencing stress incontinence, pelvic floor exercises are also hugely beneficial during pregnancy. The best thing is to fit the exercises into your daily routine, perhaps when you're watching telly or just before you climb into bed (NHS Choices, 2017). Here's what you need to do.

Stomach muscle exercises

Start on all fours, making sure your knees are under your hips and hands are under your shoulders. Have your fingers facing forwards and abdominal muscles lifted to help keep your back straight.

Pull in your stomach muscles and raise your back towards the ceiling, letting your head gently relax forwards. Don't let your elbows lock.

Hold this for a few seconds and then return to the original position.

Take care not to hollow your back. Your back should always return to the straight, neutral position.

Do this rhythmically 10 times, making your muscles work hard and moving your back carefully.

Only move your back as far as you can while still feeling comfortable.

Pelvic tilt exercises

Stand with your shoulders and bottom against the wall, keeping your knees soft.

Pull your belly button towards your spine so your back flattens against the wall, hold for four seconds and release.

Repeat 10 times.

Pelvic floor exercises

As well as these exercises, practice tightening up the pelvic floor muscles before and during coughing and sneezing.

Slow squeeze pelvic floor exercises

This exercise helps to support your pelvic organs through your pregnancy. It might be tricky at first to hold this squeeze for a long time. Try to build up the length of the hold and release the squeeze slowly.

Lift your pelvic floor muscles upwards and inwards, slowly tightening them.

Continue lifting from your pelvis up into your belly.

Hold for four seconds and release it slowly.

If it's difficult to hold the squeeze for this long and you have nothing left to release, hold for a shorter time to begin with. Don't worry, you can increase the hold length bit by bit until you manage a four second hold.

Try to keep some of the squeeze left to release so you can release it slowly when you finish the exercise. Do five squeezes at a time

Repeat this five times a day. It will get easier.
(Tommy's, 2017)

This page was last reviewed in October 2017.
Further information

Our support line offers practical and emotional support with feeding your baby and general enquiries for parents, members and volunteers: 0300 330 0700.

We also offer antenatal courses which are a great way to find out more about birth, labour and life with a new baby.

Make friends with other parents-to-be and new parents in your local area for support and friendship by seeing what NCT activities are happening nearby.

Boyle R, Hay-Smith EJ, Cody JD, Mørkved S (2012). Pelvic floor muscle training for prevention and treatment of urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 10:CD007471. doi: 10.1002/14651858. Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23076935 [Accessed 17 April 2018].

Hay-Smith EJ, Dumoulin C. (2006) Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment or urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women. Cochrane Database Systemic Review. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16437536 [Accessed 17 April 2018].

Hay-Smith J, Mørkved S, Fairbrother KA, Herbison GP. (2008) Pelvic floor muscle training for prevention and treatment of urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women. Cochrane Database Systematic Review. (4):CD007471. doi: 10.1002/14651858. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18843750 [Accessed 31 October 2018].

NHS Choices. (2017) Exercises in pregnancy. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/pregnancy-exercise.aspx [Accessed 31 October 2017].

Pelaez M, Gonzalez-Cerron S, Montejo R, Barakat R (2013) Pelvic floor muscle training included in a pregnancy exercise program is effective in primary prevention of urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology and Urodynamics. 33(1):67-71. doi: 10.1002/nau.22381. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23389863 [Accessed 31 October 2017].

Tommy's. (2017) Pelvic floor exercises. Available from: https://www.tommys.org/pregnancy-information/im-pregnant/exercise-pregnancy/pelvic-floor-exercises [Accessed 17 April 2018].
Further reading
Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Women's Health. (2010) Aquanatal guidelines: antenatal and postnatal exercises in water. Available from: www.acpwh.org.uk [Accessed 19 October 2017].

Balogh A (2008) Pilates and pregnancy Midwives Magazine. Available from: https://www.rcm.org.uk/news-views-and-analysis/analysis/pilates-and-pregnancy [Accessed 17 April 2018].

Cameron, J. Millar, K. (2014) Guidelines for teaching yoga to pregnant women. Available from: http://www.yogascotland.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Yoga-Scotland-Pregnancy-Guidlines_July2014.pdf [Accessed 17 April 2018].

Department of Health. (2017) Physical activity for pregnant women. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/622335/CMO_physical_activity_pregnant_women_infographic.pdf [Accessed 16 October 2017].

Evenson, K. Savitz, D. Huston, S. (2004) Leisure-time physical activity among pregnant women in the US. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 18(6): 400-407. Available from Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23076935 [Accessed 17 April 2018].

Midwives Magazine. (2005) Pilates and pregnancy. Available from: https://www.rcm.org.uk/news-views-and-analysis/analysis/pilates-and-pregnancy [Accessed 31 October 2017].

Nascimento SL, Surita FG, Cecatti JG. (2012) Physical exercise during pregnancy: A systematic review. Current Opinion in Obstetric and Gynecology. 24(6):387-394 Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23014142 [Accessed 31 October 2018].

Natural England Commissioned Report. (2016) A review of nature based interventions for mental health care. Available from: http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/4513819616346112 [Accessed 17 October 2018].

Swim England. (2015) Swimming when pregnant. Available from: http://www.swimming.org/learntoswim/swimming-when-pregnant/ [Accessed 30 October 2017].

Van Hook JW, Gill P, Easterling TR, Schmucker B, Carlson K, Benedetti TJ. (1993) The hemodynamic effects of isometric exercise during late normal pregnancy. AJOG 169(4): 870-873 Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8238141 [Accessed 31 October 2017].

Zavorsky, GS. Longo LD. (2011) Adding strength training, exercise intensity and caloric expenditure to exercise guidelines in pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 117(6): 1399-1402. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21606752 [Accessed 31 October 2017].

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Pelvic floor and stomach exercises in pregnancy | Pregnancy articles & support | NCT

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You could fit into your daily routine some strengthening exercises where it can make a massive difference - your stomach and pelvic floor. Here's how.

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If there's one thing you can count on in pregnancy, it's that you'll have a few symptoms you weren't expecting. While the nausea, cravings and tendency to cry as you watch Emmerdale are standard, some symptoms ring a few alarm bells. Here's what you should keep an eye on.

Is it normal to have abdominal or stomach pain in pregnancy?

Abdominal pain, aches and cramps are common for pregnant women and usually nothing to worry about. The main cause of abdominal pain is ligaments stretching with the pregnancy.

Pain can be eased by lying down on the side opposite to the pain, having a warm bath, using a hot water bottle and moving more slowly (Aguilera, 2015).

When might stomach pain might be a concern?

Contact your midwife or GP immediately if your pain doesn't go away after a few minutes rest or if you also have:

blood in your wee

pain or a burning sensation when you wee

vaginal discharge that seems out of the ordinary

bleeding

vomiting

fever

chills.
(Kilpatrick, 2018)

Painful stomach cramps could be a sign of miscarriage if accompanied by bleeding or ectopic pregnancy. They could also be something unrelated to pregnancy.

Is it normal to have bleeding or spotting in pregnancy?

First, don't panic. Vaginal bleeding in the early stages of pregnancy is common and doesn't always indicate to problem (RCOG, 2016; NHS, 2018a).

Early pregnancy bleeding can be down to spotting, cervical changes, miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy (NHS, 2018a). In later pregnancy, vaginal bleeding may be due to cervical changes, vaginal infections, a 'show', placental abruption or a low-lying placenta ( placenta praevia) (NHS, 2018a).

When might bleeding be a concern?

While bleeding is common, bleeding and/or pain can be a warning sign of a miscarriage or other complications so it is important that you immediately contact your GP or midwife, your local Early Pregnancy Assessment Service, NHS 111 or A&E it's severe (RCOG, 2016; NHS, 2018a).

It's important to find out the cause of bleeding so your doctor or midwife will ask about other symptoms like cramping, pain and dizziness. You may also need to undergo a vaginal or pelvic examination, an ultrasound scan or blood tests to check your hormone levels (NHS, 2018a).

Is it normal to have headaches during pregnancy?

Headaches are common during pregnancy but they usually improve or stop in the second and third trimester. You can take paracetamol if you need to but get advice from a pharmacist, midwife or GP about how much to take and for how long (NHS, 2018a).

To help prevent more headaches:

Although most pregnancy headaches are innocent, they can be more serious or indicate an underlying heath condition like pre-eclampsia (RCOG, 2014).

When might headaches be a concern?

Call your midwife, GP or NHS 111 immediately if you get any of the following symptoms as they could be symptoms of pre-eclampsia:

a very severe headache

a problem with vision such as blurring or flashing lights in your eyes

severe pain just below ribs

vomiting

sudden swelling in your face, hands or feet

Is it normal to have swelling in pregnancy?

Gradual swelling in the legs, ankles, feet and fingers (oedema) is normal during pregnancy and isn't harmful (though it can be uncomfortable). Swelling is usually caused by more water staying in your body than usual. Swelling tends to get worse further into your pregnancy and at the end of the day, when water has gathered in the lowest parts of the body.

Here are some tips to avoid swelling.

Avoid standing for long stretches of time.

Choose comfortable footwear.

Put your feet up.

Drink plenty of water.

Do foot exercises. Sitting or standing, bend up then point down your foot 30 times, and circle each foot eight times in each direction

Is it normal to have shortness of breath in pregnancy?

Breathlessness is a common problem in pregnancy that may start in the first or second trimester. You are more likely to feel breathless if you have gained a lot of weight or are expecting more than one baby. Breathlessness can last until you are nearly ready to give birth. It won't harm your baby but can be annoying for you. Try these tips to help ease your breathlessness:

Keep in an upright position.

Do light exercise such as walking or swimming.

When might shortness or breath be a concern?

If you're suffering from tiredness and palpitations as well as breathlessness, it can be a sign of low iron levels in your blood. Make sure you discuss these symptoms with your midwife.

Is it normal to have leg cramps in pregnancy?

You'll know you're suffering from leg cramps if you get a sudden, sharp pain, usually in your calf muscles or feet. It will often happen at night and in the later stages of pregnancy but no-one quite knows why (NHS, 2017; NHS, 2018d).

Usually, cramps go away on their own but stretching and massaging the muscle might help the pain to lessen (NHS, 2017). You could also try pulling your toes hard up towards the ankle or rubbing the muscle hard (NHS, 2018d).

Regular gentle exercises in pregnancy involving ankle and leg movements will help with circulation and might prevent cramp. See the foot exercises above (in the swelling section) and repeat on both feet (NHS, 2018d).
This page was last reviewed in March 2018
Further information

Our support line offers practical and emotional support with feeding your baby and general enquiries for parents, members and volunteers: 0300 330 0700.

We also offer antenatal courses which are a great way to find out more about birth, labour and life with a new baby.

Make friends with other parents-to-be and new parents in your local area for support and friendship by seeing what NCT activities are happening nearby.

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Is it normal to have headaches, spotting or cramps in pregnancy?

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If there's one thing you can count on in pregnancy, it's that you'll have a few symptoms you weren't expecting. While the nausea, cravings and tendency to cry as you watch Emmerdale are standard, some symptoms ring a few alarm bells. Here's what you should keep an eye on.

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Find out what pelvic girdle pain is, the symptoms and how to cope with PGP in pregnancy and your options for birth.

What is pelvic girdle pain (PGP)?

Pelvic girdle pain (PGP) is the general term for all pelvic pain. It includes pubic pain - previously called symphysis pubis dysfunction (SPD). PGP includes pain anywhere from the lower back down to the thigh, either at the front or back (RCOG 2015).

The pain may range from a mild ache to severe pain that limits your daily activities. This may start at any time during pregnancy, labour or in the weeks after giving birth (POGPH 2015).

Women often feel that PGP affects their daily life, and that their emotional and mental health can suffer (Mackenzie et al 2018). Support is available if you need it, especially if you feel low or isolated because of your PGP (Pelvic Partnership 2016).

"For most women, early diagnosis and treatment should stop symptoms from getting worse, relieve your pain and help you continue with your normal everyday activities" (RCOG 2015)

What causes pelvic girdle pain (PGP)?

It's hard to say what causes some women to develop PGP and not others (POGPH 2015). The main reasons seem to be a history of previous lower back, pelvic girdle or joint pain, hypermobility syndrome and/or previous trauma to the pelvis (RCOG 2015).

Poor muscle function in the back and pelvis at the beginning of pregnancy is also related to severe pain and disability throughout pregnancy (Shivonen et al 1998).

Symptoms of pelvic girdle pain (PGP)

Pelvic, Obstetric and Gynaecological Physiotherapy (POGP) highlight the following common signs and symptoms:

Difficulty walking (a waddling gait).

Pain when putting weight on one leg, such as climbing stairs.

Pain and/or difficulty in straddle movements, such as getting in and out of the bath.

Clicking or grinding in the pelvic area.

Limited and painful hip abduction. (Hip abduction is the movement of the leg away from the middle of the body, such as when you step to the side or get out of a car.)

Difficulty lying in some positions, such as on your side.

Pain during normal activities and/or pain/difficulty during sex.

(POGPH 2015, RCOG 2015)

Symptoms can increase through pregnancy as the baby grows. This is because of changes in the body's centre of gravity, and therefore posture. It usually occurs in pregnancy due to the hormone 'relaxin' softening the ligaments in your body. This allows your pelvis to open up and make room for your baby to be born.

Coping with pelvic girdle pain in pregnancy

The condition is usually diagnosed after a thorough assessment of the pelvic joints and spine. Your healthcare team will be able to refer you to a specialist physiotherapist (POGPH 2015).

Getting a diagnosis as early as possible can help minimise any pain and avoid long-term discomfort (RCOG 2015).

Many women have found that making small changes to everyday activities can reduce their discomfort. POGP suggests trying the following:

Remain active within the limits of what you find comfortable and can manage. Avoid activities that you know makes the pain worse.

Accept offers of help and involve your partner, family and friends day-to-day.

Rest more frequently or sit down for activities that normally involve standing, e.g. ironing.

Avoid standing on one leg so try dressing sitting down, for instance.

Consider alternative sleeping positions, such as lying on one side with pillows between your legs for comfort. Turn 'under' when turning in bed, or turn over with knees together and squeeze your bum.

Try different ways to climb stairs. You could try going upstairs one leg at a time with the most pain-free leg first and the other leg joining it on the step.

Plan the day by bringing everything you need downstairs in the morning and set up changing stations both up and downstairs. You might find a rucksack helpful to carry things around the house, especially if you have to use crutches.

Avoid activities that involve asymmetrical positions of the pelvis, such as sitting cross-legged, reaching, pushing or pulling to one side, and bending and twisting to lift or carrying anything on one hip.

Consider alternative positions for sex, such as lying on the side or kneeling on all fours.

Organise hospital appointments for the same day if possible, such as combining appointments for antenatal care and physiotherapy.

(POGPH 2015, RCOG 2015)

Planning birth with pelvic girdle pain

Many women can have a spontaneous vaginal delivery if they want to. Talk to your midwife about your pain relief options, as well as alternative positions for birth, such as supported kneeling or side lying with pillows/knees to chest. Using a birth pool may help you move around more freely without pain (RCOG 2015).

A caesarean section is not usually needed or recommended for women with PGP, as this might slow down your recovery (RCOG 2015).

What treatment will I be offered for PGP?

Your healthcare provider will refer you to a physiotherapist who will make an assessment and put together a treatment plan. This could include:

Advice on avoiding activities that make your pain worse and alternatives.

Exercises, including those to strengthen your pelvic floor and abdominal muscles.

Treatment by an osteopath, chiropractor or physiotherapist who specialises in PGP.

Therapy that includes use of hot and cold packs, hydrotherapy, use of a TENS machine or acupuncture (Vermani et al 2009).

Support belts can be effective if used regularly for short periods (Bertiut et al 2018).

Using crutches.

If the pain is severe then regular pain relief medication might be needed. Your GP can discuss options with you.

(POGPH 2015, RCOG 2015)

While PGP in pregnancy is common, it isn't normal (POGPH 2015). You should always seek help if you think you are suffering with it. It is a treatable condition that you can get support to manage.
This page was last reviewed in January 2019.
Further information

Our support line offers practical and emotional support with feeding your baby and general enquiries for parents, members and volunteers: 0300 330 0700.

We also offer antenatal courses, which are a great way to find out more about birth, labour and life with a new baby.

The POGP (Pelvic Obstetric and Gynaecological Physiotherapy) is a UK-based professional network affiliated to the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy, which provides useful information on PGP.

The Pelvic Partnership is a charity, which aims to pass on information about pelvic girdle pain based on research evidence and on other women's experience.

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Pelvic girdle pain (PGP) is common in pregnancy | Pregnancy, Worries and discomforts articles & support | NCT

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Find out what pelvic girdle pain is, the symptoms and how to cope with PGP in pregnancy and your options for birth. Pelvic girdle pain (PGP) is the general term for all pelvic pain. It includes pubic pain - previously called symphysis pubis dysfunction (SPD).

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https://apps.apple.com/gb/app/baby-buddy-pregnancy-guide/id903080388

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https://birthandbeyondcollective.org.uk/

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North Surrey Midwife - The wonderful pelvis.wmv

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https://apps.apple.com/gb/app/freya-surge-timer/id1447509164

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Free audio birth relaxations - Laura Jane

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Free guided audio meditations to help with breathing techniques during labour. These birth relaxations will help aid a calm birth and help you focus on a positive birth for you and your baby.

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Second link: https://www.nct.org.uk/baby-toddler/sleep/co-sleeping-or-bed-sharing-your-baby-risks-and-benefits

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To reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) the safest place for a baby to sleep is in their own clear, flat, separate sleep space, such as a cot or Moses basket. However, we know that many parents find themselves co-sleeping whether they mean to or not. Wherever you're planning for your baby to sleep we recommend making your bed a safer place for baby. Our advice on co-sleeping with your baby will tell you how.

When not to co-sleep

Whether you choose to co-sleep or it is unplanned, there are some key risks you should avoid.
Co-sleeping with your baby is very dangerous if:
In these scenarios, it is always best to put baby in their own safe sleep space, such as a cot or Moses basket. Keeping the cot or Moses basket next to your bed might make this easier.
Never fall asleep on a sofa or armchair with your baby. The risk of SIDS is 50 times higher for babies when they sleep on a sofa or armchair with an adult. They are also at risk of accidental death as they can easily slip into a position where they are trapped and can't breathe.
Co-sleeping more safely

Keep pillows and adult bedding away from your baby or any other items that could cover their head or cause them to overheat. A high proportion of babies who die as a result of SIDS are found with their head covered by loose bedding.

Follow all The Lullaby Trust's other safer sleep advice to reduce the risk of SIDS such as sleeping baby on their back

To reduce the risk of accidents, do not bring other children or pets into bed with you.

Try to make sure or check that baby cannot be trapped, wedged or fall out of bed or get trapped between the mattress and the wall

Never leave your baby unattended in an adult bed

For more info on co-sleeping and safer sleep read our guide for parents
If you are bedsharing with your baby you should consider any risks before every sleep. It is easy for your situation to change if you are unwell or have drunk any alcohol, which means your baby will be safest in a separate sleep space such as a cot or Moses basket on that occasion.

Co-sleeping with your baby: FAQs

I am worried I might fall asleep while I breastfeed my baby at night, is this ok?

Click here to open this question

Breastfeeding reduces the chance of SIDS. If you feel you might fall asleep we would recommend you prepare the bed as described above so it is safer for baby if this happens.

Make sure you know the advice on when never to co-sleep so you know when to take particular care. It is really important that you do not accidentally fall asleep with your baby on a sofa or armchair. If you think you might fall asleep on a sofa or armchair, put the baby down in a safe place to sleep.

Should I co-sleep with my baby?

Click here to open this question

The safest place for a baby is their own separate sleep space, such as a cot or Moses basket. We would just advise you to read all the information on co-sleeping and how to reduce the risks, so you can make an informed decision for you and your baby.

However, there are some circumstances where we would strongly recommend against co-sleeping such as on a sofa or armchair, if anyone in the bed smokes or has drunk alcohol or your baby was premature or a low birth weight.

Can I co-sleep with twins or multiples?

Click here to open this question

If you choose to bedshare with twins or multiples we would advise not to bedshare with more than one baby at a time due to risk of accidents associated with bedsharing with more than one baby or child.

Is it safer to co-sleep using a nest or pod than with a baby just lying on the adult bed?

Click here to open this question

No. We do not recommend that babies sleep on soft surfaces such as pods or nests. If you choose to co-sleep with your baby the safest place is a clear space on a firm flat mattress the same as we would advise with a cot.

Why do you advise against co-sleeping in certain scenarios?

Click here to open this question

It is estimated that around half of SIDS deaths occur whilst co-sleeping, and that most of these are in high risk situations. We do not know the cause of SIDS and why these deaths happen but we do know what some of the risk factors are and that removing those risks greatly lowers the chance of SIDS occurring.

For that reason we strongly advise against co-sleeping when there are risk factors such as a baby being premature or a parent having drunk alcohol.

What bedding should I use for my baby when we co-sleep?
The Lullaby Trust has worked with Public Heath England, Unicef UK Baby Friendly and Basis on two publications to support families with safer sleep advice and advice on co-sleeping more safely. We have also collaborated on a guide for health professionals to have more open and productive discussions with families about safer sleep and co-sleeping. These can be downloaded below.

Click here to open this question

Adult bedding should be kept well away from your baby along with any belts or cords from clothing. Keep adult bedding at your waist height and add an extra layer of clothing if you are cold

A baby sleeping bag is a good way of giving your baby their own bedding when bedsharing.

Baby sleeping bags should be well fitted, so the baby can't wriggle down inside. Most sleeping bags are fitted according to a baby's weight, rather than age.

You might also be interested in reading the two Unicef Baby Friendly publications, which are both endorsed by The Lullaby Trust:

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Some parents choose to share a bed (known as co-sleeping) with their babies. Read our advice on how to co-sleep more safely.

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When to change a nappy

Babies need frequent nappy changes.

Babies have very delicate skin so their nappy needs to be changed as soon as they wet or poo themselves, otherwise their skin becomes sore and red.

Changing your baby's nappy as soon as possible after they've done a wee or poo will help prevent  nappy rash.

Young babies may need changing as many as 10 or 12 times a day, while older babies need to be changed around 6 to 8 times.

What you need for nappy changing

Before you change your baby's nappy, wash your hands and get everything you need in 1 place, including:

a changing mat or towel

cotton wool and a bowl of warm water, or fragrance and alcohol-free baby wipes

a plastic bag or bucket for the dirty nappy and dirty cotton wool or wipes

barrier cream to protect your baby's skin

a clean nappy (and liner and cover if you're using cloth nappies)

clean clothes

Where to change a nappy

The best place to change a nappy is on a changing mat or towel on the floor, particularly if you have more than one baby.

That way, if you need to see to another child for a moment, your baby can't fall. It's best done sitting down so you don't hurt your back.

If you're using a changing table, keep an eye on your baby at all times. You shouldn't rely on the straps to keep your baby secure. Never walk away or turn your back.

Older babies may try to wriggle away when you're changing them. You could give them a toy or use a mobile to distract them.

How to change a nappy

It's just as important to clean your baby fully whether they have wet themselves or done a poo.

If your baby's nappy is dirty, use the nappy to clean off most of the poo from their bottom.

Then use the cotton wool and plain warm water (or baby wipes) to remove the rest and get your baby really clean.

Clean the whole nappy area gently but thoroughly and make sure you clean inside the folds of skin.

Girls should be cleaned from front to back to avoid getting germs into their vagina.

Boys should be cleaned around the testicles (balls) and penis, but there's no need to pull back their foreskin.

If it's warm enough, let your baby lie on the changing mat without a nappy on for a while. Wearing a nappy all the time makes nappy rash more likely.

If you're using disposable nappies, take care not to get water or cream on the sticky tabs as they won't stick if you do.

If you're using cloth nappies, put in a nappy liner and then fasten the nappy. Adjust it to fit snugly round the waist and legs.

Chat to your baby while you're changing them. Pulling faces, smiling and laughing with your baby will help you bond and help their development.

Try not to show any disgust at what's in their nappy. You don't want your baby to learn that doing a poo is something unpleasant or negative.

Nappy hygiene

Disposable nappies can be rolled up and resealed using the tabs. Put them in a plastic bag kept only for nappies, then tie it up and put it in an outside bin.

Washable cloth nappies don't have to be soaked before they're washed, but you may choose to soak them to help get the stains off. Check the washing instructions first.

Cloth nappies can be machine washed at 60C, or you could use a local nappy laundry service.

There's no evidence that using washing powders with enzymes (bio powders) or fabric conditioners will irritate your baby's skin.

Wash nappies that are dirty with poo separately from your other washing.

To avoid infection, wash your hands after changing a nappy before you do anything else.

If your baby's old enough, they can wash their hands with you as it's a good habit to get into.
Learn how to wash your hands properly

What baby poo looks like

Your baby's first poo is called meconium. This is sticky and greenish-black.

Some babies may do this kind of poo during or after birth, or some time in the first 48 hours.

After a few days the poo will change to a yellow or mustard colour. Breastfed babies' poo is runny and doesn't smell. Formula-fed babies' poo is firmer, darker brown and more smelly.

Some infant formulas can also make your baby's poo dark green. If you change from breast to formula feeding, you'll find your baby's poos become darker and more paste-like.

If you have a girl, you may see a white discharge on her nappy for a few days after birth.

It's caused by hormones that have crossed the placenta to your baby, but these will soon disappear from her system.

These hormones can occasionally cause slight bleeding like a mini period, but in both cases it's nothing to worry about.

Read the NCT guide to newborn baby poo.

How often should my baby do a poo?

Babies do an average of 4 poos a day in the first week of life. This goes down to an average of 2 a day by the time they're 1 year old.

Newborn babies who are breastfed may poo at each feed in the early weeks, then, after about 6 weeks, not have a poo for several days.

Formula-fed babies may poo up to 5 times a day when newborn, but after a few months this can go down to once a day.

It's also normal for babies to strain or even cry when doing a poo.

Your baby isn't constipated as long as their poos are soft, even if they haven't done one for a few days.

Is it normal for my baby's poos to change?

From day to day or week to week, your baby's poos will probably vary.

If you notice a definite change of any kind, such as the poos becoming very smelly, very watery or harder (particularly if there's blood in them), you should talk to your doctor or health visitor.

If your baby's poos look pale, this can be a sign of liver disease.

Speak to your health visitor or GP if you notice this.

Disposable and washable cloth (reusable) nappies

Disposable and cloth nappies come in a range of shapes and sizes. The choice might be confusing at first, but with trial and error you'll be able to work out which nappies suit your baby best as they grow.

Disposable and cloth nappies have different pros and cons, so you'll need to consider things like cost, convenience and the impact on the environment when you choose what to buy.

For example, disposable nappies are very handy, but washable cloth nappies work out cheaper if you add up the costs over the years your baby's in nappies.

Some cloth nappy brands and local councils offer free samples for you to try out.

If you use cloth nappies, you may want to sign up to a nappy laundry service that'll take away the dirty nappies and deliver a fresh batch each week.

The 'Which?' consumer information website has more information and advice to help you decide which type of nappy is best for your baby, budget and lifestyle.

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Babies need frequent nappy changes. Babies have very delicate skin so their nappy needs to be changed as soon as they wet or poo themselves, otherwise their skin becomes sore and red. Changing your baby's nappy as soon as possible after they've done a wee or poo will help prevent  nappy rash.

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BabyCentre's editorial team is committed to providing the most helpful and trustworthy pregnancy and parenting information in the world. When creating and updating content, we rely on credible sources: respected health organisations, professional groups of doctors and other experts, and published studies in peer-reviewed journals. We believe you should always know the source of the information you're seeing. Learn more about our editorial and medical review policies.

AAP. 2012. A parent's guide to safe sleep. American Academy of Paediatricians. www.healthychildcare.orgOpens a new window [PDF accessed March 2017]

AAP. 2016a. SIDS and other sleep-related infant deaths: updated 2016 recommendations for a safe infant sleeping environment. American Academy of Pediatrics, Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, Policy statement. Pediatrics 138(5). pediatrics.aappublications.orgOpens a new window [Accessed April 2017]

AAP. 2016b. Tips for dressing your baby. www.healthychildren.orgOpens a new window [Accessed April 2017]

Gillen and Bull. 2017. Safety warning over big bow hairbands as it's claimed 14-week-old baby girl suffocated wearing one. www.mirror.co.ukOpens a new window [Accessed April 2017]

ISIS. nd. Baby sleep bags. Infant Sleep Information Source. www.isisonline.org.ukOpens a new window [Accessed April 2017]

Lullaby Trust. nd. Temperature. Safer sleep for babies, Fact sheet 6. www.lullabytrust.org.ukOpens a new window [PDF accessed March 2017]

Lullaby Trust. 2014. Safer sleep for babies. www.lullabytrust.org.ukOpens a new window [PDF accessed March 2017]

Lullaby Trust. 2015. Parents should remove cot bumpers. www.lullabytrust.org.ukOpens a new window [Accessed March 2017]

Kendon M, McCarthy M, Jevrejeva S, et al. 2016. State of the UK Climate 2015. Met Office. www.metoffice.gov.ukOpens a new window [PDF accessed April 2017]

Moon RY. 2016. SIDS and other sleep-related infant deaths: evidence base for 2016 updated recommendations for a safe infant sleeping environment. American Academy of Pediatrics, Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, Technical report. Pediatrics 138(5). pediatrics.aappublications.orgOpens a new window [Accessed April 2017]

NHS. 2015a. How can I keep my baby safe during hot weather? NHS Choices, Common Health Questions. www.nhs.ukOpens a new window [Accessed April 2017]

NHS. 2015b. Reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). NHS Choices, Health A-Z. www.nhs.ukOpens a new window [Accessed March 2017]

NHS. 2015c. Is my baby too hot? Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust. www.fhft.nhs.ukOpens a new window [PDF accessed August 2017]

Nottingham Post. 2017. Warning after report of baby's death from 'big bow headband'. www.nottinghampost.comOpens a new window [Accessed April 2017]

Unicef. 2011. Caring for your baby at night. www.unicef.org.ukOpens a new window [Accessed March 2017]

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What should my baby wear at night? (Infographic)

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Making sure your baby isn't too hot or too cold at night can be tricky. Our infographic has everything you need to make sure your baby is comfortable.

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https://midwifethinking.com/2016/01/13/perineal-protectors/

PODCAST

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Author, life coach, and plus-size model Rosie Mercado experienced postpartum depression with three of her four children, in addition to other personal and physical challenges. She tells Adriana Lozada how she learned to listen to her body, to ask for help, and to...

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Protecting Your Perineum, with Rachel Reed - Birthful

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The thought of vaginal tearing can make any woman cringe. And let's not even think about episiotomies. Are there ways to avoid tearing? What's the evidence behind perineal massage? Will being told how to push make things worse? Rachel Reed tells us more about protecting your perineum during birth.

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My baby's brain video (subtitled) Learn how to help develop your baby’s brain at home

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https://www.nct.org.uk/labour-birth/you-after-birth/episiotomy-care-and-recovery

https://www.nct.org.uk/labour-birth/after-your-baby-born/perineal-tears-recovery-and-care

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"He sleeps really well but only when he's laying on my chest, he hates his moses basket" "She cries every time we lay her on her play mat" "He hates going in his pram, he cries the second we put him in it".
If I had a pound every time I heard these from a new parent I'd be a very rich lady by now! What amazes me though is that society in general doesn't get it, they don't get why so many babies need to be held by us to settle and what perplexes me even more is that we do spend so long trying to put them down! We spend more than time though, the 'putting babies down' industry is worth millions, rocking cribs, battery swings, vibrating chairs, heartbeat teddies and the list goes on..................having been a first time parent who bought all four of the items listed above I am embarrased to admit now it honestly didn't enter into my head that perhaps the answer was to *not* put my baby down and I certainly didn't consider why these things might help. It took me a long time to understand and empathise with my baby, to see the world through his eyes so to speak.
"Empathy: the intellectual identification with thoughts, or attitudes of another." or vicarious experiencing of the feelings, "Birth suddenly disrupts this organization. During the month following birth, baby tries to regain his sense of organization and fit into life outside the womb. Birth and adaptation to postnatal life bring out the temperament of the baby, so for the first time he must do something to have his needs met. He is forced to act, to "behave." If hungry, cold, or startled, he cries. He must make an effort to get the things he needs from his caregiving environment. If his needs are simple and he can get what he wants easily, he's labeled an "easy baby"; if he does not adapt readily, he is labeled "difficult."" - Dr. William Sears.
To empathise with our newborns feelings we need to put ourselves in their place, to imagine experiencing their world - but which world? The world they have spent most of their life in, their 'womb world' or the world they are in now - our world. To fully understand we must appreciate the enormous transition they have made - a concept known to many as 'The Fourth Trimester' -some make the womb to world transition easily, others less so and it is this latter group in particular "the clingy babies" we can learn so much from through this concept.

So lets quickly compare the two different 'worlds' your baby has lived in:

Pretty different huh? On top of this the big thing to understand is that in utero the baby's world was constant, each day was the same, the stimulation didn't change, but now they are born each day is different - ever changing, ever stimulating!

The concept of the fourth trimester helps us to understand the transition a newborn must make over their first few weeks earthside and once we understand we find so many ways we can help - but to me the most important facet of the fourth trimester is parental understanding and empathy, once that exists everything else will flow naturally.
Movement
Here are some common newborn calming techniques that tend to work quite well, but remember each and every baby is different, if you don't already know, you will soon learn what your baby likes best and that's what matters, that it is unique to *your* baby. Prescriptive 'do this/don't do this' baby calming lists don't help anybody - because they forget they are dealing with individuals - both parents and babies! Some things on this list will be inappropriate for you and your baby, some simply won't work, some you won't like - and that's OK! because really it isn't about these tips it's about you and your baby getting to know each other!
Skin to Skin Contact
The womb is a constantly moving space, Braxton Hicks would squeeze your baby at the end of pregnancy and each time you moves your baby was wobbled around inside. Imagine how walking upstairs feels for a baby in utero! Babies tend to love movement but so often we put them down somewhere completely still. You could try dancing, swaying from side to side, going for an exaggerated quick walk or bumpy car ride.
Bed-Sharing
Such a brilliant baby calmer! Being in contact with your warm, naturally (un)scented, skin is heaven for a baby, it helps to stabilise their body temperature, heart rate and stress hormones and stimulates the release of oxytocin - the love and bonding hormone - in you both. Topless cuddles, shared baths, baby massage and bedsharing are all great skin to skin experiences for your baby and you.

Sharing a bed with your baby is an amazing way of getting more sleep for everyone, babies are generally much calmer and sleep more easily if they sleep with you in your bed, yet it is such a taboo topic and although 60% of parents will share a bed with their baby at some point it's a subject that makes society very uncomfortable, but...it is an *amazing* baby calmer! It's really important that you think about how bedsharing will work and follow some important safety guidelines HERE.
Swaddling
For more on bedsharing and other ways to improve your newborn's sleep, watch my free webinar here:

Imagine how snug your baby was at the very end of your pregnancy inside of you - now imagine how strange it must feel to them after they have been born and have so much space around them! The absolutely best thing you can do is to envelop your baby in your arms, but for times when you don't want to or indeed can't then swaddling is an option. Swaddling is becoming increasingly popular, however there are important safety guidelines to be followed if you choose to swaddle your baby, if you are breastfeeding please make sure feeding is established before swaddling and take care not to miss your baby's hunger cues if you are feeding on demand:
** The American Academy of Paediatrics recommends swaddling for babies 0-14wks. Babywearing

Never swaddle over your baby's head or near his face

Never swaddle your baby if he is ill or has a fever

Make sure your baby does not overheat and only swaddle with a breathable/thin fabric

Only swaddle your baby until he can roll over**

Always place your baby to sleep on his back

Do not swaddle tightly across your baby's chest

Do not swaddle tightly around your baby's hips and legs, his legs should be free to "froggy up" into a typical newborn position.

Lastly start to swaddle as soon as possible, do not swaddle a 3 month old baby if he has not been swaddled before.

Wearing your baby in a sling is one of the ultimate ways to keep them calm and happy. It increases the time a baby spends in a state of "quiet alertness" - a time of contentment when they learn the most. When a baby is in utero they spend 100% of their time in physical contact with us - yet the moment they are born this is estimated to drop to only 40%! Babywearing also means 2 free hands!

Choose your sling carefully. A good sling will be easy to use and will support both yours and your baby's spine whilst not placing any pressure on your baby's growing hips - newborns should always be carried facing inwards with a "frog leg" pose, not a crotch dangle pose so commonly used by commercial baby carriers. Also seek to carry in an 'in arms' position - i.e: how your baby would be held if you were holding them!

Babywearing is a great way for dads to bond with babies!
Position
It is quite common for a baby to cry once placed in a sling, this does not mean that they hate the sling - it just means that you need to move, so get dancing! As with swaddling,babywearing is becoming increasingly popular, however there are important safety guidelines to be followed, the TICKS acronym below neatly sums them all up:

The "tiger in the tree" position below, taken from baby yoga, is often magical, stopping a crying baby in an instant!
Feed
Noise
Babies love sound, but for many not the sound you might think. For many babies a hoover is much more calming to a baby than a lullaby. A special white noise recording, such as , can be played on loop whilst your baby sleeps to help keep them calm.
Deep Bathing
If your baby is hungry nothing will calm him, so watch for his hunger cues. Feeding is always better if it is baby led, not led by a routine - whether you are breast or bottle feeding. Remember as well that your baby may not always be hungry for a full feed, they may want a quick drink, a quick snack or just some comfort sucking. Babies also find sucking the ultimate relaxation and comfort tool. Sucking helps a baby's skull bones to return to their normal position after birth as well as providing them with comfort and security. If you are not breastfeeding you might find your baby will relax when given a dummy/pacifier.
Outside
The womb is a wet, warm place. The world as we know it is dry and cold! Sometimes a nice deep, warm bath can stop a baby's tears in seconds - even better if mummy or daddy goes in the big bath with baby too as skin to skin contact is a wonderful baby calmer.
What have you found calms your newborn? The NEWLY UPDATED Gentle Sleep Book - out now! If you would like to understand and learn how to improve your baby's sleep WITHOUT cry-based conventional sleep training, this is the book for you! p.s: Come and chat with me on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram Or watch my videos on YouTube You can also sign up for my free parenting newsletter HERE.
If all else fails many babies stop crying the minute they hit the open air - I'm not sure if this is because we are usually moving (e.g.: walking over cobbles with the buggy/ bouncing in a sling and the drone and movement of a car) or because of the change in air - but it works!

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The Fourth Trimester - AKA Why Your Newborn Baby is Only Happy in Your Arms

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"My baby is only happy in my arms, the minute I put her down she cries" "He sleeps really well but only when he's laying on my chest, he hates his moses basket" "She cries every time we lay her on ...

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The Pregnancy and Post-birth Wellbeing Plan

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The Wellbeing Plan helps you start thinking about how you feel emotionally and what support you might need in your pregnancy and after the birth.

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You've just had a baby and everyone is focused on your little one. But how about you? We're with you on your journey with support and tips from other mums and dads.

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https://www.nct.org.uk/courses-workshops/nct-early-days-course

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https://www.nct.org.uk/courses-workshops/nct-introducing-solid-foods-workshop

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https://www.nct.org.uk/baby-toddler/everyday-care/bathing-your-baby

https://www.nct.org.uk/baby-toddler/everyday-care/guide-topping-and-tailing

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Swaddling; how to and risks and benefits

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Swaddling; how to and risks and benefits

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https://www.nct.org.uk/baby-toddler/slings-and-swaddling/swaddling-baby-benefits-risks-and-seven-safety-tips

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Can dummies affect breastfeeding?

Sucking is a powerful reflex that babies have in the weeks after they're born. Babies don't just get nutrition from their mother's milk when they breastfeed - breastfeeding also satisfies their sucking instinct.

Babies who are not able to breastfeed for whatever reason, might satisfy their sucking instincts by using dummies (Cinar, 2003). Yet any substitute for sucking the breast can put the relationship between the breast and the baby at risk. That's especially true for a baby who has not yet mastered breastfeeding (La Leche League GB, 2019).

When can dummies be used for babies?

Research suggests that it's best to avoid dummies in the first weeks after birth. That's because they're associated with shorter duration of exclusive breastfeeding (Adair, 2003; Kronborg and Vaeth, 2009). Some studies say this is caused by sucking confusion but other studies disagree with this idea (Newman, 1990; Howard et al, 1999).

After breastfeeding is established, dummies can be used. Evidence shows dummies used for healthy babies who are breastfed don't significantly affect the proportion of babies who exclusively breastfeed at three months (Jaafar et al, 2011). So the use of dummies should be limited to soothing babies after breastfeeding is well established (Adair, 2003; Horne et al, 2014).

Does a dummy reduce the risk of SIDS?

Many studies have suggested dummy use and breastfeeding are important factors for preventing cot death (also known as SIDS [sudden infant death syndrome]) (Hauck et al, 2005; Alm et al, 2016).

It's unclear how dummies might protect against SIDS or even if they do actually reduce the risk of SIDS at all (Horne et al, 2014; Blair et al, 2019).

Experts do not specifically recommend using dummies to protect babies from SIDS (Fleming et al, 1999). That's because even studies that reported a remarkable reduction of SIDS with dummy use still say that actually recommending dummies is open to debate (Mitchell et al, 2006). Any association between using dummies and reduced risk of SIDS could be down to lots of other factors, for example:

Dummies might prevent babies from rolling onto their front.

Sucking on a dummy may keep babies' tongues forward.

A baby that sucks on a dummy might be more still at night, so less likely to become covered by blankets.

Parents may check on their baby more frequently if their baby has a dummy (Grocock, 2018; Ball, 2019).

What are the advantages of a dummy?

The main advantage of babies having dummies is that they can satisfy their sucking instincts if they're not breastfed. Using dummies can calm babies and help them to fall asleep (Cinar, 2004). Dummies can also be used to sooth babies at other times, for example to help reduce pain during hospital procedures (Adair, 2003; Horne et al, 2014).

As discussed above, another advantage could be that dummies might protect against SIDS although more evidence is needed (Horne et al, 2014).

What are the disadvantages of using a dummy?

Using dummies can be helpful and convenient but there are some disadvantages. The most important concern is that use of dummies can decrease how often as well as how long babies are breastfed for (Adair 2003; Kronborg and Vaeth 2009; Horne et al 2014).

Another disadvantage of using dummies is that they might also transport bacteria and fungus, which can increase the rate of infections, particularly otitis media - middle ear infection (Uhari et al, 1996; Adair, 2003; Rovers et al, 2008). Mums whose babies used dummies reported more episodes of coughs, wheezing, earache, diarrhoea and gastroenteritis among babies up to six months old (North et al, 1999).

Dummies might also affect how baby teeth grow (Larsson, 1994).

Are dummies bad for baby teeth?

Some studies have found harmful effects on the way teeth grow if dummies are used for a long time (Larsson, 1994). Effects of dummies on baby teeth include overbite, malocclusion, cross bite and open bite (Poyak, 2006).

Using an orthodontic or flat dummy is much better for your baby's teeth, so that can help. These dummies are much better designed than dummies were in the past (Levrini et al, 2007).

It's also suggested that parents wean their children off dummies by two years old and discontinue using them before they turn three (Poyak, 2006).

One mum, Helen, says: "My little boy had started sucking his thumb and I thought an orthodontic dummy has got to be better than that because at least one day I can take it away."

Tips on how and when to stop your baby from using a dummy

If you think using a dummy is affecting breastfeeding (fewer daily feeds, weight gain affected, or difficulties in attaching to the breast) or if you want to wean a younger baby from a dummy, you could try the following:

1. If the dummy is being used as a sleep cue, then introducing a different sleep cue can help.

2. Give extra attention to your baby by cuddling or nursing instead.

3. Try different ways to soothe your baby, such as carrying them in your arms or a sling, or increasing skin-to-skin contact with them. This helps them to feel better.

4. You could restrict your baby's dummy use to certain times only, such as in the car.

5. Rewards might work better for an older child - your local children's centre or health visitor can offer support with this. Some areas even have 'dummy fairies' at Christmas.

6. Try picking a good time to stop using a dummy - when your child is feeling well, things are stable and they're happy.

7. Have a go at hiding the dummy away so your child doesn't see it.

(Cinhar, 2004; Huffington Post, 2015)
This page was last reviewed in July 2018.
Further information

Our support line offers practical and emotional support with feeding your baby and general enquiries for parents, members and volunteers: 0300 330 0700.

You might find attending one of NCT's Early Days groups helpful as they give you the opportunity to explore different approaches to important parenting issues with a qualified group leader and other new parents in your area.

Make friends with other parents-to-be and new parents in your local area for support and friendship by seeing what NCT activities are happening nearby.

Adair SM. (2003) Pacifier use in children: a review of recent literature. Pediatric Dentistry. 25(5):449-458.

Alm B, Wennergren G, Molborg P, Lagercrantz H. (2016) Breastfeeding and dummy use have a protective effect on sudden infant death syndrome. Acta Pardiatrica. 105: 31-38. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5049485/ [Accessed 19th September 2019]

Ball, H. (2019) Dummies, baby sleep info source. University of Durham. Available at: https://www.basisonline.org.uk/hcp-dummies/[Accessed 19 September 2019]

Cinar ND. (2004) The advantages and disadvantages of pacifier use. Contemporary Nurse. 17:1-2, 109-112. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.5172/conu.17.1-2.109 [Accessed 19th September 2019]

La Leche League GB. (2019) Dummies and breastfeeding. Available at: https://www.laleche.org.uk/dummies-and-breastfeeding/ [Accessed 19th September 2019]

Fleming PJ, Blair PS, Pollard K, Platt W, Leach C, Smith I, et al. (1999) Pacifier use and sudden infant death syndrome: results from the CESDI/SUDI case control study. Arch Dis Child. 81(2):112-116. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1718026/ [Accessed 19th September 2019]

Grocock R, Robertson C, Brown N. (2018) Dummies: a review of the evidence; Journal of Health Visiting. 6(4). Available at: https://www.magonlinelibrary.com/doi/full/10.12968/johv.2018.6.4.182 [Accessed 19th September 2019]

Hauck FR, Omojokun OO, Siadaty Ms. Do pacifiers reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome? A meta-analysis. Paediatrics. 116(5):e716-e723. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16216900 [Accessed 19th September 2019]

Howard CR, Howard FM, Lanphear B, deBlieck EA, Eberly S, Lawrence RA. (1999) The effects of early pacifier use on breastfeeding duration. Pediatrics. 103(3):e33. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10049989 [Accessed 19th September 2019]

Horne RSC, Hauck FR, Moon RY, L'Hoir MP, blair PS. (2014) Dummy (pacifier) use and sudden infant death syndrome: Potential advantages and disadvantages. J Paediatrics Child Health. 50:170-174.

Huffington Post. (2015) 9 Ways to wean your baby off the dummy. Available at: https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/08/14/9-ways-to-wean-your-baby-off-the-dummy_n_7336610.html [Accessed 19th September 2019]

Jaafar SH, Jahanfar S, Angolkar M, Ho JJ. (2011) Pacifier use versus no pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (3):CD007202. https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007202.pub2/full [Accessed 19th September 2019]

Kronborg H, Vaeth M. (2009) How are effective breastfeeding technique and pacifier use related to breastfeeding problems and breastfeeding duration. BIRTH. 36:1. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1523-536X.2008.00293.x [Accessed 19th September 2019]

Larsson E. (1994) Artificial sucking habits: etiology, prevalence and effect on occlusion. Int J Orofacial Myology. 20:10-21. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9055659 [Accessed 19th September 2019]

Levrini L, Merlo P, Paracchini L. (2007) Different geometric patterns of pacifiers compared on the basis of finite element analysis. European J Paediatric Dentistry. 8(4):173-178. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18163851 [Accessed 19th September 2019]

Mitchell EA, Blair PS, L'Hoir MP. (2006) Should pacifiers be recommended to prevent sudden infant death syndrome? Pediatrics. 117(5):1755-1758 Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16651334 [Accessed 19th September 2019]

Newman J. (1990) Breastfeeding problems associated with the early introduction of bottles and pacifiers. J Hum Lact. 6(2):59-63. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2346601 [Accessed 19th September 2019]

North K, Fleming P, Golding J. (1999) Pacifier use and morbidity in the first six months of life. Pediatrics. 103: E34. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10049990 [Accessed 19th September 2019]

Poyak J. (2006) Effects of pacifiers on early oral development. Int J Orthod Milwaukee. 17(4):13-6. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17256438 [Accessed 19th September 2019]

Rovers MM, Numans ME, Langenbach E, Grobbee DE, Verheij TJ, Schilder AG. (1999) Is pacifier use a risk factor for acute otitis media? A dynamic cohort study. Fam Pract. 2008 Aug;25(4):233-6. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18562333 [Accessed 19th September 2019]

Uhari M, Mantysaari K, Niemela. (1996) A meta-analytic review of the risk factors for acute otitis media. Clin Infect Dis. 22(6): 1079-83. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8783714 [Accessed 19th September 2019]

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Dummies, pros and cons: your dummy questions answered | Baby & toddler, Your baby's health articles & support | NCT

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Whether it's to do with breastfeeding, teeth or SIDS, here are some things to consider when deciding whether to give your child a dummy.

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https://apps.apple.com/gb/app/baby-feed-timer-breastfeeding/id395357581

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Research-based information on baby sleep for parents and practitioners, covering normal infant sleep, sleep safety, where and how babies sleep, SIDS and SUDI, parental sleep and free resources.

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https://sheenslings.com/

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Sheen Slings is a sling library and consultancy providing expert helpful and impartial advice to help you find and fit the best baby carrier or sling for you and your little ones needs.

A comfortable carrier can make all the difference - giving you back your hands whilst baby sleeps on you, helping to soothe colicky episodes, the freedom of buggy-free travel while traversing London or on a Sunday hike, as well as just making the most of those snuggles as your baby grows!

But the key is finding the right one for you! And getting the right advice to ensure you get the most out of it.

That's where Sheen Slings come in. We offer private consultations, workshops, free drop in library sessions, gift certificates and all our carriers can be hired out allowing you to try at home before you buy, or even borrow something for a holiday! So please explore our website, come to the library or get in touch and let us take all the guesswork out of getting the right sling and get you started down the road to baby wearing joy!

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Sheen Slings is a sling library and consultancy providing expert helpful and impartial advice to help you find and fit the best baby carrier or sling for you and your little ones needs. A comfortable carrier can make all the difference - giving you back your hands whilst baby sleeps on you, helping to soothe...

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https://apps.apple.com/gb/app/squeezy-nhs-pelvic-floor-app/id700740791

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https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/children-and-young-people/early-years/children-s-centres

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https://www.nct.org.uk/local-activities-meet-ups/baby-first-aid

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dI07xmdaL3U

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Massage for labour and birth - NCT routine