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There are several seed banks available and the main purpose of these agencies is to preserve genetic diversities of seeds for future use since climate change has already been observed. Seed bank refers to a controlled environment where storing of various seed species takes place. This is considered as a seed library that contains seed species information. Additionally, seed banks are particular in setting the standard for storages whereby all of them are kept at constant temperature and moisture to protect from damage caused by pests (Dau et al., 2018; Daniel & Anthony, 2001).

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In the Philippines, there is no seed bank available yet. However, there is a genebank located in Los Banos called National Plant Genetic Resources Laboratory or NPGRL. This genebank houses more than 45 000 different crops locally found in the Philippines (Philippines. Department of Agriculture, 2012).

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We think that it is important to give everyone a picture of what a seed looks like and what's inside of it. This will allow everyone to observe the morphological structure of a seed since the seeds come from different sizes and shapes in response to the species environment. In addition, this will also encourage everyone to plant seeds that will eventually repair the ecosystem and mitigate climate change.

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Plant Native Species in Mindoro, Philippines

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Plant Native Species in Mindoro, Philippines

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We choose this plant species because they are unique, which have distinctive features from the rest of the plant species. Additionally, these plant species must be treasured and be given importance as they contribute for maintaining Earth's ecosystem.

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Stages of Embryonic Development of Monodot and Dicot

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Stages of Embryonic Development of Monodot and Dicot

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For a plant to fully develop, it has to undergo stages of embryonic development. These stages are observed under a microscope to examine the morphological structures of an embryo based on the specific stage.

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The process of embryogenesis in monocots is similar to that of eudicots which is evident in the first two stages and the last stage. In monocot seeds, there is only a single cotyledon, no heart stage occurs. Instead of the torpedo, juvenile vegetation stage is observed in monocot. At this point, the shoot apical meristem initiates vegetative leaves (Ha et al., 2021).

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Zygotic stage is the first development of the embryo. The differentiation of zygotic cells occurs in this stage through mitosis.

Globular stage is the stage where the zygotic cells are spherical or globular in shape. In this stage,

Heart stage refers to the stage wherein cotyledon started to emerge and form. This stage may serve as a basis to distinguish monocot from dicot having 2 cotyledons.

Torpedo stage is a stage where cotyledon starts to elongate thereby the base of embryo thickens. This structure of this stage is similar to the resemblance of the embryo.

Mature stage is the final stage of embryo development. At this point, the growth of the cell is somehow evident however there is a shortage of nutrients of the seeds (Ha et al., 2021).

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Establishment of the apical-basal and radial axis

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Establishment of the apical-basal and radial axis

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The development and establishment of both apical-basal and radial axis happens while it undergoes cellular division (Taiz & Zeiger, 2010).

For the establishment of the apical-basal axis, a unique mechanism should be first made. This mechanism involves the growth regulator auxin, where it has cell-to-cell transport (Wabnik, 2013).

Also, other genes such as Monopteros (MP), Fackel (FK), Gurke (GK), and GNOM are involved. These genes are necessary for the basal body structures, arrangement of root and shoot meristems, cotyledon, and hypocotyl, and the transportation of auxin (Laux, 2004; Capron et al., 2009; Berleth & Jurgens, 1993).

The establishment of radial axis, genes like Meristem Layer1 (ATML1), Protodermal factor2 (PDF2), Scarecrow (SCR), Short-root (SHR), wooden leg (WOL)/ cytokinin response1 (CRE1), are utilized.

These genes are needed for establishing a normal epidermal growth of the plant, as well as the formation of the endodermal layers. Also, these are needed to establish phloem in the plant system and it is used in inhibiting protoxylem formation spatially (Zeiger et al., 2014; Del Bianco et al., 2013).

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Dormancy is defined as the temporary state of a seed preventing the viability of the seeds from germination. It has significant impacts in sustaining plant life and development. It also establishes the seeds' survival allowing the seeds to withstand harsh conditions. Despite it already obtained the necessary nutrients for the plant development and environmental factors including temperature, moisture and such. This dormancy requires to undergo different treatments to subdue and enhance the germination (Yildiz et al., 2017).

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Exogenous dormancy is one of the types of seed dormancy and is imposed by the outering cover of the seeds’ embryo preventing the moisture and gases to penetrate thereby limiting the expansion of the embryo to fully develop (Emmanuel. & Olayinka, 2018). This is further divided into 3 subtypes namely, Physical, Mechanical and Chemical.

Among these three subtypes, physical is the most common kind of exogenous dormancy and examples of this dormancy are legumes and mallows (Silvertown, 1999; Luna et al., 2015).

For mechanical dormancy, plant species of Acacia, locust and mesquite (Luna et al., 2015).

Lastly, chemical dormancy are seen in plants of Cassia, Leucaena, and Terminalia (Vozzo, 2015).

Furthermore, seed scarification is a method utilized to break the seed dormancy and  are classified into three ways: the seeds are subjected to hot water, concentrated acids and rubbing the seeds surface using a sandpaper Majd (2013).

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Endogenous dormancy is another type of seed dormancy and is caused by the chemical components present inside the embryo. In this type of dormancy, the seeds remain undeveloped hence it impedes the growth of the seeds  (Emmanuel. & Olayinka, 2018). Similar to the previous dormancy, the endogenous is also classified into 3 subtypes: physiological dormancy (PD), morphological dormancy (MD), morphophysiological dormancy (MPD) (Silvertown, 1999).

Stratification is the procedure used for seeds that undergoes endogenous dormancy.

For physiological dormancy, a moist and cold treatment are the necessary conditions for the embryo to grow further (Tang et al., 2019) Examples of this dormancy are observed in families such as Asteraceae and Poaceae (Baskin & Baskin, 2020).

On the other hand, morphological dormancy, a moist and warm environment will satisfy this type of dormancy and can be applied in herbaceous plants such as Apium graveolens (Penfield, 2017).

Lastly, the morphophysiological dormancy involved two different conditions for breaking the dormancy including treatment under cold and followed by warm temperature (Tang et al., 2019; Penfield, 2017). Examples of plants and families with morphophysiological dormancy are Trollius ledebouri, Fraxinus excelsior, Ranunculaceae, Oleaceae (Emmanuel. & Olayinka, 2018)

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The seed germination happens in two events: (a) water absorption and (b) radicles penetration. Imbibition of water happens at the first event & food reserve mobilization and tropism happens in the second event (Bewley, 1997; Ali & Elozeiri, 2017). These events can be visualized in the graph below.

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In the imbibition of water, where the seed absorbs water for germination, there is a three-phase pathway that happens. First phase would be rapid water absorption, where seed starts to absorb water to start activating the mechanism. Second phase would be enhanced water uptake, where the mitochondria is rehydrated, repaired, and synthesized. Also,the synthesis and breakdown of storage reserves of RNA and proteins happens here, these are important to begin the germination. Lastly, the third phase, which happens post germination, is the growth initiation, where the mobilization of stored reserves happens as well as the cell division (Sen & Puthur, 2020; Bewley, 1997).

The mechanism involved in food reserve mobilization is still in the grey area (Ali & Elozeiri, 2017). However, this process happens in the post germination stage. This is crucial for the seed for it to be able to sustain the energy needed to grow into a plant and before it would be photoautotrophic (Ali & Elozeiri, 2017; Bewley, 1997).

Hydrotropism is one of the positive tropisms that can be observed during plant germination, however it is understudied. Here, the majority of the roots of the seed grow towards the water source. Additionally, plants do not always exhibit positive gravitropism, for the organism will grow towards a water source and that gravitropism will usually interfere with hydrotropism (Miyazawa et al., 2011).

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Ali, S. & Elozeiri, A. A. ( 2017). Metabolic processes during seed germination. Advances in Seed Biology, https://dx.doi.org.10.5772/intechopen.70653.

Baskin, C. C., & Baskin, J. M. (2020). Breaking Seed Dormancy during Dry Storage: A Useful Tool or Major Problem for Successful Restoration via Direct Seeding?. Plants (Basel, Switzerland), 9(5), 636. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9050636

Berleth, T., & Jurgens, G. (1993). The role of the monopteros gene in organising the basal body region of the Arabidopsis embryo. Development, 118(2), 575–587. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.118.2.575

Bewley J. D. (1997). Seed Germination and Dormancy. The Plant cell, 9(7), 1055–1066. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.9.7.1055

Capron, A., Chatfield, S., Provart, N., & Berleth, T. (2009). Embryogenesis: Pattern Formation from a Single Cell. The Arabidopsis Book, 7, e0126. https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.0126

Daniel, J. S. and Anthony H. D. B. (2001). The Conservation of Wild Plant Species in Seed Banks; BioScience, 51 (11): 960-966.

Dau, J. H., Donald-Amaeshi, U. A., & Chukwu, O. (2018). Seed Banks as Conservation Tool for Endangered Wild Plant Species in Ecozones of Nigeria. Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, 10 (3).

Del Bianco, M., Giustini, L., & Sabatini S. (2013). Spatiotemporal changes in the role of cytokinin during root development. The New Phytologist, 199(2), 324-338. Retrieved May 26, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/newphytologist.199.2.324

Emmanuel, A. & Olayinka, O. (2018). Scarification of Exotic and Indigenous Plant Seeds in Nigeria: Effect on Dormancy and Germination. BioRxiv. doi: 10.1101/354993

Ha, M., Algiers, K., & Marrow, M. (2021, April 2). 18.1: Embryogenesis. Biology LibreTexts. Retrieved from https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_and_Algiers)/Unit_3%3A_Plant_Physiology_and_Regulation/18%3A_Development/18.01%3A_Embryogenesis.

Laux, T. (2004). Genetic Regulation of Embryonic Pattern Formation. The Plant Cell Online, 16, 190-202. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.016014

Luna, T., Wilkinson, K., Dumroese, R. K. (2015). Seed germination and sowing options. Tropical Nursery Manual: A guide to starting and operating a nursery for native and traditional plants.

Majd, R., Aghaie, P.,Monfared, E. K., & Alebrahim, M. T. (2013). Evaluating of Some Treatments on Breaking seed Dormancy in Mesquite. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production 4 (7), 1433-1439.

Miyazawa, Y., Yamazaki, T., Moriwaki, T., & Takahashi, H. (2011). Root Tropism. Plant Responses to Drought and Salinity Stress - Developments in a Post-Genomic Era, 349–375. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-387692-8.00010-2

Philippines. Department of Agriculture. (2012). DA funds UPLB P5-M gene bank rehab. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3bVfVvb

Sen, A., & Puthur, J. T. (2020). Seed priming-induced physiochemical and molecular events in plants coupled to abiotic stress tolerance: An overview. Priming-Mediated Stress and Cross-Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants, 303–316. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817892-8.00018-0

Silvertown, J. (1999). Seed ecology, dormancy, and germination: A modern synthesis from baskin and baskin. American Journal of Botany, 86 (6): 903-905.

Taiz, L. & Zeiger, E. (2010). Plant Physiology (5th ed.). Sinauer. ISBN 978-0-87893-565-9.

Villanueva, E. L. C. & Buot, I. E. (2015). Threatened Plant Species of Mindoro, Philippines. IAMURE International Journal of Ecology and Conservation, 14 (1). DOI:10.7718/ijec.v14i1.901

Vozzo, J. A. (2002). The tropical tree seed manual. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Washington, DC: U.S.

Wabnik, K., Robert, H. S., Smith, R. S., & Friml, J. (2013). Modeling Framework for the Establishment of the Apical-Basal Embryonic Axis in Plants. Current Biology, 23(24), 2513–2518. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.10.038

Yildiz, M., Beyaz, R., Gursoy, M., Aycan, M., Koc, Y., & Kayan, M. (2017). Seed Dormancy. Advances in Seed Biology.doi:10.5772/intechopen.70571

Zeiger, E., Taiz, L., Moller, I. M., & Murphy, A. (2014). Plant physiology and development 6e. Sinauer.