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The theme that I have chose to relate to SNC2DG’s big ideas are sports. I decided to base my curation of my passion for sports, and because several sports/sports related careers can relate to biology, chemistry, physics, and climate change’s big ideas, giving me a wider selection for items. For organization, I decided to organize my items based on what they relate to. What I mean by this is that if I have an item that relates to biology, it will be placed before an item that relates to chemistry as biology was taught to us first. The items will mostly be relating to what we learned in the course, which was how to perform a scientific investigation; the cells, tissues, and organs of an organism; how different chemicals react with each other; how lenses and mirrors work; and, the natural and human factors that cause climate change.

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America, D. 1. (n.d.). Reducing Sports' Impact on the Environment. Retrieved from http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/reducing-sports-impact-environment/

Diaz, A. (2018, April 27). Olympians take on politics as they fear climate change is hurting their sport. Retrieved from https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/27/politics/us-winter-olympians-capitol-hill-climate-change-trnd/index.html

Flashback Friday: Outdoor ice rinks melting into history. (2015, November 20). Retrieved from https://www.ctvnews.ca/5things/flashback-friday-outdoor-ice-rinks-melting-into-history-1.2666100

Football helmet. (2018, June 13). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_helmet

How can taking public transit reduce congestion? Viral Toronto GIF shows you. (2013, November 22). Retrieved from https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/how-can-taking-public-transit-reduce-congestion-viral-toronto-gif-shows-you-1.1555278

Kid's Prescription Sport Goggles Age 4-12. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.goodglasses.com/Kids-Prescription-Sport-Goggles-Age-4-12-_p_651.html

Newsarchive. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.buysteroidsguide.com/roid-blog/steroid-pills/

NHL.com. (2018, June 08). Coach's Challenge: WSH @ VGK - 12:56 of the Second Period. Retrieved from https://www.nhl.com/news/washington-capitals-vegas-golden-knights-situation-room/c-298985896?tid=277729160

Shaquille O'Neal. (2018, June 13). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaquille_O'Neal

V. (2016, May 11). Time-lapse: Testing hockey helmets at Virginia Tech. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JfA0a_w8hwE

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#2 Andrew Tucker, MD, Studies Helmets for Football

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#2 Andrew Tucker, MD, Studies Helmets for Football

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Identify and describe a variety of careers related to the fields of science under study, and identify scientists, including Canadians, who have made contributions to those fields. - Andrew Tucker, Chair of the NFL General Medical Committee, realized that helmets and studied how reduce the risk of concussions and severe brain injuries. This relates to this main idea because he studied the helmet’s impact on concussions, which contributed to NFL players’ safety.

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#3 Career: Professional Basketball Player

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#3 Career: Professional Basketball Player

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Plants and animals, including humans, are made of specialized cells, tissues, and organs that are organized into systems. - To be a professional player in the NBA, being bigger, stronger, and taller can be an advantage. The average height of an average American is 5ft and 9.3 in., while the average height of an NBA player is 6ft and 7in.. This relates to the main idea because everyone has different DNA. DNA plays a huge role in size and strength, as it determines your height, size, and strength (although they can be altered).

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Developments in medicine and medical technology can have social and ethical implications. - Steroid, a type of medicine, that causes the human body to produce more protein, has caused controversy in the sports world. It relates to this big idea because, like all medicine, steroids are evolving and developing, making them have stronger effects. The usage of steroids has been labelled as “unethical” as it’s a way for athletes to cheat in competitions.

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Demonstrate scientific investigation skills in four areas: initiating and planning, performing and recording, analyzing and interpreting and communicating. - This video relates to this main idea because the people testing the helmets have to demonstrate their scientific investigation skills. Although the video does not show it, to start their process, they would have to initiate and plan how their going to test the helmets. The main portion of the video is them performing (hitting the helmets) and recording (the lady writing down the results of each helmet). The analyzing and interpreting and communicating part is not shown in the video as well, but it is implied that their analysis will be communicated to team equipment managers.

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Time-lapse: testing hockey helmets at Virginia Tech

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Society has benefited from the development of a range of optical devices and technologies. - People that work in the NHL Situation Room get to decide whether an NHL player has scored or not, when the referees are unsure of the call. This relates to the main idea because they use high definition cameras that help them make their decisions. Before these cameras were made and implemented, the NHL would not be able to make 100% accurate calls. The development of these cameras has benefited the NHL and society greatly.

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Coach's Challenge: WSH @ VGK - 12:56 of the Second Period

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At 12:56 of the second period in the Capitals/Golden Knights game, Washington requested a Coach's Challenge to review whether Vegas' David Perron interfered with Washington goaltender Braden Holtby prior to his goal. After reviewing all available replays and consulting with the Referee, the Situation Room confirmed that the actions of Washington's Christian Djoos caused Perron to contact Holtby before the puck crossed the goal line.

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Light has characteristics and properties that can be manipulated with mirrors and lenses for a range of uses. - Prescription sports glasses were made for athletes that wore prescription glasses, so their glasses would not fall off during their activity. These relate to this big idea as it acts exactly like prescription glasses, as they both use lenses to manipulate light rays different ways (depending on the degree of your near/farsightedness).

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Chemical reactions may have a negative impact on the environment, but they can also be used to address environmental challenges. - F1 drivers are the professional racers that compete in a race involving 20 cars going at high speeds. F1 drivers relate to the big idea because of the chemical reactions that happen in the car. The cars release carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, that go into the atmosphere, which is a cause of global warming. Therefore, F1 races negatively impact the environment.

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Earth’s climate is dynamic and is the result of interacting systems and processes. - Downtown Toronto is an example of a traffic jam waiting to happen. Whenever the Toronto Raptors, Maple Leafs, or Blue Jays are playing, traffic jams usually occur. This relates to the big idea because of how the cars interact with the carbon cycle. The usage of these cars increase the amount of carbon in the Earth’s atmosphere, causing the greenhouse gas effect to increase, resulting in global warming.

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Chemicals react with each other in predictable ways. - Whey Protein is a protein powder used in protein shakes after workouts, by many athletes. It relates to the big idea because of the amino acids in the powder. The acids are made by chemicals reacting with each other in a predictable way. The end result, and the chemical structure of a general amino acid was drawn by me (below).

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#11 Outdoor Rinks Melting With Rising Temperatures

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#11 Outdoor Rinks Melting With Rising Temperatures

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Climate change affects living things and natural systems in a variety of ways. - Outdoor rinks are usually where professional hockey players practiced in their own time. The freezing point of water is 0°C, so it would need to be around -10°C constantly, for the ice to be safe to skate on. This relates to the main idea because of the change of climate in Canada. The average temperature of winter is rising, causing the “outdoor rink season” to shorten.

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Many legendary hockey careers start on backyard rinks and frozen ponds, where the NHL's future superstars take their first strides toward future greatness

Perhaps the most famous example is "The Great One" himself, Wayne Gretzky, who learned to skate on a backyard rink built by his father, Walter, in Brantford, Ont. Wayne and Walter often speak about those early days on their backyard ice sheet, where the elder Gretzky taught his son how to play the game, and how to see the ice like no other player ever would.

Growing up, Gretzky idolized Detroit Red Wings Star Gordie Howe, who had also started his hockey-playing career on outdoor ice rinks. Gretzky would eventually shatter most of Howe's NHL scoring records when he grew up, but he continued to describe Howe as the best player to ever play the game.

In a 2014 interview Gretzky conducted with Howe, published by the Canadian Press, Howe told Gretzky that he would spend every childhood moment he could skating outside, in part because there were few chances to play outdoors.

"The rink was just boards and ice," Howe told Gretzky at the time. "In the Depression there was no money to do much - I think we were lucky there was man-made ice to skate on."

It used to be that most players in the NHL would get their start on outdoor rinks, back in the early days of the league, when the Original Six teams were populated by players who grew up during World Wars or the Great Depression. The Montreal Canadiens' dynasties of the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, for instance, relied heavily on players who learned to skate outside, such as Maurice Richard, Howie Morenz and Jean Beliveau.

But those days are long past, and most young players now spend the majority of their time playing in state-of-the-art indoor facilities, and only head outdoors for the novelty of the experience.

Gretzky started skating half a century ago, and since then, climate change has noticeably warmed Canada's winter season. Back in 1965, the Gretzky family would have had no trouble constructing and maintaining a backyard rink, with an average temperature of -5.8 Celsius in January. That's become more difficult in recent years, such as in 2012, when Brantford experienced an average temperature of -1.2 C in January.

But according to a new study, Canadians across the country should expect shorter skating seasons, and possibly fewer outdoor rinks, in the next 100 years.

Outdoor skating days melting away

Canada's average winter temperatures are on the rise, and as the country's cold months get warmer, the number of viable days for skating outside is expected to dwindle, according to a study by researchers at Wilfrid Laurier University. In fact, some cities could see up to one-third of the outdoor skating season disappear over the next 100 years, the study says.

"Canadians need to be worried because, over the course of the coming century, the opportunities to skate outside will become fewer," said Robert McLeman, a geography and environmental studies professor at WLU, and co-author of the study. McLeman told CTVNews.ca that the warming threat is greatest for rinks in southern Ontario and Quebec, where the number of viable outdoor skating days could drop by as much as 34 per cent by 2115. Other, colder areas, such as Calgary, could experience a 19 per cent drop in their viable skating season.

McLeman says it takes about five to 10 days of cold temperatures - preferably around -10 Celsius - to build an outdoor rink, and then daily temperatures below -5 C to maintain it.

But according to projections from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Canada can expect to see fewer days below that "magic number" of -5 C in the coming century, meaning it'll become more difficult to keep outdoor rinks frozen.

For instance, McLeman predicts the current range of 40-50 skating days in Toronto could drop to as few as 25-30 days later in the century. And with such a small window available for rink-building, some enthusiasts may give up on the effort altogether. "It begs the question: are you going to build an outdoor rink for that short a period of time?" he said.

Citizen scientists

McLeman and his co-authors developed their study based on data gathered through their website, RinkWatch. The site encourages people to participate in a bit of daily "citizen science" by recording whether or not the rinks in their neighbourhood are viable for skating. The study incorporates about 11,000 observations from 961 rinks across the country, recorded during the winters of 2012-13 and 2013-14.

Researchers compared the ice condition reports to weather reports in those cities, in order to determine the maximum temperature at which a rink could survive outdoors. They then used that number to determine the length of the skating season in each region.

The study, which is co-authored by WLU academics Colin Robertson and Haydn Lawrence, is published in the Nov. 5 edition of the Canadian Geographer.

Canada's average winter temperatures have been trending upward for decades, with an average increase of 3.0 degrees Celsius observed between 1948 and 2014, according to Environment Canada.

McLeman called the shrinking skating season a good indicator of the effects of climate change on everyday Canadians' lives.

"Here's an example of something that will actually hit you right in your backyard or in your neighbourhood park," he said.

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Flashback Friday: Outdoor ice rinks melting into history

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Many legendary hockey careers start on backyard rinks and frozen ponds, where the NHL's future superstars take their first strides toward future greatness Perhaps the most famous example is "The Great One" himself, Wayne Gretzky, who learned to skate on a backyard rink built by his father, Walter, in Brantford, Ont.

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#10 Reducing the Ecological Footprint of Sports

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#10 Reducing the Ecological Footprint of Sports

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Global climate change is influenced by both natural and human factors. - The article talks about sports’ negative impact on the environment, and how they can minimize it. It states that sports affect the environment by “Building and managing a sport facility and operating an event uses energy and can contribute to air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and waste generation, as well as to ozone-layer depletion, habitat and biodiversity loss, soil erosion and water pollution.” . It relates to the idea because the article also talks about how the London Olympic Games were the greenest, as they minimized their footprint, resulting in less human factors.

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The Green Sports Movement
Download the PDF
It's one thing to cite the number of watts and BTUs saved by giving sports stadiums an efficiency makeover, but it's quite another to accurately assess the impact on the environment.

Cracking the code for such metrics was one of the topics at a recent conference - Leadership in Greening the Sports Industry - sponsored jointly by Wharton's Initiative for Global Environmental Leadership (IGEL) and the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). This article includes information shared at the conference held at Wharton and gathered from additional experts.

The greening of sports movement is still very much under construction, and that means all the pieces aren't yet in place - but the scaffolding is going up quickly. NRDC's partnership with MLB, which launched the sports greening movement, initiated the first league effort focused on gathering data about energy, waste and water use from all of the league's venues.

NRDC then spread that initiative to NBA and the NHL, and it was a principal focus of NRDC's agenda when it founded the Green Sports Alliance. "From day one, we've worked with the teams to understand and collect data, looking at the environmental baseline," said the Alliance's Tull. "We're aggregating the data to better understand the impact of our members in the industry." (The Alliance is a nonprofit organization with a mission to help sports teams, venues and leagues enhance their environmental performance.)

On a pie chart of major U.S. climate impacts, sports are unlikely to show up. The total annual greenhouse gas emissions from all NHL games, including team travel and league operations, for instance, is estimated at slightly more than 500,000 tons annually, according to NRDC's Allen Hershkowitz, a senior scientist. That compares with a single coal power plant's emissions, which can range as high as 23 million tons per year. But energy and waste costs are a major expense for the teams that incur them and making green improvements has been a win-win for sports organizations and fans. The environment is a big beneficiary when sports greening influences fan behavior at home and on the job.

Reports The New York Times, "As large as they are, sports stadiums consume just a sliver of the nation's energy and produce a fraction of its waste. But they are seen and used by millions of Americans every day, which has helped leagues counter the perception that sports teams are wasteful enterprises and in fact can convey socially responsible messages to fans of all political and economic stripes."

Sports have a relatively light impact, but, as with other sectors, it is felt in many areas. The United Nations Environment Programme reports, "Building and managing a sport facility and operating an event uses energy and can contribute to air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and waste generation, as well as to ozone-layer depletion, habitat and biodiversity loss, soil erosion and water pollution." The impacts - which are common in large public organizations, and hardly limited to sports - include damage to fragile ecosystems, noise and light pollution, energy use and emissions, soil and water pollution and waste generation.

"The 2012 London games were the greenest ever...." -the independent Commission for a Sustainable London

Tricky Metrics
Professional and college sports, both in the U.S. and internationally, have an environmental impact that's sometimes hard to quantify, because activity both at the venues and getting to and from them needs to be measured, along with impacts related to procurement and other operations. And some of the larger variables, such as travel, are hard for the teams both to measure and to positively influence.

Martin Tull, executive director of the Green Sports Alliance, said that the group's focus has been "on the best practices side of the equation," but that's changing. The Alliance is now working hard to encourage the measurement of the environmental impact of the teams' achievements, but it's no simple task. "You quickly run into the fact that the impacts are very different based on the sport, the venues and how many games are played per year," Tull said. "The Staples Center in Los Angeles may be a very energy-intensive venue, because it's also one of the busiest venues. We need to be careful about how we measure and report energy intensity, because data points can be taken out of context."

And, obviously, measurements have to be done on a level playing field, with each team and league evaluated by similar metrics. Britain's Carbon Trust estimated the impact of a single 2012 championship soccer match (FA Community Shield) at 5,160 tons of carbon dioxide, with transportation (mostly driving to and from the game) responsible for 5,000 tons. The stadium's energy use, which led to 60 tons of carbon emissions, was down 7%, thanks to efficiency improvements in lighting, heating and other systems.

Big venues can have outsized environmental impacts. During game time, Cowboys Stadium in Dallas is illuminated with 30 million LED light bulbs. But the impact would be far greater if the team wasn't resolutely pushing environmental initiatives, including pledges to reduce solid waste by 20%, energy by 20% and water consumption by a million gallons annually.
Measuring Progress
Even without sophisticated reports, there's plenty of evidence that the sports greening movement is helping the environment in small and large ways. Scott Jenkins, vice president of ballpark operations for the Seattle Mariners, said that the team has diverted an average of 500 tons of waste from landfills annually since 2005. In 2012, it was 1,000 tons.

Food prepared at the Mariners' stadium and not sold goes to social service organizations, and food scraps are composted. Waste paper and cardboard are sold, as are plastic bottles and valuable scrap metal.

The San Diego Padres partnered with a biofuels company, and is providing used cooking oil that is now running local school buses. The benefits include both lower emissions from the buses and avoided disposal impacts from the oil. Again, it's not a huge win for the planet, but one well worth making. After all, as NRDC's Hershkowitz reminds us, "There are no giant, single initiatives in business or government that can solve our ecological problems. They'll only be solved by millions of small advances. Small progress leads to big benefits."

"Sustainability is trickling into every major sporting event and the sports industry globally." -Jill Savery

International Impact
Dow's Teresa Angsten said the company launched a 10-year partnership with the Olympics in 2010. A major benefit, she said, is that the partnership gives the company access to the on-the-ground professionals who build temporary Olympic villages. Since Dow has a portfolio of environmentally preferable energy-efficiency and construction materials - such as cool-roof technology and insulation useful for skating and curling events - the partnership results in events with smaller carbon footprints.

In 2014, Dow will be in Sochi, Russia, for the Winter Olympic Games, and the company is working on both installing energy-efficient windows and improving farming practices. Parts of Dow's 2012 London Games stadium wrap, made of hundreds of fabric panels, were repurposed for projects benefiting former child soldiers in Uganda, and for use at shaded community areas at the 2016 Summer Games in Brazil.

The 2012 London games were "the greenest ever" held, said the independent Commission for a Sustainable London. Among other benefits, the venue was largely accessed by public transit, which both mitigated one of sports' biggest impacts and reduced the threatened gridlock. Some 86% of Olympic visitors traveled by rail, according to the post-game sustainability report. And 99% of the 61,000 tons of waste was either recycled or reused.

The America's Cup Event Authority's Jill Savery, an Olympian, was on the ground helping embed environmental consciousness into the fans attending the races in San Francisco. She said that although the first environmental efforts for the Olympic Games started as early as 1994, greening really began to take hold during planning for the 2000 games in Sydney, Australia.

Highlights included efforts to save water and energy as well as green building initiatives at athletic venues and the Olympic Village. "And then it moved to another level in Vancouver, and reached even higher in London," she said, adding that efforts to build sustainability at the FIFA TM World Cup soccer matches began in Germany as early as 2006, with the Green Goal Program.

In 2013, the America's Cup achieved an 85% event waste diversion rate. Single-serve plastic bottles were banned, and all plates and cutlery were compostable, said Savery, co-editor of the book Sustainability and Sport. "In San Francisco, we trained a team of people to go through the waste - it's the only way to get high diversion rates," she said.

At the 2007-2008 FA Cup Final in England, a so-called "Carbon Footyprint" campaign reported major gains, including the gathering of 160,000 pledges on everything from installing energy-efficient light bulbs to taking group buses or walking to games (or even watching events at the pub with friends). By taking free buses, for examples, fans from Wales saved 18.39 tons of CO2 equivalent emissions.

"In Europe, they recognized the issue of climate change long before we did," said Savery. She cites environmental makeovers at Formula 1 racing and other popular world sports. "Sustainability is trickling into every major sporting event and the sports industry globally," she added.

The Alliance's Tull noted his organization hasn't yet been involved in international events, but it is having discussions about the World Cup and Rio's Summer Games in 2016. "We have a growing interest in learning from the experiences of these mega-events and from the international teams and venues that have reached out to the Alliance," he said.

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Reducing Sports' Impact on the Environment - Knowledge@Wharton

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The Green Sports Movement Download the PDF It's one thing to cite the number of watts and BTUs saved by giving sports stadiums an efficiency makeover, but it's quite another to accurately assess the impact on the environment.

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#12 Career: Olympians -  Recognizing That Climate Change is a Problem

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#12 Career: Olympians -  Recognizing That Climate Change is a Problem

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People have the responsibility to assess their impact on climate change and to identify effective courses of action to reduce this impact. - Although these are Olympians, they don’t just have to “shut up and dribble”, or in this case “shut up and ski”. This article relates to the big idea because it talks about how these Olympians realize humanity’s impact on the environment, and that they need to do address the situation now, before they lose their slopes to global warming.

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As global temperatures continue to rise, snowboarder Arielle Gold, along with skiers David Wise, Jessie Diggins, Stacey Cook and biathlete Maddie Phaneuf, traveled to Capitol Hill this week to brief lawmakers on how climate change is a growing threat to winter sports and outdoor recreation.

Gold, who showed up to the briefing wearing an arm sling, said she attributes her injury to the conditions in Sochi, Russia, where temperatures were 50-60 degrees and athletes were not able to practice because the course would fall apart due to the warm temperatures. She said the lack of practice led to a crash, which highlights how climate change has contributed to the reduction of snowpack and affected the safety and future of winter sports.

The Sochi Olympics was "one of the worst events I've ever had. They were spraying blue chemicals on the halfpipe to try to keep it frozen. It's unlikely that city will ever be able to host the Winter Olympics again," Gold said. The Sochi Games were in 2014, but Gold's injury has continued to be a problem, and she had surgery earlier this year.

According to a study by the University of Waterloo in Ontario, climate change can alter the geography of the Winter Olympics, because only eight of 21 cities that have previously hosted the games will be cold enough to host them by the end of this century, unless global emissions of greenhouse gases are significantly reduced.

The economic impact

The April 25 bipartisan congressional briefing was organized by the nonprofits Protect Our Winters and Citizens' Climate Lobby, and was co-hosted by Sens. Michael Bennet, D-Colorado, and Susan Collins, R-Maine.

Bennet, who noted Colorado is a state that depends on winter sports financially, said he believes it's important to build a durable coalition around the scientific consensus that climate change is real.

"For people in my state, outdoor recreation is not just an avocation -- it's a vocation. And that likely rings true for the Olympic athletes here today," Bennet said.

"Our economy is going to depend on us getting it right on climate, and I am incredibly optimistic that we will do the right thing, whether we have to drag Washington there or not."

The same thought came from gold medalist Wise, who said he believes winter sports and outdoor recreations are responsible for many jobs and economic activity.

"Now we are starting to see it, I think everybody is beginning to see it on a personal level, realizing, 'Hey this is not only real, but it's immediate, it's something that is changing quickly and we need to do something about it,' " Wise said during the briefing.

"It's not just about saving the environment anymore, it's about saving our economy."

A recent report from Protect Our Winters found that in the winter season of 2015-2016, more than 20 million people participated in some sort of outdoor activity, bringing an estimated value of $20.3 billion to the US economy. The report said low snow years have resulted in the loss of 17,400 jobs and decreased the estimated value to the economy by over $1 billion.

What's next for the athletes?

As winter sports in lower altitudes now heavily rely on man-made snow for training and competition, these five Olympians, frustrated by the federal government's inaction on climate, hope that during the briefing they were able to convince congressional staffers that this is not just a political issue but something that needs attention to save the planet.

"We're your canaries in the coal mine. We see [climate change] happening all over the world, and it affects everyone at every level. I see man-made snow everywhere we go - nobody can count on natural snow anymore. It's a sign we really need to do something. Climate change is taking away a very healthy, incredibly fun, family-oriented sport that I love," gold medalist Diggins said.

President Donald Trump hosted roughly 200 US Olympians and Paralympians from the PyeongChang Winter Games at the White House on Friday.

CNN has reached out to the five Olympians for further comment and to find out if they met with the President.

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winter olympians take on politics as they fear climate change is hurting their sport  - cnnpolitics

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Olympians take on politics as they fear climate change is hurting their sport

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As global temperatures continue to rise, snowboarder Arielle Gold, along with skiers David Wise, Jessie Diggins, Stacey Cook and biathlete Maddie Phaneuf, traveled to Capitol Hill this week to brief lawmakers on how climate change is a growing threat to winter sports and outdoor recreation.