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You can omit relative pronouns only in identifying adjective clauses. (except whose)

The man you met on Friday is Tolak.

You cannot omit the relative pronoun in a nonidentifying adjective clause.

That's Tolak,whom you met on Friday.

NOT : That's Tolak, you met on                    Friday.

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An adjective clause (also called relative clause) is simply a group of words with a subject and a verb that provide a description. The clause starts with a pronoun such as who, whom, that, or which or an adverb such as when, where and why.

Adjective clauses function as an adjective and modify nouns and pronouns.

Basically, there are two types of adjective clauses:

-Defining AC (no comma)
Meaning that its pointing to the noun and telling you something necessary about the noun.
Without the adjective clause. the noun is incomplete.

-Modifying AC or nonidentifying (no comma)
Means it is not necessary, but we put it to give a little bit of extra information about the noun.

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You're probably already familiar with adjectives. They modify nouns and pronouns, providing a description or information. Adjective clauses, however, are groups of words that contain a subject and a verb, and provide further description.

Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns, including:

They may also begin with relative adverbs, such as:

Seems simple enough, right? Let's dive right into some different examples of adjective clauses. As soon as you see adjective clauses in action, you'll be able to spot them from a mile away.

Adjective Clauses in Action

Adjective clauses don't usually change the basic meaning of a sentence. Rather, they clarify the writer's intent.

Here's one thing to keep an eye out for. When adjective clauses add more information to a sentence, rather than just description, they often need to be set off with a comma.

Here are some example sentences with the adjective clause underlined:

Pizza, which most people love, is not very healthy.

Those people whose names are on the list will go to camp.

Grandpa remembers the old days when there was no television.

Fruit that is grown organically is expensive.

Students who are intelligent get good grades.

Eco-friendly cars that run on electricity help the environment.

I know someone whose father served in World War II.

The slurping noise he makes is the main reason why Sue does not like to eat soup with her brother.

The kids who were called first will have the best chance of getting a seat.

I enjoy telling people about Janet Evanovich, whose latest book was fantastic.

The store where the new phone was being sold had a huge line of people outside it.

"He who can no longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe is as good as dead." - Albert Einstein

"Those who do not complain are never pitied." - Jane Austen

"People demand freedom of speech to make up for the freedom of thought which they avoid." - Søren Kierkegaard

"Never go to a doctor whose office plants have died." - Erma Bombeck

Reducing Adjective Clauses to Phrases

An adjective clause that has a subject pronoun (which, that, or who) can also be shortened into an adjective phrase.

You can shorten an adjective clause in two ways:

1. Omit the subject pronoun and verb.

2. Omit the subject pronoun and change the verb so it ends in -ing.

Here are some examples to help you create an adjective phrase:

Adjective Clause: The books that were borrowed from class must be returned.

Adjective Phrase: The books borrowed from class must be returned.

Adjective Clause: The girl who is leading the parade is my best friend.

Adjective Phrase: The girl leading the parade is my best friend.

Adjective Clause: His share of the money, which consisted of $100,000, was given to him on Monday.

Adjective Phrase: His share of the money, consisting of $100,000, was given to him on Monday.

Adjective Clause: Something that smells bad may be rotten.

Adjective Phrase: Something smelling bad may be rotten.

Be Descriptive

Remember, the goal of an adjective clause is to add more information to a noun or a pronoun. As you can see from the examples above, you can add information by including a longer adjective clause or tighten up a sentence by turning the adjective clause into an adjective phrase.

Either way, thanks to these descriptive guys, you'll be able to paint a more picturesque scene for your readers and help them fall into the story with enough description to make them feel like they're a part of it.

No matter where your adjective clauses take you, always remember they travel well with commas. More often than not, a comma is just the trick to set apart a non-essential adjective clause with elegance and grace.

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You're probably already familiar with adjectives. They modify nouns and pronouns, providing a description or information. Adjective clauses, however, are groups of words that contain a subject and a verb, and provide further description. Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns, including: They may also begin with relative adverbs, such as: Seems simple enough, right?

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Adjective Clause Practice

1.       I put the vase on the top of the TV set that is in the living room. This mean

a.       I have more than one TV set

b.      I have only one TV set

2.       “Have you ever met the man ______ over there?”

“No. Who is he?”

a.       Stands

b.      Who stands

c.       Which is standing

d.      Who is standing

3.       There is one student in my class who _____ Greek.

a.       Speaks

b.      Speak

c.       Do speak

4.       A woman _____ teaches linguistic at the university received an award for outstanding research.

a.       Who

b.      Which

c.       Whose

d.      Leave blank

5.       There are three students in my class who ____ French.

a.       Speaks

b.      Speak

c.       Do speak

6.       Pine trees, which are evergreen, grow well in cold climates. This means

a.       All pine trees are evergreen

b.      Only some pine trees are evergreen

7.       The earth, ____ is the fifth largest planet in the solar system, is the third planet from the sun.

a.       Who

b.      That

c.       Which

d.      Whose

8.       People who _____ from shyness can sometimes overcome their problem by taking a public speaking course.

a.       Suffers

b.      Has suffered

c.       Suffer

9.       The award for Most Valuable Player was won by a player_____ the coaches and the entire team respect.

a.       Whose

b.      Whom

c.       Which

10.   The students ____ cars were parked in the staff parking lot received tickets.

a.       Who

b.      That

c.       Which

d.      Whose

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1.Combination of two sentences.

John is a man who works hard. (John is a man + who works hard)

Mary, whom I like a lot, is interesting.

2.Adjective clause often begins with a relative pronoun : who, whom, which, that, whose , when or where.

Syakir, who is an introvert, spends a lot of time alone.

Let's do someting that is fun.

Toronto, which is the largest city in Canada, is a beautiful place.

Felicia is a women whom I respect.

The house that we bought is in the suburbs.

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As the objects of verbs in adjective clauses

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As the objects of verbs in adjective clauses

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People : whom , who and that

Mr.Bean, whom I mentioned yesterday, is my boss.

Mr.Bean was the person who I mentioned.

Mr.Bean was the person that I mentioned.

Things : which and that

The test which I took was difficult

The test that I took was difficult

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THAT - ALWAYS used for identifying clause !

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-  Using Which to refer back a whole idea, not just for the head nouns

Example:

I.        I enjoy nature change, which  means I like having four seasons.

II.        The farther you travel, the more different life can be, which makes it hard to stay away from home for very long.

-  Look at he position of relative pronouns which, it’s the first words of the adjective clause but it refers back to the whole idea, presented in the main clause.

Another example:

I.        We hope to take a family vacation this summer, which means we need to start to saving now.

II.        We hope to take a family vacation this summer, that means we need to start saving now.
-  Use of relative pronouns allows us to combine the two ideas and show the close connection between them.

Relative Pronouns And Omitting Pronouns In Adjective Clause

Are which, that, who the only relative pronouns? That can be use to form adjective clause. No. There are other relative pronouns. That is:

1.    WHO vs WHOM:

Whom: - most likely to be seen on writing (formal)

-   To refer to people and only when its an object pronoun

-   Example: A friend is someone with whom we can freely share our laughter and tears. (formal)

-   A friend is someone we can freely share our laughter and tears with. (not formal)

2.    WHO vs WHOSE

Example: - A friend is someone whose advice we value or at least appreciate.

ü  No other relative pronouns would work on that sentence, whose cant be replace, cause  whose is possessive. That have connection.

3.    WHEN, WHERE, & WHY – Has limited users of course as relative pronouns.

o   When – for time periods, possible head nouns :- a day when… the moment when… the season when…

o   Where – for places. Possible head nouns :- a place where… a point where… the room where…

o   Why – for reasons. Possible head nouns :- a reason why… the reason why…

4.    WHICH / THAT vs WHERE

o   Cant always use where, everytime referring to a place.

o   You can use relative pronouns where,  when you can rewrite the idea using there.

o   Example: everyone need a place where they can relax.

-   Everyone need a place, they can relax there. (meaning in that place)

o   WHY :- Can you give me reason why  you cant come?

-   Here we can drop the relative pronouns why, the head nouns is clear, the sentences makes senses without it.

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This is the restaurant where we ate.

Rio de Janeiro is a city that has beautiful scenery.

NOT : Rio de Janeiro is a city where has beautiful scenery. (X)

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We use whose to replace his/her/its/their + noun.

Ken is the man whose wife we met.

It's a theory whose origins go back many years.

BE CAREFUL ! Whose cannot be OMITTED.
Harvey, whose house we're renting , is a lawyer.
NOT : Harvey, house we're renting, is a lawyer.

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As the subject of verb in       adjective clauses

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As the subject of verb in       adjective clauses

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People : who or that

The Ings are the people who bought the house.

Ezzat is the man that lives next door to me.

Things : which and that

Math is the subject which is the easiest for me.

This is the car that is the nicest.

BE CAREFUL ! Do not use a double subject in adjective clause.

Extroverts are people who they like to be with others.

Don't use that as a relative pronoun in a nonidentyfing clause.

The Putut test, which I took a long time ago, has proved to be accurate.

NOT : The Putut test, that I took                      a long time ago, has
proved to be accurate.

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Where - event , function , something that happen in that place.

Kota Kinabalu, where I was born is in the state of Sabah.

DKP 2 , where we have our lectures, is a big hall.

Which - facts , description

Kota Kinabalu, which is located in Sabah, is famous for its city by the sea.

DKP 2, which is quite far from PPIB, is a big lecture.

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You can omit when and that in this type of adjective clause.

I can't think of a time when/that I wasn't happy

I can't think of a time I wasn't happy.

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Check it out !

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Learn English Grammar: The Adjective Clause (Relative Clause)

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Remember, the goal of an adjective clause is to add more information to a noun or a pronoun. You can add the information by including a few more words or by changing the adjective clause to a phrase.
*Adjective clause are always dependent clause, that describe the objects / people.
Example:
1.    People who lives in the town areas are busier than those who lives in the rural area.

(the adjective clause is underlined and modifies the subject “people”.)

Exercise 1 (pg202) (A): Discover the grammar

2.  Y - or are you more like a morning glory, which opens up only at special moments? (that)
(Look at note 8. In formal writing and speech, use a noun at the beginning of a that or which clause.)

3.Y- Stella gets energized once she meets people who make her feel comfortable. (whom)
(Look at note 2. The word that begins an adjective clause usually comes directly after the noun or pronoun that the clause modifies.)

(B). identify the clause as identifying (I) or nonidentifying (NI).

2. Are you the kind of person who resembles a daisy? I.
(Look at note 8. Adjectives clause that distinguishes one person / thing from another. The clause is not enclosed in commas.)

3.Nancy, who started her own greeting card business several years ago, is the perfect example. NI.
(Look at note 8. Adjectives clause that adds extra information but does not distinguish one person or thing from another. The clause is enclosed in commas.

Exercise 2 (pg203) : Relative Pronouns

1.    I have there and two brothers, that / whichmade things pretty crowded when we were growing up. (note 8. Which  can be used in formally to refer to an entire previous idea)

2.    Our house, which / that is four stories high, has eight bedrooms.

(note 3. To refer to things use which & that as the subjects of verbs in adjective clause.)

Exercise 3 (pg204): identifying / nonidentifying clauses

1.    The company has existed for 15 years. It I is named Excelsior Computer. (Which)

The company has existed for 15 years. Which it is named Excelsior Computer.

2.    The building is located downtown. We do most of our work in the building. (Where)

The building is located downtown where we do most of our  work in the building.

3.    Darren Corgatelli is the boss. His wife is my aunt. (Whose)

Darren Corgatelli is the boss whose wife is my aunt. (note 5. Used to replace his/her/its/their. Adjective clause with whose can modify people or things.

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Always remember that adjective clause is a dependent clause!

An adjective clause will meet three requirements:

First, it will contain a subject and verb.

Next, it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or a relative adverb [when, where, or why].

Finally, it will function as an adjective, answering the questions What kind? How many?or Which one?

Another thing to keep in mind ...
The adjective clause must almost always come right after the noun that it is modifying.

Identifying (NO COMMAS)

The woman who/that created the test studied psyhology.

The test which/that/ø she created describes personality types.

Nonidentifying (COMMAS)

Putut, who created the test, studied psychology.

The Putut test, which she created, describes personality types.